Peruvian Navy

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Peruvian Navy
Marina de Guerra del Perú
Coat of arms of the Peruvian Navy
Founded8 October 1821
BranchNavy
Size25,988 active personnel 51 ships, 43 aircraft
Naval headquarters
Training Ships
25 Auxiliaries
Engagements
Commanders
General Commander of the Navy Luis Polar Figari[1]
Insignia
Flag
Naval ensign
Naval jack
Standard
Roundel
Low-visibility roundel

The Peruvian Navy (Spanish: Marina de Guerra del Perú, abbreviated MGP) is the branch of the

littoral. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping
operations.

The Marina de Guerra del Perú celebrates the anniversary of its creation in 1821 on October 8 and also commemorates the decisive Battle of Angamos, the final part of the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific between Peru and Chile at the end of 1879.

History

19th century

Battle of Angamos
, 8 October 1879

The Marina de Guerra del Perú was established on 8 October 1821 by the government of general José de San Martín. Its first actions were undertaken during the War of Independence (1821–1824) using captured Spanish warships. The Peruvian Naval Infantry was also formed during the war with Spain, performing successfully in their first battle where they seized Arica from the Spanish.[2]

Shortly afterwards it was engaged in the war against the

seaport of Guayaquil and then assisted in the subsequent Peruvian occupation. The Navy saw further action during the war of the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy (1836–1839) and during the Chincha Islands War
with Spain (1866).

The breakout of the

ironclad Huáscar, famously delayed the Chilean advance by six months until his death and defeat at the Battle of Angamos
.

20th century

Following the War of the Pacific, the Peruvian Navy had to be completely rebuilt. In 1900 the force consisted of only one cruiser of 1,700 tons displacement, a screw-driven steamer, and ten smaller ships – the latter described by a contemporary British publication as "of no real value".[3] The lengthy process of expansion and rebuilding started in 1907 with the acquisition from the United Kingdom of the scout cruisers Almirante Grau and Coronel Bolognesi, followed by the arrival of two submarines, Ferré and Palacios, from France in 1911. During the Presidency of Augusto B. Leguía (1919–1930) a Navy Ministry was established as well as a Navy Aviation Corps, both in 1920.

BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) in June 1973

Border conflicts with

Axis until 1945, its Navy was involved in patrol missions against possible threats by the Imperial Japanese Navy
from early 1942 up to mid-1945.

During the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s the Peruvian Navy carried out a major buildup programme

maintenance
.

The economic upturn of the 1990s and into the 2000s would later permit some improvement, although at a reduced force level compared to the early 1980s.[citation needed]

21st century

BAP Almirante Grau (FM-53), current fleet flagship

Into the 21st century, the Peruvian Navy began to modernize their ships. In 2008, the Type 209/1100 submarines were modernized

Carvajal-class frigates began to be modernized in 2011.[6] The Type 209/1200 submarines began to be modernized in late-2017 beginning with the BAP Chipana (SS-34).[5]

Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel, newly purchased LAV IIs and helicopters.[7][8]

In 2018, a modernization program was initiated to upgrade Peru's Type 209/1200 submarines, the BAP Chipana, BAP Angamos, BAP Antofagasta and BAP Pisagua, with a contract with ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems being made for further assistance with SIMA.[9]

During the

first impeachment process against president Martín Vizcarra, the next in the order of succession to the presidency, President of the Congress Manuel Merino, had been in contact with the Commanding General of the Navy saying that he was attempting to remove Vizcarra from office.[10] While the 2021 Peruvian general election was underway, the imprisoned former head of the National Intelligence Service (SIN) Vladimiro Montesinos was able to make phone calls from a landline telephone at the Centro de Reclusión de Máxima Seguridad (CEREC) at the Callao Naval Base to organize projects and campaign support for Keiko Fujimori in the Vladi-audios scandal.[11][12][13]

Organization

Peruvian Navy
Naval Jack of Peru
Naval Jack of Peru
History
Ships
Insignia
Organisation

The current

President
as Chief Supreme of the Peruvian Armed Forces. They are organized as follows:

Operational units are divided between three commands:

Comandancia General de Operaciones del Pacífico

Pacific Operations General Command, it comprises the following units:

  • Fuerza de Superficie (Surface Force)
  • Fuerza de Submarinos (Submarine Force)
  • Fuerza de Aviación Naval (Naval Aviation Force)
  • Fuerza de Infantería de Marina (Naval Infantry Force)
  • Fuerza de Operaciones Especiales (Special Operations Force)
Comandancia General de Operaciones de la Amazonía

Amazon Operations General Command, tasked with river patrolling in the Peruvian portion of the

Amazon Basin
.

Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas

Directive General of Captains and Coast Guard, oversees Coast Guard operations

Coast Guard

Main article: Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Río Quilca (PM-207) of the Peruvian Coast Guard
AVINAV Bell AB-212 with fast-roping Marines
Peruvian Marines of various specialties

Coast Guard, tasked with law enforcement on Peruvian territorial waters, rivers and lakes. The Peruvian Coast Guard often performs anti-drug trafficking operations within the nation's waters. The Coast Guard has approximately 1,000 personnel.[14]

Naval Aviation

Main article: Peruvian Naval Aviation

The Naval Aviation Force (in Spanish): (Fuerza de Aviación Naval, AVINAV) is the air branch of the Peruvian Navy, its roles include anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, maritime surveillance, reconnaissance and transport of marine personnel. It is also responsible for airborne operations of the Peruvian Marines. Naval Aviation has about 800 personnel.[15]

Naval Infantry

Main article: Peruvian Naval Infantry
Naval Infantry Brigade
Other units
  • 3rd Naval Infantry Battalion –
    Tumbes
  • 4th Naval Infantry Battalion – Puno
  • 1st Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion – Iquitos
  • 2nd Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion – Pucallpa
  • Naval Infantry Detachment Litoral Sur – Mollendo

Bases

Callao naval base.

Although most of the fleet is based at Callao, this has not been considered an ideal location since it is also the main outlet for Peruvian trade, causing space and security problems. In the 1980s the building of a new naval base at Chimbote was considered though high costs and a poor economic situation made the project unfeasible.[16]

Personnel

Standing watch on BAP Mariátegui (FM-54).
Submarine crew saluting while at sea.
Personnel (as of 2001)[17]
Commissioned Officers 2,107
Non-commissioned officers 16,863
Cadets
 620
NCO in training 1,533
Enlisted 4,855
Civilians 5,079
Total 25,988 (excl. civilians)

Ranks

Further information:
Peruvian Navy officer rank insignia
  • Ranks of the officers of the Navy[18]
  • Ranks of the sub-officers of the Navy[19]
  • Ranks of the enlisted of the navy[20]

Ships

Ships of the Peruvian Navy are prefixed BAP, which stands for Buque Armada Peruana (Peruvian Navy Ship).[21]

Current ships

Main article: List of active Peruvian Navy ships
Ship Origin Type Class In service Notes
Submarines (4 in service, 2 in upgrade)
BAP Angamos (SS-31)  Germany
diesel-electric submarine
 Type 209/1200 Yes ex-BAP Casma.
BAP Antofagasta (SS-32)  Germany
diesel-electric submarine
 Type 209/1200 No Currently being upgraded in
SIMA Callao shipyard since January 2020.[5]
BAP Pisagua (SS-33)  Germany
diesel-electric submarine
 Type 209/1200 Yes
BAP Chipana (SS-34)  Germany
diesel-electric submarine
 Type 209/1200 No ex-BAP Blume. Currently being upgraded in
SIMA Callao shipyard since December 2017.[5]
BAP Islay (SS-35)  Germany
diesel-electric submarine
 Type 209/1100 Yes Upgraded in 2008
BAP Arica (SS-36)  Germany
diesel-electric submarine
 Type 209/1100 Yes Upgraded in 2008
Guided missile frigates (7 in service)
BAP Villavicencio (FM-52)  Italy
guided missile frigate
Carvajal-class frigate
 Yes
BAP Almirante Grau (FM-53)  Peru
guided missile frigate
Carvajal-class frigate
 Yes Ordered in 1973. Laid down in
SIMA Callao shipyard
and commissioned in 1984 as BAP Montero until 2017, when became fleet flagship
BAP Mariátegui (FM-54)  Peru
guided missile frigate
Carvajal-class frigate
 Yes Ordered in 1973. Laid down in
SIMA Callao shipyard
and commissioned in 1987.
BAP Aguirre (FM-55)  Italy
guided missile frigate
 Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-Orsa (F-567), overhauled and upgraded in
SIMA Callao shipyard
along with BAP Bolognesi. Currently in sea trials.
BAP Palacios (FM-56)  Italy
guided missile frigate
 Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-Lupo (F-564)
BAP Bolognesi (FM-57)  Italy
guided missile frigate
 Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-Perseo (F-566), overhauled and upgraded in
SIMA Callao shipyard with locally-made CMS and ESM systems, a Kronos NV 3D radar, MASS countermeasures system and 4 MM40 Block III Exocet missiles replacing Otomat.[22]
BAP Quiñones (FM-58)  Italy
guided missile frigate
 Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-Sagittario (F-565)
Guided missile corvettes (8 in service)
BAP Velarde (CM-21)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Santillana (CM-22)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP De los Heros (CM-23)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Herrera (CM-24)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Larrea (CM-25)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Ferre (CM-27)  South Korea fast attack craft Pohang-class corvette Yes ex-Gyeonjyu (PCC-758). Built in 1985. Transferred from Republic of Korea Navy in July 2016.
BAP Guise (CM-28)
  South Korea fast attack craft Pohang-class corvette Yes ex-Suncheon (PCC-767). Built in 1987. Transferred from Republic of Korea Navy in July 2021. Commissioned in 2022.
Offshore Patrols vessels (7 in service)
BAP Guardiamarina San Martin (PO-201)  Italy Frigate Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-BAP Carvajal (FM-51). Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Pativilca (PM-204)  Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
 PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Ordered in 2013. Derived design of Taegeuk-class patrol vessel from Republic of Korea Navy. Laid down in
SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 18, 2016. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Cañete (PM-205)  Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
 PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Ordered in 2013. Derived design of Taegeuk-class patrol vessel from Republic of Korea Navy. Laid down in
SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 18, 2016. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Piura (PM-206)  Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
 PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Laid down in
SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on May 3rd, 2017. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Quilca (PM-207)  Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
 PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Laid down in
SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on May 3, 2017. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Tumbes (PM-208)  Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
 PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Laid down in
SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 17, 2021. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Locumba (PM-209)  Peru
Offshore Patrol Vessel
 PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Laid down in
SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 17, 2021. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
Amphibious (10 in service, 1 in construction)
BAP Pisco (AMP-156)  Peru Landing Platform, Dock Makassar class Yes Ordered on July 13, 2013; laid down in
SIMA Callao shipyard, launched on April 25, 2017; commissioned on June 21, 2018.[23]
BAP Paita (AMP-157)  Peru Landing Platform, Dock Makassar class No Ordered on March 15, 2018; laid down in
SIMA Callao shipyard.[24]
BAP Callao (DT-143)  United States Landing Ship, Tank Terrebonne Parish class No ex-USS Washoe County. Sunk as target 30 September 2021
BAP Eten (DT-144)  United States Landing Ship, Tank Terrebonne Parish class Yes ex-USS Traverse County
Seven in service[25]  United Kingdom Landing Craft Air Cushion Griffon Hoverwork 2000TD Yes
River gunboats vessels (6 in service)
BAP Loreto (CF-11)  United States River gunboat Loreto class Yes
BAP Amazonas (CF-12)  United States River gunboat Loreto class Yes
BAP Marañón (CF-13)  United Kingdom River gunboat Marañón class Yes
BAP Ucayali (CF-14)  United Kingdom River gunboat Marañón class Yes
BAP Clavero (CF-15)  Peru River gunboat Clavero class Yes Laid down in the
SIMA Iquitos shipyard. Damaged by an uncontrolled fire in her first operational deployment on May 25, 2010; leaving two crewmen badly injured.[26] Returned to service on July 27, 2012, during the BRACOLPER 2012 exercise.[27]
BAP Castilla (CF-16)  Peru River gunboat Clavero class Yes Laid down on April 9, 2010, in the
SIMA Iquitos shipyard, launched on June 8, 2013, and commissioned on March 14, 2016, second and final ship of its class, has some improvements over its sister ship, mainly in armament[28]
Training ships (2 in service)
BAP Unión (BEV-161)  Peru Sail training ship – Yes laid down on December 8, 2012, in the
SIMA Callao shipyard, commissioned January 27, 2016, with an estimated cost of US$50 million.[29][30]
BAP Marte (ALY-313)  Canada Sailing yacht – Yes assigned to the Peruvian Naval School as a training ship
Tugs and support ships (5 in service)
BAP Unanue (AMB-160)  United States Diving support ship Sotoyomo class Yes ex-USS Wateree
BAP San Lorenzo (ART-323)  Germany Torpedo recovery vessel – Yes
BAP Morales (RAS-180)  Peru Diving support offshore tugboat Morales class Yes Ordered in 2014, 50 TBP class locally designed tugboat, equipped to support diving, firefighting and rescue operations.[31] Delivered in November 2016
BAP Selendón (ARB-129)  Peru Harbour tugboat 20 TBP class tug Yes Built in
SIMA Callao shipyard, ordered in 2011.[32]
Delivered in the first quarter of 2012.
BAP Medina (ARB-130)  Peru Harbour tugboat 20 TBP class tug Yes Built in
SIMA Callao shipyard, ordered in 2011. Delivered in late 2012.[32]
Tankers and barges (4 in service)
BAP Caloyeras (ACA-111)  United States Water barge YW-83 class Yes ex-US YW-128
BAP Noguera (ACP-118)  United States Fuel barge YO type Yes ex-US YO-221
BAP Gauden (ACP-119)  United States Fuel barge YO type Yes ex-US YO-171
BAP Tacna (ARL-158)  Netherlands Replenishment Ship Amsterdam class Yes ex-HNLMS Amsterdam
Built in 1995, acquired in July 2014 from the Royal Netherlands Navy, commissioned on December 4, 2014, at the Den Helder naval base, Netherlands.[33]
Hospital vessels (10 in service, 1 in construction)
BAP Rio Yavarí  Peru River hospital ship Yavarí PIAS class Yes Built by
Sima Iquitos shipyard
, commissioned in 2021.
BAP Rio Putumayo II  Peru River hospital ship Napo PIAS class Yes Built in
Sima Iquitos shipyard
, commissioned in 2016.
BAP Rio Putumayo I  Peru River hospital ship Napo PIAS class Yes Built in
Sima Iquitos shipyard
, commissioned in 2015.
BAP Morona  Peru River hospital ship Napo PIAS class Yes Built in
Sima Iquitos shipyard
, commissioned in 2015.
BAP Rio Napo  Peru River hospital ship Napo PIAS class Yes Built in
Sima Iquitos shipyard
, commissioned in 2013.
BAP Rio Yahuas (ABH-302)  Peru River hospital ship Morona class Yes Ex BAP Morona (ABH-302)
BAP Corrientes (ABH-303)  Peru Small river hospital craft – Yes
BAP Curaray (ABH-304)  Peru Small river hospital craft – Yes
BAP Pastaza (ABH-305)  Peru Small river hospital craft – Yes
BAP Lago Titicaca I  Peru Lake hospital ship Lago Titicaca PIAS class Yes Built by
SIMA Peru
, commissioned in 2017.
BAP Puno (ABH-306)  United Kingdom Lake hospital ship Yaravi class Yes ex-Yapura
operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
Scientific research vessels (6 in service)
BAP Carrasco (BOP-171)  Spain
Oceanographic research ship
 NC-704 class Yes 95-m long steel-hulled vessel designed to operate in the Antarctic region as well as in Peruvian waters. Construction contract signed in December 2014 with Freire Shipyard. Keel-laying scheduled for June 22, 2015, to be delivered July 2016.[34] Commissioned in May 2017.[35]
BAP Stiglich (AH-172)  Peru Hydrographic survey ship Morona class Yes
BAP Zimic (COMBSH-173)  Netherlands Hydrographic survey ship Dokkum class Yes ex-HNLMS Abcoude minesweeper. ex-BAP Carrasco, repowered in 2006 with 2 Volvo Penta engines at SIMA Callao, in 2015 received a high power multibeam echosounder.
BAP La Macha (AEH-174)  Peru Hydrographic survey ship – Yes
BAP Carrillo (AH-175)  Netherlands Hydrographic survey ship Van Straelen class Yes ex-HNLMS van Hamel minesweeper
BAP Melo (AH-176)  Netherlands Hydrographic survey ship Van Straelen class Yes ex-HNLMS van der Wel minesweeper. Repowered in 2006 with 2 Volvo Penta engines at SIMA Callao.

Museum Ships

Vessel Origin Type Class Decommissioned Notes
BAP América (RH-90)  United Kingdom River gunboat América class restored at SIMA Iquitos shipyard, on display in Clavero naval station.
BAP Abtao (SS-42)  United States Sierra-type submarine[36] 2 de Mayo class 1998 become a museum ship in 2004
Yavarí  United Kingdom Lake gunboat Yavarí class 1976 restored and become a museum ship in 2015 and is the oldest iron lake steamer sailing.

Recently Decommissioned Ships

Vessel Origin Type Class Decommissioned Notes
BAP Bayovar (ATP-154)  Russia Oil tanker Grigoriy Nesterenko type 2017 ex-Petr Schmidt, auctioned on March 21, 2018[37]
BAP Zorritos (ATP-155)  Russia Oil tanker Grigoriy Nesterenko type 2017 ex-Grigoriy Nesterenko, auctioned on March 21, 2018[37]
BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81)  Netherlands
Guided missile cruiser
 De Zeven Provinciën class 26 September 2017[38] ex-HNLMS De Ruyter (C801)
BAP Guardian Rios (ARA-123)  United States Offshore tugboat Cherokee class 2015 ex-USS Pinto, inactive since 2014, to be scrapped
BAP Dueñas (ARB-126)  United States Harbour tugboat PC-461-class 2015 ex-USS PC-1138, decommissioned in 1956 and sold, then first converted into icebreaker and finally into a tugboat (hull shortened), acquired by the Peruvian Navy in 1984. Inactive since 2014, to be scrapped[39]
BAP Unión (ABE-161)  Peru Transport ship Ilo class December 2014 ex-BAP Mollendo (ATC-131). Decommissioned in late 2014, towed to be scrapped in Ecuador.
BAP Carvajal (FM-51)  Italy
Guided missile frigate
Carvajal-class frigate
 26 December 2013 Transferred to the Coast Guard under the name
Offshore patrol vessel).[40]
BAP Paita (DT-141)  United States Tank landing ship Terrebonne Parish class September 2012 ex-USS Walworth County (LST-1164), sunk as a target during the exercise Independencia
BAP Pisco (DT-142)  United States Landing Ship, Tank Terrebonne Parish class 2012 ex-USS Waldo County (LST-1163), scrapped that year after sold.
BAP Ferré (DM-74)  United Kingdom
Guided missile destroyer
 Daring class 13 July 2007[41] ex-HMS Decoy
BAP Talara (ATP-152)  Peru Replenishment tanker Talara class 12 August 2008[42] capable of underway replenishment at sea from the stern
BAP Lobitos (ATP-153)  Peru Oil tanker Sealift Pacific class 20 July 2008[43] ex-USNS Sealift Caribbean (T-AOT-174)

Equipment

Name Origin Type Version Used by Notes
Naval artillery
Oto Melara 127/54 Compact Gun  Italy dual-purpose naval gun 127/54 Compact Lupo-class
Oto Melara 76/62 Compact Gun
  Italy dual-purpose naval gun 76/62 Compact PR-72P-class
Oto Melara
Twin 40 Compact Gun		  Italy Close-in weapon system (CIWS) Twin Forty Lupo-class
PR-72P-class
Makassar-class
Anti-ship missiles
MBDA Otomat
  Italy Anti-ship missile (AShM) Otomat II Block 1 Lupo-class on December 8, 2008, an updated Otomat missile was successfully launched from BAP Aguirre, hit a target at a range in excess of 150 km (93 mi).[44]
MBDA Exocet  France Anti-ship missile (AShM) MM40 Block 3 Lupo-class four fire control systems and sixteen missiles ordered on December 15, 2010.[45] Scheduled to be installed in the 4 Aguirre class frigates.
MBDA Exocet  France Anti-ship missile (AShM) MM38 PR-72P-class
MBDA Exocet  France Anti-ship missile (AShM) AM39 Block 1
ASH-3D Sea King
 Land-based. Currently not embarked in any surface unit of the Peruvian Navy
Surface-to-air missile
MBDA Aspide
  Italy Surface-to-air missile (SAM) Aspide 1A Lupo-class
9K38 Igla  Russia
MANPADS
 9K310 Igla-1 PR-72P-class
Peruvian Naval Infantry		 used in MGP-86 mount for close air defence
to be replaced with the FN-6 missile system
FN-6  People's Republic of China
MANPADS
 FN-6 Peruvian Naval Infantry a small batch acquired in July 2009 for US$1.1 million[46]
Torpedoes
Atlas Elektronik SUT
  Germany 533 mm heavyweight torpedo SUT 264 Type 209 submarine
Atlas Elektronik SST  Germany 533 mm heavyweight torpedo SST-4 mod 0 Type 209 submarine
Mark 44 torpedo  United States 324 mm lightweight torpedo Mk 44 mod 1
ASH-3D
Alenia-Whitehead A244/S  Italy 324 mm lightweight torpedo A244/S
ASH-3D

Peacekeeping operations

The Peruvian Navy has been actively involved in several

United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei
.

Gallery

  • BAP Carvajal (FM-51).
    BAP Carvajal (FM-51).
  • BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26).
    BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26).
  • Submarines BAP Pisagua (SS-33), BAP Chipana (SS-34), and BAP Islay (SS-35).
    Submarines BAP Pisagua (SS-33), BAP Chipana (SS-34), and BAP Islay (SS-35).
  • Naval infantry coming ashore from BAP Callao (DT-143).
    Naval infantry coming ashore from BAP Callao (DT-143).
  • BAP Mollendo (ATC-131).
    BAP Mollendo (ATC-131).
  • BAP Clavero and BAP Castilla berthed in Iquitos Naval Base
    BAP Clavero and BAP Castilla berthed in Iquitos Naval Base
  • BAP Unión leaving the Callao harbour
    BAP Unión leaving the Callao harbour

See also

Notes

  1. ^ https://www.marina.mil.pe/en/autoridades/almirante/#:~:text=On%20August%203%2C%202021%2C%20Admiral,Commander%20of%20the%20Peruvian%20Navy. [bare URL]
  2. ^ "Comandancia de Fuerzas de Infanteria – Marina de Guerra del Perú". marina.mil.pe. Marina de Guerra del Perú. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  3. ^ Keltie, J. S., ed. (1900). The Statesman's Year Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1900. New York: MacMillan. p. 887. (Retrieved via Google Books 3/4/11.)
  4. ^ "Armed Forces Strength in selected years, 1829 – 1992". Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d "Peruvian Navy begins Type 209/1200 submarine modernization". Naval Today. December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
  6. ^ "Marina de Guerra del Perú | COMOPERPAC". Peruvian Navy. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Peru launched its First LPD – BAP Pisco Landing Platform Dock". Navy Recognition. May 4, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  8. ^ "GDLS culmina las entregas de LAV II a la Infantería de Marina peruana-noticia defensa.com". Defensa.com. August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
  9. ^ "Peruvian Navy begins Type 209/1200 submarine modernization". Naval Today. December 14, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
  10. ABC
    (in Spanish). September 12, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  11. IDL Reporteros
    . July 1, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  12. ^ "Los fantasmas vuelven en Perú: Montesinos tramó el soborno de tres jueces electorales". Ambito. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  13. IDL Reporteros
    . June 26, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  14. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021). "The Military Balance 2021". The Military Balance.
  15. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021). "The Military Balance 2021". The Military Balance.
  16. ^ "La base de Chimbote", Caretas, 1985.
  17. ^ [1], based on Supreme Decree DS No. 69 DE/SG of 2001. Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ [2] Archived April 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ [3] Archived February 21, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ [4] Archived July 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "BAP - Buque Armada Peruana (Peruvian Navy Ship) | AcronymFinder".
  22. ^ Fish, Tim (June 29, 2011). "Briefing: South America Naval Capabilities". Jane's Defence Weekly: 289.
  23. ^ Sanchez, Alejandro. "Peruvian Navy commissions BAP Pisco". Jane's 360. IHS. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  24. ^ Sanchez, Alejandro. "Peru to construct second landing platform vessel". Jane's 360. IHS. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  25. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021). "The Military Balance 2021". The Military Balance.
  26. ^ "Dos heridos deja incendio de BAP "Clavero" en el río Putumayo, informan" (in Spanish). Andina. May 25, 2010. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  27. ^ Marina de Guerra del Perú (August 2, 2012). "Perú: Unidades fluviales de Brasil y Colombia participaron en el ejercicio BRACOLPER 2012" (in Spanish). Base Naval. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  28. ^ "Marina de Guerra del Perú entregó PIAS "Río Putumayo II" y Cañonera Fluvial B.A.P "Castilla" (CF-16) en eficaz contribución a los programas de inclusión social del Estado". Peruvian Navy Website. Archived from the original on June 2, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  29. ^ "Servicios Industriales de la Marina construirán Buque Escuela a Vela". Peruvian Navy. December 7, 2012. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
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Sources

External links
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