Perth
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Perth Boorloo ( Federal division(s) | Perth (and 11 others)[5] | ||||||||
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Perth (
Perth was founded by
Ranked as one of the world's
Perth features several important public buildings, as well as cultural and
Toponymy
The name of the city is taken from
Since 2019, the
History
Prehistory
Archaeological evidence attests to human habitation in the Perth area for at least 45,000 years; according to
The current central business district location in within the traditional territory of the Mooro, a Noongar clan, led by Yellagonga at the time of the British settlement. The Mooro was one of several Noongar clans based around the Swan River, known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk themselves were one of a larger group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar (meaning "the people" in their language), also sometimes called the Bibbulmun.[22][23][24]
On 19 September 2006, the
European contact
On 10 January 1697, Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh conducted the first documented exploration by a European of the present-day Perth region. His crew initially explored the area on foot, leading them to what is now central Perth.[29] Continuing, they travelled up the Swan River in search of native inhabitants.[30] They named the river Swarte Swaene-Revier, a reference to the black swans prevalent in the region.[30] After Vlamingh's observations, other Europeans conducted further voyages of exploration in the period between 1697 and 1829. However, as with Vlamingh's assessments, they judged the area inhospitable and unsuitable for the agriculture necessary to sustain a European-style settlement.[31]
Swan River Colony
Despite the
On 4 June 1829, newly arriving British colonists had their first view of the mainland. Captain James Stirling, aboard Parmelia, noted that the site was "as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed".[33] On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the second ship, Sulphur, felled a tree to commemorate the town's founding.[34] From 1831 onward, confrontations between British settlers and the Noongar people escalated due to conflicting land-value systems and increased land use as the colony expanded. These confrontations resulted in multiple events, including the murder of settlers (such as Thomas Peel's servant Hugh Nesbitt[35]), the execution of Whadjuk elder Midgegooroo,[36] the death of his son Yagan in 1833,[37] and the Pinjarra massacre in 1834.[38]
The strained relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans arose due to these events. Agricultural development on the land restricted the traditional
Convict era and gold rushes
In 1850, at a time when penal transportation to Australia's eastern colonies had ceased, Western Australia was opened to convicts at the request of farming and business people due to a shortage of labour.[40] Over the next eighteen years, 9,721 convicts arrived in Western Australia aboard 43 ships.[41][42]
The designation of Perth as a city was formally announced by Queen Victoria in 1856. However, despite this recognition, Perth remained a tranquil town. A description from 1870 by a Melbourne journalist depicted it as:[43]
"...a quiet little town of some 3000 inhabitants spread out in straggling allotments down to the water's edge, intermingled with gardens and shrubberies and half rural in its aspect ... The main streets are macadamised, but the outlying ones and most of the footpaths retain their native state from the loose sand — the all pervading element of Western Australia — productive of intense glare or much dust in the summer and dissolving into slush during the rainy season."[44]
With the
Federation and beyond
After a referendum in 1900,
In 1927, Indigenous people were prohibited from entering large swathes of Perth under penalty of imprisonment, a ban that lasted until 1954.[49]
In 1933, two-thirds of Western Australians
Perth entered the post-war period with a population of approximately 280,000 and an economy that had not experienced sustained growth since the 1920s. Successive state governments, beginning with the
The result of this economic activity was the rapid growth of the population of Perth and a marked change in its urban design. Commencing in the 1950s, Perth began to expand along an extensive highway network laid out in the Stephenson-Hepburn Report, which noted that Perth was beginning to resemble a pattern of development less in line with the British experience and more in line with North America.[52] This was encouraged by the opening of the Narrows Bridge and the gradual closure of the Perth-Fremantle Tramways. The mining-pastoral boom of the 1960s only accelerated the pace of urban growth in Perth.
In 1962, Perth received global media attention when city residents lit their house lights and streetlights as American astronaut
Perth's development and relative prosperity, especially since the mid-1960s,[58] has resulted from its role as the main service centre for the state's resource industries, which extract gold, iron ore, nickel, alumina, diamonds, mineral sands, coal, oil, and natural gas.[59] Whilst most mineral and petroleum production takes place elsewhere in the state, the non-base services provide most of the employment and income to the people of Perth.[60]
Geography
Central business district
The central business district of Perth is bounded by the Swan River to the south and east, with Kings Park on the western end and the railway reserve as the northern border.[citation needed] A state and federally funded project named Perth City Link sank a section of the railway line to allow easy pedestrian access between Northbridge and the CBD. The Perth Arena is an entertainment and sporting arena in the city link area that has received several architectural awards from institutions such as the Design Institute of Australia, the Australian Institute of Architects, and Colorbond.[61] St Georges Terrace is the area's prominent street, with a large amount of office space in the CBD. Hay Street and Murray Street have most of the retail and entertainment facilities. The city's tallest building is Central Park, the twelfth tallest building in Australia.[62] The CBD until 2012 was the centre of a mining-induced boom, with several commercial and residential projects being built, including Brookfield Place, a 244 m (801 ft) office building for Anglo-Australian mining company BHP.[63]
Metropolitan area
Perth's metropolitan area extends along the coast to
The metropolitan region is defined by the Planning and Development Act 2005 to include 30 local government areas, with the outer extent being the City of Wanneroo and the City of Swan to the north, the Shire of Mundaring, City of Kalamunda and the City of Armadale to the east, the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale to the southeast and the City of Rockingham to the southwest, and including Rottnest Island and Garden Island off the west coast.[67] This extent correlates with the Metropolitan Region Scheme, and the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Perth (Major Statistical Division).[67]
The metropolitan extent of Perth can be defined in other ways – the Australian Bureau of Statistics Greater Capital City Statistical Area, or Greater Perth in short, consists of that area, plus the City of Mandurah and the Pinjarra Level 2 Statistical Area[68] of the Shire of Murray,[69][70] while the Regional Development Commissions Act 1993 includes the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale in the Peel region.[71]
Geology and landforms
Perth is on the Swan River, named for the native black swans by Willem de Vlamingh, captain of a Dutch expedition and namer of WA's Rottnest Island, who discovered the birds while exploring the area in 1697.[72] This water body was known by Aboriginal inhabitants as Derbarl Yerrigan.[73] The city centre and most of the suburbs are on the sandy and relatively flat Swan Coastal Plain, which lies between the Darling Scarp and the Indian Ocean. The soils of this area are quite infertile.
Much of Perth was built on the
To the east, the city is bordered by a low escarpment called the Darling Scarp. Perth is on generally flat, rolling land, largely due to the high amount of sandy soils and deep
Climate
Perth receives moderate, though highly seasonal, winter-based rainfall. Summers are generally hot, sunny and dry, lasting from December to March, with February generally the hottest month. Winters are relatively mild and wet, giving Perth a
Summers are typically hot and dry but not completely devoid of rain, with sporadic rainfall in the form of short-lived thunderstorms, weak cold fronts and on occasions decaying tropical cyclones from Western Australia's northwest, which can bring heavy rain. Temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) occur, on average, 26 days per year and rise above 40 °C (104 °F) on 5 days per year. The highest temperature recorded in Perth was 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) on 23 February 1991, although Perth Airport recorded 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) on the same day.[77][78] On most summer afternoons a sea breeze, known locally as the "Fremantle Doctor", blows from the southwest, providing relief from the hot northeasterly winds. Temperatures often fall below 30 °C (86 °F) a few hours after the arrival of the wind change.[79] In the summer, the 3 p.m. dewpoint averages at around 12 °C (54 °F).[77]
Winters are mild and wet, with most of Perth's annual rainfall between May and September. Winters see significant rainfall as
The rainfall pattern has changed in Perth and
The average sea temperature ranges from 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) in October to 23.4 °C (74.1 °F) in March.[85]
Climate data for Perth Metro | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 44.4 (111.9) |
46.2 (115.2) |
42.4 (108.3) |
39.5 (103.1) |
34.3 (93.7) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.8 (78.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
34.3 (93.7) |
37.2 (99.0) |
40.4 (104.7) |
44.2 (111.6) |
46.2 (115.2) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 40.4 (104.7) |
40.1 (104.2) |
38.6 (101.5) |
33.9 (93.0) |
28.7 (83.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
22.7 (72.9) |
24.5 (76.1) |
27.3 (81.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
36.9 (98.4) |
39.5 (103.1) |
41.8 (107.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.4 (88.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
25.9 (78.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
29.5 (85.1) |
24.8 (76.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.5 (50.9) |
8.6 (47.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | 12.6 (54.7) |
13.1 (55.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
2.3 (36.1) |
1.8 (35.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
5.4 (41.7) |
8.8 (47.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | 8.9 (48.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
6.3 (43.3) |
4.7 (40.5) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
1.3 (34.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
2.2 (36.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
6.6 (43.9) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 17.2 (0.68) |
13.4 (0.53) |
20.6 (0.81) |
37.0 (1.46) |
86.5 (3.41) |
127.3 (5.01) |
147.1 (5.79) |
123.8 (4.87) |
81.8 (3.22) |
40.4 (1.59) |
25.3 (1.00) |
9.9 (0.39) |
731.1 (28.78) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 8.6 | 11.8 | 14.7 | 13.1 | 10.9 | 5.9 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 80.9 |
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) (at 15:00)
|
39 | 38 | 40 | 46 | 50 | 56 | 57 | 54 | 53 | 47 | 44 | 41 | 47 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 356.5 | 319.0 | 297.6 | 249.0 | 207.0 | 177.0 | 189.1 | 223.2 | 231.0 | 297.6 | 318.0 | 356.5 | 3,221.5 |
Percent possible sunshine | 83 | 83 | 74 | 70 | 63 | 57 | 57 | 63 | 64 | 72 | 77 | 79 | 70 |
Average ultraviolet index | 12 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 7 |
Source: Bureau of Meteorology[86] Temperatures: 1993–2023; Rainfall: 1993–2023; Relative humidity: 1994–2011 |
Isolation
With more than two million residents, Perth is one of the most isolated major cities in the world. The nearest city with a population of more than 100,000 is Adelaide, over 2,100 km (1,305 mi) away.[87] Perth is geographically closer to both East Timor (2,800 km or 1,700 mi), and Jakarta, Indonesia (3,000 km or 1,900 mi), than to Sydney (3,300 km or 2,100 mi).[87]
Demographics
Historical populations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Perth is Australia's fourth-most-populous city, having overtaken Adelaide in 1984.[91] In June 2023 there was an estimated resident population of 2,309,338 in the Greater Perth area, representing an increase of approximately 3.6% from the 2022 estimate of 2,228,020, the highest growth rate of Australia's capital cities.[1]
Ancestry and immigration
Birthplace[note 1] | Population |
---|---|
Australia | 1,258,506 |
England | 169,938 |
New Zealand | 59,459 |
India | 58,229 |
South Africa | 38,793 |
Malaysia | 31,268 |
Philippines | 30,806 |
Mainland China | 27,237 |
Scotland | 23,280 |
Vietnam | 17,174 |
Italy | 16,536 |
Ireland | 16,412 |
Singapore | 15,387 |
Indonesia | 13,031 |
Zimbabwe | 10,743 |
At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[92]
- English (36.8%)
- Australian (27.8%)[note 2]
- Irish (8.8%)
- Scottish (8.7%)
- Italian (5.5%)
- Chinese (5.5%)
- Indian (3.6%)
- German (2.8%)
- Dutch (2%)
- Filipino (1.9%)
- Aboriginal (1.8%)[note 3]
- South African (1.4%)
- Maori (1.1%)
- Vietnamese (1.1%)
- New Zealander (1.1%)
- Croatian (1%)
Perth's population is notable for the high proportion of British- and Irish-born residents. At the 2021 Census, 169,938 England-born Perth residents were counted,[92] ahead of even Sydney (151,614),[94] despite the latter having well over twice the population.
The ethnic make-up of Perth changed in the second part of the 20th century when significant numbers of continental European immigrants arrived in the city. Prior to this, Perth's population had been almost completely
A more recent wave of arrivals includes
Since the end of the
Middle Eastern immigrants have a presence in Perth. They come from a variety of countries, including
.The Indian community includes a substantial number of
At the 2021 census, 2% of Perth's population identified as being
Language
At the 2021 census, 74% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being Mandarin (2.3%), Italian (1.1%), Vietnamese (1.0%), Punjabi (0.9%) and Cantonese (0.9%).[104]
Religion
41.8% of the 2021 census respondents in Perth had no religion,[104] as against 38.4% of national population.[104] In 1911, the national figure was 0.4%.[105]
Governance
Perth, like the rest of Australia, is governed by three levels of government: local, state, and federal.[116]
Local
The Perth metropolitan area is divided into thirty
State
Perth houses the Parliament of Western Australia and the Governor of Western Australia. As of the 2008 state election[update], 42 of the Legislative Assembly's 59 seats and 18 of the Legislative Council's 36 seats are based in Perth's metropolitan area.
The state's highest court, the
Federal
Perth is represented by 10 full seats and significant parts of three others in the Federal House of Representatives, with the seats of Canning, Pearce, and Brand including some areas outside the metropolitan area.
The Federal Court of Australia and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia (previously the Federal Magistrates Court)[122][123] occupy the Commonwealth Law Courts building on Victoria Avenue,[124] which is also the location for annual Perth sittings of Australia's High Court.[125]
Economy
By virtue of its population and role as the administrative centre for business and government, Perth dominates the
As a result of Perth's relative geographical isolation, it has never had the necessary conditions to develop significant manufacturing industries other than those serving the immediate needs of its residents, mining, agriculture and some specialised areas, such as, in recent times, niche shipbuilding and maintenance. It was simply cheaper to import all the needed manufactured goods from either the eastern states or overseas.
Industrial employment influenced the economic geography of Perth. After WWII, Perth experienced suburban expansion aided by high levels of car ownership. Workforce decentralisation and transport improvements made it possible for the establishment of small-scale manufacturing in the suburbs. Many firms took advantage of relatively cheap land to build spacious, single-storey plants in suburban locations with plentiful parking, easy access and minimal traffic congestion. "The former close ties of manufacturing with near-central and/or rail-side locations were loosened."[126]
Industrial estates such as
With significant population growth post-WWII,[128] employment growth occurred not in manufacturing but in retail and wholesale trade, business services, health, education, community and personal services, and in public administration. Increasingly it was these services sectors, concentrated around the Perth metropolitan area, that provided jobs.[126]
Perth has also become a hub of technology-focused startups since the early 2000s that provide a pool of highly skilled jobs to the Perth community. Companies such as Appbot, Agworld, Touchgram, and Healthengine all hail from Perth and have made headlines internationally. Programs like StartupWA and incubators such as Spacecubed and Vocus Upstart are all focused on creating a thriving startup culture in Perth and growing the next generation of Perth-based employers.[citation needed]
Education
Education is compulsory in Western Australia between the ages of six and seventeen, corresponding to primary and secondary school.[129] Tertiary education is available through several universities and technical and further education (TAFE) colleges.
Primary and secondary
Students may attend either public schools, run by the state government's Department of Education, or private schools, usually associated with a religion, or engage in home schooling.
The Western Australian Certificate of Education (WACE) is the credential given to students who have completed Years 11 and 12 of their secondary schooling.[130]
In 2012 the minimum requirements for students to receive their WACE changed[how?].[131]
Tertiary
Perth is home to four public universities: the University of Western Australia, Curtin University, Murdoch University, and Edith Cowan University. There is also one private university, the University of Notre Dame Australia, and a local campus of the Melbourne-based University of Divinity.
Curtin University, previously known as Western Australian Institute of Technology (1966–1986) and Curtin University of Technology (1986–2010), is Western Australia's largest university by student population.[135]
Murdoch University was founded in 1973 and incorporates Western Australia's only veterinary school and, until its controversial closure in 2020, Australia's only theology programme to be completely integrated into a secular university.
Edith Cowan University was established in 1991 from the existing Western Australian College of Advanced Education which itself was formed on 11 December 1981 from the existing Teachers Colleges at Claremont, Nedlands, Churchlands, and Mount Lawley after Graylands had merged into Claremont, Churchlands and Mount Lawley in 1979. It incorporates the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts.
The
The Melbourne-based University of Divinity established a campus in Perth in 2022 through its admission of Wollaston College, the theological college of the Anglican Diocese of Perth, as a collegiate college of the University.
Colleges of TAFE provide trade and vocational training, including certificate- and diploma-level courses. TAFE began as a system of technical colleges and schools under the Education Department, from which they were separated in the 1980s and ultimately formed into regional colleges. Two are in the Perth metropolitan area:
Media
Newspapers
The main newspapers for Perth are
Radio
Radio stations are on AM, FM and DAB+ frequencies. ABC stations include
Television
Perth is served by thirty digital free-to-air television channels:
- ABC TV
- ABC TV HD (ABC TV broadcast in HD)
- ABC TV Plus
- ABC Me
- ABC News
- SBS
- SBS HD(SBS broadcast in HD)
- SBS Viceland
- SBS World Movies
- SBS Food
- NITV
- SBS WorldWatch
- Seven
- 7HD(Seven broadcast in HD)
- 7two
- 7mate
- 7mate HD (7mate broadcast in HD)
- 7flix
- Racing.com
- Nine
- 9HD(Nine broadcast in HD)
- 9Gem
- 9Gem HD (9Gem broadcast in HD)
- 9Go!
- 9Life
- 9Rush
- 10
- 10 HD(10 broadcast in HD)
- 10 Bold (only in HD)
- 10 Peach
- 10 Shake
- TVSN
- Gecko TV (formerly Spree TV)
ABC, SBS, Seven, Nine and 10 were also broadcast in an analogue format until 16 April 2013, when the analogue transmission was switched off. Foxtel provides a subscription-based satellite and cable television service. Perth has its own local newsreaders on ABC (Pamela Medlen), Seven (Rick Ardon, Susannah Carr), Nine (Michael Thomson, Monika Kos) and Ten (Natalie Forrest).
An annual
Online-only
Online news media outlets covering the Perth area include TheWest.com.au backed by The West Australian, Perth Now from the newsroom of The Sunday Times, and WAToday from Nine Entertainment.
Culture
Arts and entertainment
A number of cultural events are held in Perth. Held annually since 1953,
The
Perth is also home to the
The largest performance area within the State Theatre Centre, the Heath Ledger Theatre, is named in honour of Perth-born film actor Heath Ledger. Other performers born and raised in Perth include Judy Davis[156] and Melissa George.[157][158] Performers raised in Perth include Tim Minchin,[159] Lisa McCune,[160] Troye Sivan, Sam Worthington and Isla Fisher.[161] Performers that studied in Perth at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts include Hugh Jackman and Lisa McCune.[162]
Due to Perth's relative isolation from other Australian cities, overseas performing artists sometimes exclude it from their Australian tour schedules. This isolation, however, has helped foster a strong local music scene, with many local music groups. Famous musical performers from Perth include the late AC/DC frontman Bon Scott, whose heritage-listed grave at Fremantle Cemetery is reportedly the most visited grave in Australia.[163] Perth-born performer and artist Rolf Harris became known by the nickname "The Boy From Bassendean".[164] Further notable music acts from Perth include The Triffids,[165] The Scientists,[166] The Drones,[167] Tame Impala,[168] and Karnivool.[169]
Perth has inspired various artistic and cultural works. John Boyle O'Reilly, a Fenian convict transported to Western Australia, published Moondyne in 1879, the most famous early novel about the Swan River Colony. Perth is also the setting for various works by novelist Tim Winton, most notably Cloudstreet (1991). Songs that refer to the city include "I Love Perth" (1996) by Pavement, "Perth" (2011) by Bon Iver, and "Perth" (2015) by Beirut. Films shot or set in Perth include Japanese Story (2003), These Final Hours (2013), Kill Me Three Times (2014) and Paper Planes (2015).
Tourism and recreation
Tourism is an important part of Perth's economy, with approximately 2.8 million domestic visitors and 0.7 million international visitors in the year ending March 2012.[170] Tourist attractions are generally focused around the city centre, Fremantle, the coast, and the Swan River.
In addition to the Perth Cultural Centre, there are
There are many heritage sites in Perth's CBD, Fremantle, and other parts of the metropolitan areas. Some of the oldest remaining buildings, dating back to the 1830s, include the Round House in Fremantle, the Old Mill in South Perth, and the Old Court House in the city centre. Registers of important buildings are maintained by the Heritage Council of Western Australia and local governments. A late heritage building is the Perth Mint.[174] Yagan Square connects Northbridge and the Perth CBD, with a 45-metre-high digital tower and the 9-metre statue "Wirin" designed by Noongar artist Tjyllyungoo. Elizabeth Quay is also a notable attraction in Perth, featuring Swan Bells, a panoramic view of Swan River, and the sculpture Spanda by artist Christian de Vietri
Retail shopping in the Perth CBD is focused around Murray Street and Hay Street. Both these streets are pedestrian malls between William Street and Barrack Street. Forrest Place is another pedestrian mall, connecting the Murray Street mall to Wellington Street and the Perth railway station. A number of arcades run between Hay Street and Murray Street, including the Piccadilly Arcade, which housed the Piccadilly Cinema until it closed in late 2013. Other shopping precincts include Watertown in West Perth, featuring factory outlets for major brands, the historically significant Fremantle Markets, which date to 1897, and the Midland townsite on Great Eastern Highway, combining historic development around the Town Hall and Post Office buildings with the modern Midland Gate shopping centre further east. Joondalup's central business district is largely a shopping and retail area lined with townhouses and apartments, and also features Lakeside Joondalup Shopping City. Joondalup was granted the status of "tourism precinct" by the State Government in 2009, allowing for extended retail trading hours.
Restaurants, bars and nightclubs can be found in the entertainment hubs of Northbridge (just north of the Perth CBD), the west end of the CBD itself, Elizabeth Quay, Leederville, Scarborough and Fremantle. The Crown casino and resort is located at Burswood.
The
Hyde Park is another inner-city park 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the CBD. It was gazetted as a public park in 1897, created from 15 ha (37 acres) of a chain of wetlands known as Third Swamp.[178] Avon Valley, John Forrest and Yanchep national parks are areas of protected bushland at the northern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area. Within the city's northern suburbs is Whiteman Park, a 4,000-hectare (9,900-acre) bushland area, with bushwalking trails, bike paths, sports facilities, playgrounds, a vintage tramway, a light railway on a 6-kilometre (3.7 mi) track, motor and tractor museums, and Caversham Wildlife Park.
More wildlife can be observed at the
Sport
The climate of Perth allows for extensive outdoor sporting activity, and this is reflected in the wide variety of sports available to residents of the city. Perth was host to the
Perth has hosted numerous state and international sporting events. Ongoing international events include the
The WACA Ground opened in the 1890s and has hosted Test cricket since 1970. The Western Australian Athletics Stadium opened in 2009.
Infrastructure
Health
Perth has ten large hospitals with emergency departments. As of 2013[update],
A number of other public and private hospitals operate in Perth.[185]
Transport
Perth is served by Perth Airport in the city's east for regional, domestic and international flights and Jandakot Airport in the city's southern suburbs for general aviation and charter flights.
Perth has a road network with three freeways—
Perth metropolitan public transport is known as Transperth, and includes trains, buses and ferries, which are provided by the Public Transport Authority. Links to rural areas provided by Transwa. There are 74 railway stations and 14 bus-only stations on the Transperth network.[186]
Perth provides
The
Rail freight terminates at the
Perth's main container and passenger port is at Fremantle, 19 km (12 mi) south west at the mouth of the Swan River.[187] The Fremantle Outer Harbour at Cockburn Sound is one of Australia's major bulk cargo ports.[188]
Utilities
Perth's electricity is predominantly generated, supplied, and retailed by three
Alinta Energy, which was previously a government owned company, had a monopoly in the domestic gas market since the 1990s. However, in 2013 Kleenheat Gas began operating in the market, allowing consumers to choose their gas retailer.[192]
The
Perth's water supply has traditionally relied on both groundwater and rain-fed dams. Reduced rainfall in the region over recent decades had greatly lowered inflow to reservoirs and affected groundwater levels. Coupled with the city's relatively high growth rate, this led to concerns that Perth could run out of water in the near future.
See also
- 1955 Plan for the Metropolitan Region, Perth and Fremantle
- List of islands of Perth, Western Australia
- List of Perth suburbs
Notes
- ^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.
- Anglo-Celtic group.[93]
- ^ Those who nominated their ancestry as "Aboriginal". Does not include Torres Strait Islanders. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question.
- ^ Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
References
- ^ a b "Regional population - 2022-23 financial year". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Greater Perth: Basic Community Profile". 2011 Census Community Profiles. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original (XLS) on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "As the Cocky Flies". Australian Government. Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ "2011 Electoral Boundaries". State of Western Australia – Office of the Electoral Distribution Commissioners. 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ "2021-AEC-WA-Composite-Greater Perth-Final" (PDF). Australian Electoral Commission. 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
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External links
- Watch historical footage of Perth and Western Australia from the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's collection.
- Historical photos of Perth from the State Library of Western Australia
- Tourism Australia Page
- Metropolitan Region Scheme Archived 24 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine – The Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage
- Metropolitan Perth LGA boundaries Archived 29 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine – The Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development