Peruvian protests (2022–2023)
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
Peruvian protests (2022–2023) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Part of the 2017–present Peruvian political crisis | |||
Date | 7 December 2022 – 24 March 2023 19 July 2023 – present | ||
Location | Peru | ||
Caused by |
| ||
Goals |
| ||
Resulted in |
| ||
Parties | |||
| |||
Lead figures | |||
Decentralized leadership (various social leaders)
| |||
Number | |||
Casualties | |||
Death(s) | 69 civilians[19] 1 officer[20] 6 soldiers[21] | ||
Injuries | 1,881[22] | ||
Arrested | 608[23] |
Peruvian political crisis |
---|
Causes |
Events |
|
Elections |
Protests |
Armed violence |
Peru portal |
Following the ousting of
The Boluarte government would respond to protests by calling the protests a "threat to democracy"
Coverage of the protests by the
Background
Centralismo
Since the
As globalization intensified through the twentieth century, the gap between urban and rural areas increased, with larger cities increasing their ability to connect to the economy and increasing their wealth while smaller cities experienced resource and human capital flight towards the larger cities.[87] Many Peruvians living in rural areas could not vote until 1979 when the constitution allowed illiterate individuals to vote. Despite this, between 1919 and 2021, eleven of eighteen democratically elected presidents of Peru were from Lima.[88] Wealth generated between 1990 and 2020 was not equally distributed throughout the country. As a result, there were significant disparities in living standards between the more-developed capital city of Lima and similar coastal regions, while rural provinces remained impoverished.[88][89][90] By the 2020s, the existing disparities in Peru caused a "globalization fatigue" according to Asensio, resulting in a polarization between rural and urban areas that saw differing priorities with lifestyle, economics and politics.[87] This divide created by centralismo would be a contributing factor to the protests.[86][38]
Obstructive Congress
During the presidencies of
President
President of Congress, Manuel Merino, faced criticism regarding how he hastily pushed for impeachment proceedings against Vizcarra, especially since he would assume the presidency upon Vizcarra's removal.[100] Renowned reporter Gustavo Gorriti reported on 12 September 2020 that Merino had contacted the Commanding General of the Peruvian Navy, Fernando Cerdán, notifying him that he would attempt to impeach Vizcarra and assume the presidency.[101] Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez confirmed that Merino had tried to establish support with the military.[101] President Merino would resign after five days due to mass disapproval.[102]
Francisco Sagasti was made President of Congress on 16 November and thus succeeded Merino as president on 17 November per the presidential line of succession, since both vice presidential positions were vacated by Vizcarra in 2018 and Mercedes Aráoz in May 2020.[103][104]
Castillo presidency
The election will be flipped, dear friends.
Sagasti served as president until Castillo was elected in the
In contrast, Castillo was supported by working class and indigenous Peruvians who were affected by centralismo, with Castillo receiving support in areas outside of Lima and other large cities.
Multiple attempts to prevent Castillo from the entering the office of the presidency or to later remove him occurred, beginning shortly after election results were determined. Following reports of Castillo's apparent victory, Fujimori and her supporters made claims of
During Castillo's presidency, Congress was dominated by right-wing parties opposed to him,
By December 2022, Congress had begun motions to attempt the impeachment of Castillo for a third time; he was involved with six different criminal investigations and had already named five separate cabinets to serve under him.[126]
Castillo attempts to dissolve Congress
Before 7 December 2022, a march called "Toma de Lima" or "Taking of Lima" was called, originally a meeting in Plaza Bolognesi with the aim of closing the congress and expressing their support for Pedro Castillo.[127][128] This march was organized by the National Assembly of the Peoples,[129] an organization affiliated with the officials, whose meeting in November of that year was televised.[130][131] The Agrarian and Rural Front of Peru confirmed their collaboration in the scheduled march.[79]
On 7 December 2022, Congress was expected to file a
In an IEP poll following Castillo's attempt to dissolve Congress, of respondents, 44% approved of Castillo's actions, 53% disapproved and 3% had no opinion or comment, with the majority of support for Castillo's actions being among rural and lower class Peruvians.[139] For Castillo's supporters,[25][79][32] Congress performed a coup against the president. In addition, they considered Dina Boluarte a "traitor", "dictator" and "usurper" after her subsequent assumption as the new president of the republic,[29][32][140] based on the promise of the then vice president: "If the president is vacated I will go with the president".[141] In this way, supporters of the former president encouraged the prompt release of Castillo and an advance of elections.[34] The demonstrators agreed to the dissolution of the Congress of the Republic, a new constitution through a constituent assembly, the rejection of the then vice president Dina Boluarte and the support for the then president Pedro Castillo, whose objectives were achieved with the populist measures dictated by the then president in his message to the Nation on 7 December.[127]
Mobilizations of leftist organizations related to Castillo were evidenced in Lima, Ayacucho, Cusco, Ica, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Huancavelica,[142][143] Huancayo, Tacna,[144] Jaén,[145] Moquegua,[146] Ilo,[147] Puno,[148][149][150][151] and Chota, where Castillo grew up.[152]
Timeline
Protests begin
Lima is one of the cities that were summoned. After the message to the nation, it was denounced that the Minister of the Interior, Willy Huerta, ordered the doors of the congress to be opened, which were closed, so that the summoned protesters could storm the congress.[153] However, due to the failure of Castillo's actions and the subsequent vacancy by the Congress of the Republic, the demonstrations increased.[32] On 7 December, between one and two hundred people gathered in the "Toma de Lima" in the Plaza San Martín and surroundings.[28][154] The RPP outlet considered the pro-government meeting as the largest since Castillo came to power.[155] Panic buying was registered by the population fearing an escalation of events.[129] Some of the first demonstrations also occurred in Cuzco,[156] Arequipa[140] and in Puno.[157]
The head of the National Directorate of Intelligence (DINI), General Wilson Barrantes Mendoza, met with President Boluarte upon her request on 8 December 2022.[27] The DINI chief would explain to President Boluarte that protests would worsen due to the broad range of requests, including Bolaurte's resignation, the dissolution of Congress, a constituent assembly and immediate general elections.[27] General Barrantes then explained that there was no organized leadership, presenting information from the National Intelligence Council (COIN) and the National Intelligence System (SINA) that there were 16 independent regional groups promoting protests, that political parties and leaders were not organizing the movement and that organizations linked to the Shining Path or the Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights (MOVADEF) were not involved.[27] The general would later state in an interview with La Republica that "To say that there is a 'terrorist inurgency' is stupid", criticizing the Boluarte government for using such rhetoric and for accusing foreign entities of being involved in the protests.[27] The Boluarte government later replaced General Barrantes with Colonel Juan Carlos Liendo O'Connor, a former National Intelligence Service (SIN) agent who worked under Vladimiro Montesinos who described the protests as a "terrorist insurrection" while on Willax Televisión a day prior to his appointment.[27][158]
The protesters lack leadership and comprise independent groups.
There were violent confrontations between community members and residents of Andahuaylas against police officers on 10 December. With 3,000 people participating, during the afternoon, the protesters took 2 policemen hostage and requested a "prisoner exchange". In light of this, a division of special forces from Abancay of the PNP moved to Andahuaylas and arrived in a small plane.[165][166][167] Hours after the kidnappings, the demonstrators released the police officers and numerous social organizations from the department of Apurimac declared themselves in a "popular insurgency" and will begin a regional strike starting Monday, 12 December.[168][169][170] Clashes erupted in the city between protestors and police in the city; two protestors, aged 15 and 18, were killed by police shooting from a helicopter, while four more were injured, one of whom critically.[171][172][173][174][175]
President Boluarte responded to dissent by removing 26 regional prefects nominated by Castillo from their positions.
Ayacucho massacre
The Boluarte government announced a national state of emergency on 14 December, removing some constitutional protections from citizens, including the rights preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings, the freedom of movement, the freedom of assembly, and "personal freedom and security" for 30 days.[41][42] The Boluarte government also decreed a curfew for fifteen provinces in eight different regions of Peru on 15 December, in regions including Arequipa, La Libertad, Ica, Apurímac, Cusco, Puno, and Huancavelica.[55]
Peruvian Army firing live ammunition at protesters in Ayacucho |
During protests in Ayacucho, demonstrators approached the Coronel FAP Alfredo Mendívil Duarte Airport, with the Peruvian Armed Forces closing the airport in response, with clashes occurring shortly after.[178] Human rights groups reported that members of the Peruvian Army were seen shooting at civilians protesting in Ayacucho.[179] Casualties were sent for treatment at the Huamanga Network and in the Ayacucho Regional Hospital,[178] with 90% of injuries resulting from gunshot wounds according to the Ayacucho regional health system.[180] The response by authorities caused the collapse of hospital systems in the city, with protesters suffering from gunshot wounds being treated in makeshift triage units.[181] The Ayacucho Regional Health Directorate reported that 8 were killed and 52 were injured.[180][182]
Former president Castillo is sentenced to 18 months of
A day after the massacre, Congress rejected the proposal of advancing the 2026 elections to an earlier date; 49 were in favor, 33 against and 25 abstained, with 87 required for the proposal to pass.[183] On 16 December, Education Minister Patricia Correa and Culture Minister Jair Perez both resigned over the loss of life caused by the protests.[183]
Defense Minister named Prime Minister
President Boluarte shuffles her first cabinet, placing her former Minister of Defense
On 24 December, Prime Minister Otárola stated that the Boluarte government was seeking to make Congress
Great March for Peace
Heading into the new year, the Peruvian National Police (PNP) called for citizens to participate in a "Great March for Peace" on 3 January 2023 in the town squares of cities throughout Peru.[189][190] Internal PNP documents revealed that the march was organized for the political purpose to increase support for the Boluarte government, raising concerns about the police breaching the constitutional separation of authorities and political acts in Articles 34 and 169 of the constitution.[191][192][193] In the documents, PNP officials said that officers not participating in the march would face sanctions.[191] When asked about the PNP march by reporters, President Boluarte denied having knowledge of the event, though she had earlier promoted the march during a trip to Cusco days earlier.[192] Concerns regarding the goals of the march and the potential creation of a civilian-military government resulted with Minister of the Interior, Víctor Rojas, cancelling the planned march.[191][72][192]
Juliaca massacre
In Juliaca, Puno, authorities shot a photojournalist of EFE in the leg,[194] destroyed a motor taxi,[195] and attacked an adolescent and their mother on 7 January.[196]
Protesters from multiple districts of Puno joined demonstrations in Juliaca on 9 January.[197] Protesters approached Inca Manco Cápac International Airport around noon and demonstrated nearby, though when some began to enter the airport at 5:20 pm, authorities responded to the demonstration with deadly force.[198][199] In total, 17 civilians were killed and over 100 others were injured,[200][199] with all deaths attributed to gunshot wounds.[201] Journalists covering the massacre were sought to be identified by police intelligence units.[199] After the killing of protesters by the police, looting in Juliaca began into the night, with some authorities seen participating in thefts.[202][203][204] The head of the Puno Traffic Safety Police was found with stolen televisions and other goods from a looted store.[204] A total of 40 people were arrested for looting on 10 January.[204] Into the next morning, two officers were detained by unknown individuals; one of the officers reported that about 350 people had captured them and that his partner had disappeared.[202] It was later discovered that his partner was burned alive in his patrol car and had died.[202]
Attorney General of Peru
Toma de Lima marches
Protesters from various regions began to congregate in the capital city of Lima on 12 January, with thousands beginning to demonstrate throughout the area in preparation for the Toma de Lima or "Takeover of Lima" protests.[160][205] Caravans of protesters traveled to Lima and local individuals and shops provided supplies for their journey.[160] The Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru said that 2,000 ronderos would travel to Lima to participate in demonstrations.[206] On 13 January, the ministers of interior, labor and women resigned from their positions in the Boluarte government.[57] A 30-day state of emergency is declared on 15 January due to the protests.[160] On 17 January, President Boluarte responded to calls for the Toma de Lima protests, stating "I call them to take Lima but in peace and calm. I am waiting for you at the House of Government to talk about your social agendas, because you know that the political agenda you propose is unfeasible".[160] CGTP, Peru's largest union, called for a national strike on 19 January.[160]
Tens of thousands of citizens would arrive in Lima for the protest.[17] During the response by authorities, there were reports that police played "The dance of the Chinese" on speakers, a campaign song used to support Alberto Fujimori during the 2000 Peruvian general election.[207] On the night of the 19th, a local historical building next to San Martín Plaza caught fire, collapsing before dawn on the following day.[208][209] Protesters congregated in Lima would continue to demonstrate in the subsequent weeks, with the first death in the capital city occurring on 28 January 2023 when police shot a man in the head with a tear gas canister.[210][211][212][213] The government denied that police killed the protester.[212][213]
On 2 February, the city of Lima declared a state of emergency lasting for four months.[214] Through February and March, the media in Lima would move their coverage away from protests in a disinformation effort to minimize participation.[215] During a second "Takeover of Lima" event beginning on 2 March, protest leaders announced that 13 provinces would participate in mobilizations throughout the nation and that protesters would continue to congregate in Lima.[216] During the protests, police fired tear gas directly at the bodies of Aymara women marching with babies on their backs.[217] Minister of Education Óscar Becerra compared the women to animals, stating "Not even animals expose their children", instead suggesting that the women "rent their children so that they can be taken to this" in an effort of media manipulation.[218] The Ministry of Women also avoided condemning the Armed Forces regarding the event.[219] Days later, the state of emergency in Lima was ended on 9 March 2023 as protests waned.[76]
A third "Takeover of Lima" protest occurred nationwide on 19 July 2023; 24,000 police were deployed throughout Peru and several thousand protesters demonstrated in Lima.[40]
Government response
Criminalization of protest
Legality
The Supreme Court of Peru would respond by criminalizing all demonstrations, prohibiting peaceful protests in a May 2023 judicial ruling that stated they were not protected by the constitution.[77][71]
A
Terruqueo
Boluarte would align with far-right politicians and use the fear mongering tactic of the terruqueo during the protests accusing terrorist groups and Bolivia of organizing demonstrations, though The New York Times wrote that she provided no evidence.[221][222] The government would also create a web portal for individuals to report "acts of terrorism" in an effort to incriminate protesters, a tool that Amnesty International described as "harassment and criminalization in the current context of socio-political crisis in which social protests are strongly repressed and critical positions towards the government are loaded with accusations of 'terruqueo'".[221]
United Nations Special Rapporteur Clément Nyaletsossi Voule would say that there were no terrorist groups involved in the protests, stating "I did not find any evidence or evidence that protesters were terrorists or that they were controlled by someone else or that they have ties to terrorism. ... They are not terrorists, they are Peruvians".[52] Edgar Stuardo Ralón, Vice President of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) stated that the use of the terruqueo by the government and authorities created "an environment of permissy and tolerance towards discrimination, stigmatization and institutional violence".[53]
Increased weaponization
The government of Boluarte responded to the protests with force, with the Peruvian police and armed forces criticized for their aggression.[55][176][223][224] Between 20 and 27 December 2022, the Peruvian National Police purchased 31,615 tear gas canisters and grenades from Condor Chemical Industry and the Army Weapons and Ammunition Factory (FAME) for US$661,530.[225] In May 2023, Spain would reject further sales of weapons to Peru due to the unrest.[226]
Refusal of advanced elections
President Boluarte initially stated that she and Congress agreed to move the next general election from 2026 to April 2024,[227] though she later agreed with the December 2023 election date proposed by Castillo after she previously described such a move as illegal.[54] Congress has rejected all attempts at advancing general elections in Peru and constitutional reforms have been ignored.[51]
State violence towards protesters
Deaths and injuries
Locations | Deaths[225][210] |
---|---|
Apurímac | 6 |
Arequipa | 4 |
Ayacucho | 10 |
Cuzco | 4 |
Huancavelica | 1 |
Junín | 3 |
La Libertad | 5 |
Lima | 1 |
Puno | 23 |
San Martín | 1 |
Total | 58 |
The
Human rights violations
Democracy is very much on the line in Peru. The protesters’ demand for new elections is, ultimately, democratic. But repression and denial are likely to breed more anger and despair, playing into the hands of would-be autocrats across the political spectrum.
Strong protests occurred in indigenous and
Edgar Stuardo Ralón, Vice President of the
Extrajudicial executions and massacres
We don’t have any power over them. I can be the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces, but I have no command and the protocols are decided by them
— Dina Boluarte[47]
The IACHR would describe the events in Ayacucho and Juliaca as massacres.
Excessive force
Human Rights Watch (HRW) stated "Excessive use of force by state agents is a persistent problem in Peru. Rules for use of force by security forces do not comply with international standards", reporting that Congress had removed proportionality guidelines regarding use of force, making it easier for authorities to use excessive force with impunity.[49] HRW would later criticize President Boluarte's violent response to protests, lack of providing accountability to authorities and her effort to blame protest violence on Bolivia without providing evidence.[86] According to OjoPúblico, "A series of images, testimonies, police manuals and necropsies analyzed by OjoPúblico expose serious human rights violations during police and military repression actions, mainly in the southern regions of the country."[48]
According to Legislative Decree 1186 of August 2015, the Peruvian National Police are responsible for the use of force against protesters, are prohibited from shooting at short range and are only to fire at the lower extremities.[48] However, the armed forces were included in responding to protests following the announcement of a national emergency, according to OjoPúblico.[48] OjoPúblico also wrote that authorities have fired projectiles out of helicopters above protesters despite human rights groups condemning the practice.[48]
The
Authorities shooting a protester in the head with a tear gas canister |
Amnesty International's Americas head Erika Guevara-Rosas called for governmental restraint, saying: "State repression against protesters is only deepening the crisis in Peru. The authorities must put an end to the excessive use of force against demonstrations and guarantee the right to peaceful protest, using the legal and proportional means necessary to restore citizen security."[223][224] Amnesty International also confirmed that Peruvian authorities were firing tear gas canisters at close range directly at the bodies of protesters.[224] Amnesty International, in a report, further accused the authorities of racial prejudice and said that Indigenous people were the majority of those who have been disproportionately targeted.[240][241]
Intrusions
OjoPúblico documented that authorities have entered the homes of citizens to gain access to roofs and fire at protesters.[48] The home intrusions by authorities resulted with possessions being destroyed.[48]
Following the Toma de Lima protests, the PNP raided the National University of San Marcos with armored personnel carriers and dozens of officers, detaining over 200 protesters located on the campus.[242][243] The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights condemned the PNP's actions, saying they were "incompatible with the principles of international law".[242]
Torture
According to testimony from a detained protesters interviewed by OjoPúblico, a group of protesters detained for three days by authorities were prohibited from having food and were beaten.[48]
Media
After ascending to the presidency, President Boluarte quickly received support from Peru's national media companies.[244] The national media in Peru largely overlooked the massacres in Ayacucho[60][245] and Juliaca.[246]
Attacks on journalists
The National Association of Journalists indicated that 21 journalists were victims of aggression between 7 and 11 December.[247] Journalists interviewed by Wayka reported that authorities would frequently attack press workers and would attempt to prevent photographers from capturing images of individuals being detained.[234] Similar incidents of authorities preventing journalists from documenting the protests were collected by OjoPúblico.[48] One photojournalist for the EFE, Aldair Mejía reported that he was threatened by police during a protest in Juliaca, saying that an officer told him "I'll blow off your head and you get out of here dead"; Mejía was later shot in the leg by police while covering protests.[194]
Censorship
External videos | |
---|---|
A video showing police shooting a protester in the head with a tear gas canister, medical volunteers providing aid and the testimony of one of the responders on YouTube |
Following the death of a protester on 28 January 2023, journalist Carlos Cornejo of the state-owned TV Perú reported to audiences, stating "It's good news that the roads have been opened. Some bad news: the murder of a citizen at the hands of the police. ... They will want to tell us that it was a stone, they will want to tell us that it was not them, they will want to say anything, but the images do not lie: we all saw that the police killed Victor Santisteban".[248] The government would attempt to deny that police killed the protester.[213] Despite two videos showing the protester being shot in the head with a tear gas canister, General Victor Zanabria of the Peruvian National Police said it was "not yet determined" what killed the protester.[214] Following Cornejo's report on the death of the protester, the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru (IRTP), the parent company of TV Perú, refused to renew the reporter's contract on 31 January.[248][249] According to the National Association of Journalists of Peru (ANP), the actions against Cornejo were "an indicted and arbitrary dismissal", stating "In circumstances in which, from all media, and essentially state media, it is imperative to guarantee a plurality of approaches and voices to promote public debate. Extinguishing critical positions can even constitute censorship".[249]
Effects
Economic
The main economic sectors of the Peruvian economy, mining and tourism, largely ceased during the protests.
Reactions
Domestic
Politicians
- Ethnocacerists and their leader Antauro Humala at first called Boluarte "president" during pro-Castillo protests. Later Humala called her "de facto president" and called for protests.[253] The Ethnocacerist movement compared Boluarte with Jeanine Áñez thus comparing Castillo's impeachment to the 2019 Bolivian political crisis.[254]
- Former president Ollanta Humala called President Boluarte to resign and called the congress "indolent and irresponsible".[255]
Public opinion
According to IEP polling from early January 2023, 60% of respondents believed that the protests were justified, 58% believed that police used excessive force and 44% believed that the protests were organized by citizens groups or spontaneous action.[256] The January poll also showed that compared to other regions, more respondents in Lima believed that the protests were terrorism and that the use of force by authorities was justified, while those polled in other regions did not.[256][257] President Boluarte had a disapproval rate of 71% while 88% of respondents disapproved of Congress.[257] When asked if they supported the calls for a new constituent assembly, 69% of respondents approved.[258] According to those analyzing the polls, responses showed the disconnect between Lima and outlying regions.[259] An IEP poll conducted between 21 and 25 January 2023 showed that among respondents, 73% demanded general elections in 2023, 74% believed President Boluarte – who now had a 76% disapproval rate – should resign, 89% disapproved of Congress.[260]
Regional governments
- The
- The Regional Government of Apurímac announced the indefinite suspension of classes at all educational levels and alerted all institutions to work under the virtual modality throughout the department, with the exception of the health sector.[263]
International
Governments
- Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Mexico: Presidents Alberto Fernández, Luis Arce, Gustavo Petro, and Andrés Manuel López Obrador issued a joint comuniqué through the Mexican Presidential Office expressing their "deep concern" about the Peruvian Congress not respecting "the will of its citizens at the ballot box". They added that "it is no news" that Castillo, from the day of his election, "was the victim of anti-democratic harassment, in violation of Article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights". The four governments said that "our governments call on all the actors involved in the previous process to prioritize the will of the citizens that was pronounced at the ballot box. This is the way to interpret the scope and meaning of the notion of democracy as set forth in the Inter-American Human Rights System".[264]
- Colombia: President Gustavo Petro additionally stated that "the crisis in Peru, imprisoning without judge or legal defense a President elected by popular vote put under serious questioning the role of the American Convention in the Latin-American legal order".[265]
- Brazil: The government of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva would prohibit the sales of weapons to the Peruvian state until a "period of political and social instability" ended.[226]
- Canada: Ambassador Louis Marcotte met with Peruvian foreign minister Ana Cecilia Gervasi Diaz, expressing Canada's support for the Boluarte government.[266]
- Chile: President Gabriel Boric regretted the deaths reported as the result of the protests and called on the Peruvian government to "guard and respect human rights". Boric, who referred to the situation in Peru as "serious", supported the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights mission in the country.[267]
- Russia: Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova said that Russia "hopes in the normalization of the situation in Peru and that contradictions facing one faction with each other can be resolved in a legal frame, with democratic norms and within human rights, between Peruvians and without foreign interference."[268]
- United States: United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken made a phone call to President Boluarte and requested that her government "redouble their efforts to make needed reforms and safeguard democratic stability".[269][270] In the 2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices of the United States Department of State, the United States condemned reports of torture, arbitrary killings, as well as the impunity granted to authorities and government officials, writing "the government did not effectively prevent the abuses or punish those who committed them".[271]
- Holy See: Pope Francis stated "We pray for peace. May the violence [in Peru] cease and may the path of dialogue be taken to overcome the political and social crisis affecting the people".[272]
- Spain: The Government of Spain would prohibit the sales of weapons to the Peruvian state due to the instability faced during protests.[226]
Supranational bodies
- United Nations: On 6 March 2023, United Nations experts stated "Serious allegations of excessive use of force by security forces and the Government’s inability to create a conducive environment for dialogue are a matter of great concern. ... In any democratic society, people have the right to protest and raise their concerns about political changes that affect their lives and livelihoods. Peru’s democracy is facing a credibility crisis".
See also
- 2019 Bolivian protests
- 2021–2022 Peruvian mining protests
- March–April 2022 Peruvian protests
- 2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt
- 2022–2023 Brazilian election protests
References
- ^ a b c d e "Cusco, Arequipa y Puno anuncian movilizaciones: "Exigimos nuevas elecciones" ref>". infobae (in European Spanish). 11 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- La República (in Spanish). 13 December 2022. Archivedfrom the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ "El 29 aniversario de la CUT PERU nos encuentra en momentos sumamente críticos para el país". facebook (in Spanish). 13 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ "Partido Perú Libre 🇵🇪 on Twitter: Nuevas elecciones con referéndum para Asamblea Constituyente, sino caemos en un círculo vicioso. Sec Gral Vladimir Cerrón" (in Spanish). 6 February 2023.
- ^ "LA SANGRE DERRANADA EL PUEBLO NUNCA OLVIDA". facebook (in Spanish). 16 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ^ "EL PCP LLAMA A MOVILIZARSE EL JUEVES 15 DE DICIEMBRE". facebook (in Spanish). 14 December 2022. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ "CIERREN EL CONGRESO ADELANTO DE ELECCIONES". facebook (in Spanish). 15 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ^ "¡MASACRE EN PROTESTAS!". Facebook. 19 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- ^ "Pronunciamiento". facebook (in Spanish). 15 December 2022. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ^ "Basta de represión y abajo el estado de emergencia". patriaroja.pe (in Spanish). 14 December 2022. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ "Protestas en Perú: diversas regiones marchan por tercer día exigiendo el cierre del Congreso y nuevas elecciones generales". Radio Programas del Perú (in Spanish). 10 December 2022. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
- ^ "In Peru the fight against Dina Boluarte continues". The Red Phoenix. 19 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
- ^ a b c "Acumulan pruebas en Comisión de Ética contra legisladores acusados de instigadores por la PNP" (in European Spanish). 15 December 2022. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ^ "Adriana Tudela: "Protestas violentas han sido planificadas para que haya elecciones inmediatas"". 20 December 2022. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- ^ "PPC respalda autoridad política, a las Fuerzas Armadas y a la Policía Nacional". Perú.21. 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
- ^ "Paro nacional de hoy EN VIVO: movilizaciones en el Cercado de Lima en rechazo al gobierno de Dina Boluarte". infobae (in European Spanish). 13 January 2023. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ^ ABC (in Spanish). 19 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ^ Diario Correo (in Spanish). 12 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
- ^ Redacción (5 February 2023). "Las protestas en Perú se acercan a los dos meses sin salida en el horizonte" [Protests in Peru near two months without in exit in sight]. Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 February 2023.
- ^ "Perú: las muertes no cesan en protestas contra el gobierno". Los Angeles Times (in Spanish). 13 January 2023. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
- ^ "Peru: 6 soldiers drown in river while responding to protests". Associated Press. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
- La Republica(in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ "Ministerio Público registró más de 600 detenidos por las protestas en el país" [Public Ministry registered more than 600 arrests over the protests in the country]. Infobae (in Spanish). 24 January 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ "Continúan marchas en la ciudad exigiendo Elecciones Generales". Diario El Pueblo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Seguidores de Pedro Castillo se manifiestan en Lima: "Lo que vemos ahora es una dictadura"". 24 Horas (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ La República (in Spanish). Archivedfrom the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ La República (in Spanish). Archivedfrom the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ a b c Cabrera, Gerardo (9 December 2022). "La izquierda se moviliza para minimizar la responsabilidad de Pedro Castillo en su autogolpe". El Español (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "Seguidores de Castillo piden su libertad tras fallido autogolpe". Deutsche Welle (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ Roberth, Orihuela. "Manifestantes bloquean vías en el sur y piden nuevas elecciones generales". Convoca.pe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "Indígenas exigen elecciones generales y Asamblea Constituyente". Servindi. 7 December 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Aquí están los videos de las fuertes protestas en Perú: la gente del destituido Pedro Castillo pide la renuncia de Dina Boluarte en las calles". Semana (in Spanish). 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Peru's anti-government movement reignited months after deadly protests". Axios. 19 July 2023.
- ^ Swissinfo (in Spanish). Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ Anfossi, Aldo. "Unos convocan a la insurgencia popular; otros, a poner paños fríos". La Jornada (in Mexican Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ Diario CorreoArchivedfrom the original on 11 December 2022 (in Spanish). 11 December 2022. . Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- La República (in Spanish). 10 December 2022. Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d Garcia, David Alire; O'Boyle, Brendan (31 January 2023). "Explainer: Why are there protests in Peru and what comes next?". Reuters. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
- ^ "Peru's Boluarte denounces protests as 'threat to democracy'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- ^ a b Aquino, Marco (19 July 2023). "Peru protesters take to streets in new round of anti-government marches". Reuters. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- ^ a b c Cano, Regina Garcia (14 December 2022). "Peru's new government declares police state amid protests". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Decreto de insurgencia" (PDF). Diario Expresión. 13 December 2022. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
- ^ "Protestas en Perú ya dejan 60 muertos tras deceso de hombre en Puno | DW | 21 January 2023". Deutsche Welle (in European Spanish). 21 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Crisis en Perú: Fuerzas Armadas causaron 167 muertes durante protestas realizadas entre 2003 y 2020". infobae (in European Spanish). 26 December 2022. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- ^ "Protestas en Perú: cifra de muertos, heridos y hospitalizados por manifestaciones en el país". Infobae (in Spanish). 19 December 2022. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
- ^ Gómez Vega, Renzo (21 January 2023). "Las protestas mantienen el pulso al Gobierno de Perú en las calles de Lima" [The protests keep the firmness to the Peruvian government in the streets of Lima]. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f Rebaza, Claudia (25 May 2023). "Peru protesters, including children, killed in 'extrajudicial executions' by security forces, Amnesty finds". CNN. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ Ojo Público (in Spanish). 15 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ a b c "Peru: Investigate Killings, Injuries During Protests". Human Rights Watch. 22 December 2022. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ a b Loanes, Ellen (14 January 2023). "Peru's violent unrest shows no signs of stopping". Vox. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f "Peru: UN experts call for end to violence during demonstrations, urge respect for human rights". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Relator de la ONU: "No encontré pruebas de que protestantes sean terroristas»". Wayka (in Spanish). 18 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ a b c "CIDH llama al "diálogo amplio" ante "clima de extrema polarización" en Perú". EFE (in Spanish). 13 January 2023. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Perú declara estado de emergencia nacional y descarta toque de queda por protestas". France 24. 14 December 2022. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Jornada trágica: a 18 llega el número de fallecidos durante protestas". OjoPúblico (in Spanish). 15 December 2022. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ "Peru: Ministers resign amid deadly protests – DW – 12/16/2022". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ a b Aquino, Marco (14 January 2023). "Peru chief prosecutor probes protest deaths amid Cabinet shakeup". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ La República (in Spanish). 11 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ NACLA. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ a b "Y la masacre en Ayacucho?". Wayka. 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ BQ (16 December 2022). "Cerca de 300 escritores e intelectuales indígenas se pronuncian contra represión policial, terruqueo y violación de derechos humanos". Wayka (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ Vega, Renzo Gómez (9 January 2023). "Dieciocho muertos en el mismo día en enfrentamientos entre manifestantes y la policía en Perú". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ^ "IACHR and Its Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression Condemn Violence in Peru and Call for Broad, Inclusive Dialogue with an Intercultural Perspective". www.oas.org. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ "CIDH condena violencia y llama a diálogo amplio en Perú". www.vozdeamerica.com. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (9 January 2023). "Dina Boluarte: CIDH anuncia visita al Perú "para observar la situación de derechos humanos" | Gobierno | | POLITICA". El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ Spicer, Sarah (22 February 2023). "Protesters surround homes of Peruvian journalists Gustavo Gorriti and Rosa María Palacios". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
- ^ a b "'La Pestilencia' por dentro". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 20 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
- La República(in Spanish). Retrieved 2 March 2023.
- ^ "Ni siquiera topo: apenas tapón". IDL-Reporteros (in Spanish). 22 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
- Ojo Público(in Spanish). Retrieved 28 March 2023.
- ^ a b c Noriega, Carlos (17 May 2023). "Perú: la Corte Suprema prohíbe el derecho a la protesta | Un paso más en la ofensiva autoritaria". Página 12 (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- ^ La República (in Spanish). 4 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- La República (in Spanish). 2 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ .
The far-right parties in Congress -- Renovacion Popular (Popular Renewal) and Avanza Pais (Forward Country)
- Vásquez, Jorge Rendón (10 April 2022). "Desmanes en las calles: la ultraderecha está jugando con la gasolina... y con el fuego". El Búho (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
The far right, personified in Congress by 43 representatives of the groups Fuerza Popular, Renovación Popular and Avanza País and some of their center allies
- "Así se movieron los votos en el Congreso para darle la ajustada confianza al gabinete de Aníbal Torres". LaMula (in Spanish). 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
Far-right: Fuerza Popular since then marked its line of voting against all the cabinets that Pedro Castillo names from now on. ... To these votes against were added those of Popular Renewal and Avanza País
- "Perú: nuevo intento destituyente en contra de Pedro Castillo | El Congreso aprobó una moción para derrocarlo, la tercera en 16 meses". Pagina 12(in Spanish). 2 December 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
tres partidos de derecha radical -Fuerza Popular, Renovación Popular y Avanza País
- Vásquez, Jorge Rendón (10 April 2022). "Desmanes en las calles: la ultraderecha está jugando con la gasolina... y con el fuego". El Búho (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ Aquino, Marco (4 April 2023). "Peru's Congress votes against impeachment trial for president". Reuters.
- ^ RPP(in Spanish). Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ a b Romero, César (18 May 2023). "Corte Suprema dice que la protesta es un delito y que no está reconocida en la Constitución". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- RPP(in Spanish). 28 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- ^ a b c "Frente Agrario y Rural del Perú anuncia movilización contra el Congreso este 7 de diciembre". Red de Comunicación Regional (in Spanish). 6 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ .
- S2CID 225779170.
- ^ Levitsky, Steven (Fall 2014). "First Take: Paradoxes of Peruvian Democracy: Political Bust Amid Economic Boom?". ReVista. Archived from the original on 22 November 2014.
- ISBN 978-0745330631.
- .
- S2CID 165569000. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f "Democracy Is on the Line in Peru". Human Rights Watch. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d Asensio et al. 2021, pp. 27–71.
- ^ a b c d O’Boyle, Brendan (3 May 2021). "Pedro Castillo and the 500-Year-Old Lima vs Rural Divide". Americas Quarterly. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- Bloomberg. 3 June 2021. Archivedfrom the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
- ^ a b Allen, Nicolas (1 June 2021). "Pedro Castillo Can Help End Neoliberalism in Peru". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ a b Flannery, Nathaniel Parish (30 March 2017). "Political Risk Analysis: How Will Peru's Economy Perform In 2017?". Forbes. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "The Political Limits of Presidential Impeachment: Lessons from Latin America". German Institute for Global and Area Studies. 2021. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Passado familiar pauta a campanha da conservadora Keiko Fujimori, no Peru – Internacional – R7" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 5 June 2011. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ Back, Michele; Zavala, Virginia (2018). Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú. Routledge. pp. 286–291. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called El cuaderno verde. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. El cuaderno verde was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups
- ^ "Peru's Fujimori sentenced to 25 years prison". Reuters. 7 April 2009. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017.
- ^ "Dark days for Peru's political dynasty after congress closes". Associated Press. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
- ^ Dennis, Claire (23 August 2017). "Another Top Peru Politician Embroiled in Odebrecht Scandal". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ Rochabrún, Marcelo; Casey, Nicholas (21 March 2018). "Peru's President Offers Resignation Over Vote-Buying Scandal". The New York Times. Lima, Peru. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ "In Midst Of Pandemic Crisis, Peru's Legislature Impeaches The Nation's President". NPR. 10 November 2020. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Burt, Jo-Marie (17 September 2020). "Vizcarra May Survive. But Peru's Politics Look Fragile". Americas Quarterly. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ a b "El Gobierno peruano califica de "golpismo" la moción de censura contra Vizcarra". ABC (in Spanish). 12 September 2020. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
- ^ Stefano Pozzebon, Claudia Rebaza and Jaide Timm-Garcia (15 November 2020). "Peru's interim president resigns after just five days". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ^ Hidalgo Bustamante, Martin (8 May 2020). "Mercedes Araoz: Congreso aprueba la renuncia a la vicepresidencia de la República | Martín Vizcarra | | POLITICA". El Comercio. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ Dube, Ryan (16 November 2020). "Peru's Congress Chooses Lawmaker Francisco Sagasti as Next President". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Peru: Fujimori cries electoral fraud – and unleashes torrent of racism". The Guardian. 20 June 2021. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
- ^ Burt, Jo-Marie (5 June 2021). "Peru's military say Shining Path insurgents killed 16 civilians. Others are not so sure". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
The Fujimori campaign seized upon the Vizcatán massacre to reiterate the 'Castillo-as-extremist' narrative, pointing to alleged ties between Castillo and a Shining Path front group, MOVADEF, to suggest that Castillo bore some responsibility for the gruesome killings.
- ^ "Former Peru dictator's spymaster reappears in alleged plot to swing recount". The Guardian. 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ^ a b Asensio et al. 2021, pp. 64–65.
- ^ "Peru's Fujimori loses allies as bid to flip election result falters". Reuters. 28 June 2021. Archived from the original on 1 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ^ O'Boyle, Brendan (3 May 2021). "Pedro Castillo and the 500-Year-Old Lima vs Rural Divide". Americas Quarterly. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
- ^ Asensio et al. 2021, pp. 69–71.
- ^ a b "Claves del supuesto "fraude sistemático" denunciado por Keiko Fujimori". Swissinfo (in Spanish). 8 June 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ Collyns, Dan (8 June 2021). "Peru elections: Fujimori's fraud claims criticised as rival's narrow lead widens". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
- ^ Applebaum, Anne (17 June 2021). "Democracy Is Surprisingly Easy to Undermine". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
- ^ a b Cabral, Ernesto (12 January 2021). "Militares en retiro con discursos extremistas se vinculan a políticos para apoyar la vacancia". OjoPúblico (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- ^ Benigno, Scott (7 December 2022). "Peruvian Congress to Debate President's Impeachment". Foreign Brief. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "What Just Happened in Peru? Understanding Vizcarra's Sudden Impeachment". Americas Quarterly. 10 November 2020. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ Asensio et al. 2021, p. 92.
- ^ Taj, Mitra (7 December 2021). "'Too many mistakes': Peru's president threatened with impeachment after shaky start". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- ^ "Peru's Keiko Fujimori backs long-shot effort to impeach President Castillo". Reuters. 19 November 2021. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- ^ Tegel, Simeon (15 October 2021). "Can Pedro Castillo Save His Presidency?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- La Republica (in Spanish). Archivedfrom the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- La Republica (in Spanish). Archivedfrom the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- La Republica (in Spanish). Archivedfrom the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
- ^ a b "'La Toma de Lima': Convocan marcha en contra del Congreso el mismo día que se debatirá la vacancia presidencial". infobae (in European Spanish). 6 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Aliados del oficialismo buscan "tomar Lima" este miércoles para detener supuesto golpe de Estado". Peru21. 5 December 2022. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Perú: se registran manifestaciones y saqueos en Lima tras destitución de Pedro Castillo". El Mostrador (in Spanish). 7 December 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "Castillo se reúne con dirigente de la Asamblea Nacional de los Pueblos y prefecta de Lima días antes de movilización a favor de su Gobierno". Caretas (in Spanish). 7 November 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Presidente se reunió con representantes de Asamblea Nacional de los Pueblos del Perú". Andina (in Spanish). 22 November 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Presidente Pedro Castillo disuelve temporalmente el Congreso de Perú". CNN Español (in Spanish). 7 December 2022. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
- ^ Quesada, Juan Diego (9 December 2022). "Inside the coup in Peru: 'President, what have you done?'". El País English Edition. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "Betssy Chavéz presentó su renuncia irrevocable a la PCM tras golpe de Estado de Pedro Castillo". La República. 7 December 2022. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ Chillitupa Tantas, Rodrigo (7 December 2022). "Presidente de Perú disuelve Congreso, declara "gobierno de excepción" y llama a elecciones". Voz de América/Voice of America (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "Pedro Castillo cierra el Congreso, en vivo: disolución, mensaje del presidente y últimas noticias". Diario AS (in Spanish). 8 December 2022. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ El Comercio (Perú) (in Spanish). 7 December 2022. Archivedfrom the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
- ^ Kestler-D'Amours, Ali Harb,Jillian. "Peru's Congress swears in new president after Castillo removed". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - La Republica(in Spanish). December 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Arequipa: manifestantes marchan en contra del Congreso y de la presidenta Dina Boluarte". Infobae (in European Spanish). 7 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "Dina Boluarte y el día que aseguró que renunciaría si Pedro Castillo era vacado por el Congreso". infobae (in European Spanish). 7 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Realizan protestas en contra de Dina Boluarte en Huancavelica". Correo (in Spanish). 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ ""Urgente, nuevas elecciones": ciudadanos de Huancavelica protestan tras vacancia de Pedro Castillo". La República (in Spanish). 8 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "Tacna: ciudadanos protestan contra el Congreso y piden adelanto de elecciones". La República (in Spanish). 9 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "Cajamarca: ciudadanos de Jaén exigen el cierre del Congreso y nuevas elecciones". La República (in Spanish). 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "Tildan de "traidores" a congresistas Samuel Coayla y Víctor Cuitpa". Moquegua. Prensa Regional. 10 December 2022. p. 3. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Dirigentes y grupos de ciudadanos de Ilo piden que se cierre el congreso y se llame a elecciones". Moquegua. Prensa Regional. 10 December 2022. p. 4. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Protestas y trifulcas tras jurar nueva presidente de Perú" (in Spanish). Prensa Latina. 8 December 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "Aumentan las movilizaciones en Lima y regiones para exigir cierre de congreso". La República. 9 December 2022. p. 12. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ Red de Medios Regionales (8 December 2022). "En regiones piden a presidenta Boluarte adelantar elecciones para evitar la insurgencia". El Búho (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Estas son las regiones que marchan en respaldo de Pedro Castillo y piden la renuncia de Dina Boluarte". infobae (in European Spanish). 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Pedro Castillo: protestantes marchan a favor del expresidente en Chota". infobae (in European Spanish). 8 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Diego Bazán: "Willy Huerta habría pedido abrir puertas del Congreso a manifestantes"". Panamericana Televisión. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Miles de manifestantes en Perú critican la detención de Castillo: "¡Si no hay liberación, habrá revolución!"". El Debate. 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Centro de Lima: grupo de ciudadanos realizó una manifestación tras detención de Pedro Castillo". RPP. 8 December 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Cusqueños defienden a Pedro Castillo y se enfrentan verbalmente a otros por tema vacancia". Correo (in Spanish). 8 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Puneños se movilizan para exigir una asamblea constituyente". La República (in Spanish). 7 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- La Republica (in Spanish). 20 December 2022. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ "Radicales buscan agudizar crisis y generar más caos". Peru21 (in Spanish). 10 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ La Republica. 17 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
- ^ "Arequipa: Marchan en contra de intento de vacancia del presidente Pedro Castillo". Yaraví. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
- ^ "FDTA y gremio de transportistas se sumarán a las protestas". Radio Yaravi. 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Gremio de transportistas exige cierre inmediato del Congreso y se unen a manifestaciones (VIDEO)". elbuho.pe (in Spanish). 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ "Anuncian movilización regional el 13 y 14 y el 15 la huelga nacional para exigir cierre del Congreso y adelanto de elecciones". Pachamama Radio (in Spanish). 10 December 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
- ^ "Así se vivió el tercer día de protestas a nivel nacional". Panamericana Televisión. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
El caos y la violencia se apoderaron de las principales calles de la provincia de Andahuaylas. Más de 3.000 personas que protestaban para pedir el adelanto de elecciones y la disolución del Parlamento.
- ^ "Protestas en el Perú: Manifestantes secuestraron a dos policías en Andahuaylas". Infobae. 11 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Manifestantes toman como rehén a policía y protestas dejan al menos 20 heridos en Andahuaylas". Gestión. 10 December 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ GrupoRPP (10 December 2022). "Apurímac: liberan a dos policías secuestrados en protestas en Andahuaylas". RPP (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Apurímac, región natal de Dina Boluarte, se declara en insurgencia popular y en paro indefinido desde el lunes". infobae (in European Spanish). 11 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Apurímac se declara en insurgencia popular y convocan a paro indefinido para el 12 de diciembre". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). 11 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Peru president paves way for early elections after two killed in latest protests". The Guardian. 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
- ^ "Andahuaylas: protestantes toman como rehén a policía y manifestaciones dejan al menos 20 heridos". El Comercio. 11 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Protestas en Andahuaylas: un policía secuestrado y al menos 20 heridos en enfrentamiento entre manifestantes y efectivos [VIDEO]". Willax. 11 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ Calle, Gabriela (11 December 2022). "Dos policías retenidos y más de 20 heridos en protestas en Andahuaylas". El Búho (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ Merkezi, Haber, At least two dead in Peru protests against new government, Yeni Şafak, archived from the original on 14 December 2022, retrieved 14 December 2022
- ^ a b c "Perú: ya son seis los muertos en las protestas por la destitución de Castillo | Los manifestantes tomaron el aeropuerto y una fábrica de lácteos en Arequipa". Página 12 (in Spanish). 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "Pedro Castillo publicó una carta mientras se llevaba a cabo la audiencia en su contra". Semana (in Spanish). 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Ayacucho: sube a dos el número de fallecidos y 13 heridos durante protestas | ECONOMIA". Gestión (in Spanish). 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ ""Masacre en Ayacucho", ascienden a 18 muertos tras estado de emergencia en Perú". ANRed (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ a b "90% de heridos en enfrentamientos en Ayacucho son por perdigones e impactos de bala". infobae (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ 🇵🇪 Wayka📢 [@WaykaPeru] (16 December 2022). "#AYACUCHO | Hospital Regional colapsó ante la llegada de varios heridos tras la violenta represión policial y militar. Personal de salud tuvo que colocar carpas de emergencia para atender a quienes llegaban con heridas de bala. #VocesComunitarias 📷 Contraste Ayacucho @Minsa_Peru https://t.co/4TpsmKwXtY" [#AYACUCHO | Regional Hospital collapsed before the arrival of several injured after the violent police and military repression. Health personnel had to set up emergency tents to attend to those who arrived with gunshot wounds. #CommunityVoices 📷 Contrast Ayacucho @Minsa_Peru] (Tweet) (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ 🇵🇪 Wayka📢 [@WaykaPeru] (16 December 2022). "#MasacreEnAyacucho | La Dirección Regional de Salud de Ayacucho confirmó 7 muertos y 52 heridos en el primer día de estado de emergencia. Además establecimientos de salud se encuentran en alerta máxima. c.c. @congresoperu, @OEA_oficial, @ONUPeru, @CIDH, @presidenciaperu. https://t.co/1WVgum4d3u" [#MasacreEnAyacucho | The Ayacucho Regional Health Directorate confirmed 7 deaths and 52 injuries on the first day of the state of emergency. In addition, health establishments are on maximum alert. DC. @congresoperu, @OEA_oficial, @ONUPeru, @CIDH, @presidenciaperu.] (Tweet) (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b "Peru: Ministers resign amid deadly protests – DW – 12/16/2022". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ "Peru's new president reshuffles cabinet as Mexico ties tested". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ 🇵🇪 Wayka📢 [@WaykaPeru] (22 December 2022). "#ATENCIÓN | El nuevo ministro de educación (@MineduPeru) muestra abiertamente en sus redes sociales su posición fujimorista y homofóbica. https://t.co/iklIcwafyc" [#ATTENTION | The new Minister of Education (@MineduPeru) openly shows his Fujimorist and homophobic position on his social networks.] (Tweet) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ La Republica (in Spanish). 22 December 2022. Archivedfrom the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "El Ejecutivo apoya "que se instale un Congreso bicameral que pueda asegurar leyes de calidad", aseguró Alberto Otárola". RPP (in Spanish). 24 December 2022. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- ^ "El Gobierno de Perú anuncia reparaciones para los familiares de los muertos en las protestas". EFE (in European Spanish). 24 December 2022. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "La Policía convoca a la ciudadanía a una "marcha por la paz" el próximo 3 de enero a nivel nacional". RPP (in Spanish). 1 January 2023. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ "Great March for Peace". Reuters. 4 January 2023.Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- ^ La Republica (in Spanish). 4 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ La Republica (in Spanish). 2 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- La Republica (in Spanish). 2 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Fotoperiodista fue herido tras denunciar que sufrió agresión y amenazas de la policía en las protestas en Juliaca". RPP (in Spanish). 7 January 2023. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ 🇵🇪 Wayka📢 [@WaykaPeru] (7 January 2023). "Capturan @PoliciaPeru vandalizando mototaxi durante protestas en Juliaca, #Puno #EstallidoSocial @DinaErcilia" (Tweet) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ 🇵🇪 Wayka📢 [@WaykaPeru] (8 January 2023). "#URGENTE | Vecinos de Juliaca, en Puno, registran imágenes de policía agrediendo a madre y su menor hijo. En el video difundido por Fama TV se aprecia al niño de 14 años defender a su madre. #VocesComunitarias 🎥 Video: Fama TV de Juliaca" [#URGENT | Neighbors of Juliaca, in Puno, capture footage of police officer beating a mother and her son. The video broadcast by Fama TV shows the 14-year-old boy defending his mother. #CommunityVoices 🎥 Video: Fama TV of Juliaca] (Tweet) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ "Juliaca: ¿Qué sucedió en las inmediaciones del aeropuerto donde se produjeron 18 muertes?". El Búho (in Spanish). 10 January 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ^ "Protestas en Puno EN VIVO: 17 muertos, cacerolazos y enfrentamientos que no cesan en Juliaca". infobae (in European Spanish). 9 January 2023. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ^ a b c "Juliaca: ¿Qué sucedió en las inmediaciones del aeropuerto donde se produjeron 18 muertes?". El Búho (in Spanish). 10 January 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ^ "Mueren al menos 17 personas en el sur de Perú durante protestas para exigir nuevas elecciones y la liberación de Pedro Castillo" [At least 17 people dead in South Peru during protests demanding new elections and the release of Pedro Castillo]. BBC Mundo (in Spanish). 10 January 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- La Republica (in Spanish). 12 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ La Republica (in Spanish). 10 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Puno: Manifestantes denuncian saqueos por parte de presuntos infiltrados en las protestas". infobae (in European Spanish). 10 January 2023. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ La Republica (in Spanish). 11 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ Aquino, Marco (13 January 2023). "Thousands march in Peru capital demanding president step down". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
- La Republica (in Spanish). 12 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
- ^ ""La policía me arrastró, me pateó y uno aplastó mi cabeza con su pie mientras me decían ¡terruca!"". Wayka (in Spanish). 25 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ "La jornada de la "toma de Lima" termina con enfrentamientos y el incendio en un edificio en el centro histórico de la capital peruana". BBC Mundo. 20 January 2023. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
- Trome. Archivedfrom the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
- ^ La Republica(in Spanish). 28 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ "Protester dies in Lima as Peru's political crisis continues". Reuters. 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ La Republica(in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ a b c "#EXCLUSIVO | Estos son los policías que dispararon y mataron a un ciudadano en Lima". Wayka. 29 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ La Republica(in Spanish). Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ "Grave deterioro de la libertad de prensa en Perú: crecen la desinformación y la inseguridad para los periodistas". Público. 3 May 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ "Marcha en Lima: PNP lanza bombas lacrimógenas contra manifestantes en plaza San Martín". La Republica (in Spanish). 2 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ "Represión policial en marchas de aymaras en Lima: reportan disparos de perdigones al cuerpo". Infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ "Lamentable declaración del ministro de Educación contra mujeres aimaras: "Ni los animales exponen a sus hijos así"". Infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ Villacorta, Carlos (5 March 2023). "Ministerio de Mujer evita condenar agresión de las Fuerzas Armadas contra aimaras en Lima". La Republica (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ a b Palacios, Pamela (12 July 2023). "Proyecto del Gobierno vulnera el derecho a la protesta, advierten analistas". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ a b Biddle, Ellery Roberts (16 February 2023). "With elections looming, Modi and Erdogan are going after fake news". Coda Media. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Peru's Castillo calls new president a 'usurper' as protest death toll reaches seven". the Guardian. 13 December 2022. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "The crisis in Peru must be addressed with full respect for human rights". Amnesty International. 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ a b Aguirre, Doris (12 January 2023). "PNP compró 31.615 cartuchos y granadas lacrimógenas por US$661.530 para enfrentar protestas". La Republica (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ a b c Magallanes, Daniela (29 May 2023). "Gobierno de Lula dejará de venderle armas al Perú de Dina Boluarte por la inestabilidad política". La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- ^ "Peru protests grow despite new president's early election pledge". Al Jazeera English. 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ "Protestas en Perú ya dejan 60 muertos tras deceso de hombre en Puno | DW | 21 January 2023". Deutsche Welle (in European Spanish). 21 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
- ^ "Ayacucho: Se confirma la décima muerte por enfrentamientos en aeropuerto Alfredo Mendívil". infobae (in European Spanish). 21 December 2022. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Protestas en Perú: cifra de muertos, heridos y hospitalizados por manifestaciones en el país". Infobae (in Spanish). 19 December 2022. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
- La Republica(in Spanish). Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- ^ "Peru declares state of emergency as protests intensify". Financial Times. 14 December 2022. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
- ^ a b RB (15 December 2022). "Fotógrafos denuncian golpes, insultos y seguimiento de policías en las protestas". Wayka (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- La Republica (in Spanish). 13 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- Ojo Público(in Spanish). 5 March 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ "El Violento Círculo de Duelo por Ojo Público". OjoPúblico. May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ 🇵🇪 Wayka📢 [@WaykaPeru] (16 December 2022). "GRAVE DENUNCIA. Reportan detenciones arbitrarias y violentas, aislamiento de detenidos, y no se les garantiza abogados. @cnddhh exhorta a abogados del Estado trasladarse a comisarías y garantizar que no se violen derechos de personas detenidas. 👉 https://t.co/yJJi8Ay2Bk https://t.co/bLO80e84Uq" [SERIOUS COMPLAINT. They report arbitrary and violent arrests, isolation of detainees, and they are not guaranteed lawyers. @cnddhh urges state lawyers to go to police stations and ensure that the rights of detainees are not violated. 👉] (Tweet) (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2022 – via Twitter.
- La Republica (in Spanish). 16 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
- TheGuardian.com.Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ^ "Peru: lethal state violence against protesters is disproportionately targeting indigenous communities – new research". 16 February 2023.Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ^ a b LR, Redacción (21 January 2023). "San Marcos EN VIVO: presentan habeas corpus contra ministro del Interior por intrusión a la UNMSM". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "Peru police make violent raid on Lima's San Marcos University". the Guardian. 22 January 2023. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
- ^ BQ (16 December 2022). "Cerca de 300 escritores e intelectuales indígenas se pronuncian contra represión policial, terruqueo y violación de derechos humanos". Wayka (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ Vega, Renzo Gómez (9 January 2023). "Dieciocho muertos en el mismo día en enfrentamientos entre manifestantes y la policía en Perú". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
- ^ "ANP registró ataques contra 21 periodistas desde que se iniciaron las protestas". infobae (in European Spanish). 11 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ La Republica(in Spanish). 31 January 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ La Republica(in Spanish). 31 January 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ GrupoRPP (30 December 2022). "Sector turismo perdió S/1 700 millones debido a las protestas sociales, según Canatur". RPP (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- La Republica(in Spanish). 16 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
- ^ "Moody's affirms Peru rating but unrest triggers negative outlook". Reuters. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ "Antauro ahora llama a Dina Boluarte 'presidenta de facto' y anuncia adelanto de marcha etnocacerista a Lima". trome.pe (in Spanish). 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
- ^ "Juliaca: etnocaceristas se suman a protestas y respaldan a Antauro". diariocorreo.pe (in Spanish). 13 December 2022. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ "Ollanta Humala invoca a Dina Boluarte a que dimita: "El costo de la violencia de Estado es demasiado alto para esperar"". infobae (in Spanish). 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
- ^ La Republica (in Spanish). 15 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ La Republica (in Spanish). 15 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- La Republica (in Spanish). 17 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- La Republica (in Spanish). 17 January 2023. Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- La Republica(in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ "ANGR propone convocar al Acuerdo Nacional en aras del diálogo y lograr consensos". andina.pe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Gobernadores proponen convocar al Acuerdo Nacional en aras del diálogo". Diario El Pueblo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Apurímac: suspenden clases escolares de manera indefinida por fuertes protestas en Andahuaylas". La República (in Spanish). 11 December 2022. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ Stewart, Daniel. "Mexico, Colombia, Bolivia and Argentina express "deep concern" over Castillo's detention". msn. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ Petro, Gustavo (14 December 2022). "Las nuevas apreciaciones de Petro sobre crisis en Perú, la 'primera línea' y el narcotráfico". El País. Grupo Prisa. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ "Canada takes sides as hemisphere splits over who rules Peru". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ europapress (10 January 2023). "Boric lamenta las muertes en las protestas en Perú y apoya la misión de la CIDH al país" [Boric regrets the deaths in the protests in Peru and supports the mission of the CIDH in the country]. La Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ "Rusia espera que la situación en Perú se normalice" [Russia hopes that the situation in Peru normalizes]. Infobae (in Spanish). 17 January 2023. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "Secretary Blinken's Call with Peruvian President Boluarte". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ "US says it 'looks forward' to working with new Peru president". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ "EE. UU. señala un "problema" de impunidad ante abusos policiales en Perú". La República (in Spanish). 20 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
- ^ "Pope Francis prays for Peru amid deepening crisis – Vatican News". Vatican News. 18 December 2022. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
Bibliography
- Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabrielav; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramónv; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021). El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Lima, Peru: Institute of Peruvian Studies. pp. 27–71. ISBN 978-612-326-084-2. Retrieved 17 November 2021.