Pescennius Niger
Pescennius Niger | |||||||||
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Usurper of the Roman Empire | |||||||||
Reign | 9 April 193 – May 194 | ||||||||
Predecessor | Didius Julianus | ||||||||
Successor | Septimius Severus | ||||||||
Born | c. 135/140 Roman Empire | ||||||||
Died | 194 (aged 53–59) Roman Empire | ||||||||
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Dynasty | None | ||||||||
Father | Annius Fuscus | ||||||||
Mother | Lampridia |
Gaius Pescennius Niger (c. 135 – 194) was a Roman usurper from 193 to 194 during the Year of the Five Emperors. He claimed the imperial throne in response to the murder of Pertinax and the elevation of Didius Julianus, but was defeated by a rival claimant, Septimius Severus, and killed while attempting to flee from Antioch.
Early life
According to Historia Augusta, Niger's parents were Annius Fuscus and Lampridia. It also states that his grandfather was a supervisor of Aquinum.[1] He may have had a brother named Publius Pescennius Niger who is recorded in an inscription to have been a member of the Arval Brethren in AD 183, during the reign of Commodus.[2][3]
Early career
Although Niger was born into an old Italian equestrian family, around the year 135,
He was still serving in Syria when news came of the murder of Pertinax, followed by the auctioning off of the imperial title to Didius Julianus.[8] Niger was a well regarded public figure in Rome[6] and soon a popular demonstration against Didius Julianus broke out, during which the citizens called out for Niger to come to Rome and claim the imperial title for himself.[9] As a consequence, it is alleged that Julianus dispatched a centurion to the east with orders to assassinate Niger at Antioch.[10]
The result of the unrest in Rome saw Niger proclaimed Emperor by the eastern legions by the end of April 193.[11] On his accession, Niger took the additional cognomen Justus, or "the Just".[6] Although imperial propaganda issued on behalf of Septimius Severus later claimed that Niger was the first to rebel against Didius Julianus,[10] it was Severus who persisted, claiming the imperial title on 14 April.[5] Although Niger sent envoys to Rome to announce his elevation to the imperial throne, his messengers were intercepted by Severus.[6] As Niger began bolstering his support in the eastern provinces, Severus marched on Rome which he entered in early June 193 after Julianus had been murdered.[12]
Septimius Severus and Niger
Roman imperial dynasties | ||
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Year of the Five Emperors (AD 193) | ||
Chronology | ||
193 |
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193 |
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193 |
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193 |
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193–211 |
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Succession | ||
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Severus wasted no time consolidating his hold on Rome, and ordered his newly appointed prefect of the watch,
Although the Asiatic provinces contained great wealth, Niger's military resources were inferior to Severus’. While Severus had the sixteen Danubian legions at his disposal, Niger possessed only six: three in
Severus then marched from Rome to the east, sending his general Tiberius Claudius Candidus ahead of him.[17] Niger, having made Byzantium his headquarters, gave Asellius Aemilianus the task of defending the southern shore of the Sea of Marmara.[17] As Severus approached, he offered Niger the opportunity to surrender and go into exile, but Niger refused, trusting in the outcome of a military encounter.[6] In the fall of 193, Candidus met Aemilianus in battle at Cyzicus, resulting in Niger's forces being defeated as well as the capture and death of Aemilianus.[18] Byzantium was now placed under siege, forcing Niger to abandon the city and retreat to Nicaea.[17] The city remained loyal to Pescennius Niger, and it would take Severus until the end of 195 to finally capture Byzantium.[19]
Another battle took place outside
After Severus had replaced Candidus with another general, Publius Cornelius Anullinus, Niger met Anullinus in battle at Issus in May 194, where after a long and hard-fought struggle, Niger was decisively defeated.[18] Forced to retreat to Antioch, Niger was captured while attempting to flee to Parthia.[22] Niger was beheaded, and his severed head was taken to Byzantium, but the city refused to surrender. Eventually, Severus stormed and completely destroyed Byzantium before he had it rebuilt.[19] Niger's head eventually found its way to Rome where it was displayed.[16]
After his victory in the east, Severus punished Niger's supporters.[23] He had Niger's wife and children put to death, while his estates were confiscated.[24]
Name
The name "Pescennius Niger" means "black Pescennius", which incidentally contrasts him with one of his rivals for the throne in 194,
According to Historia Augusta, his father had the cognomen "fuscus", meaning "brown", and though his body was allegedly white and corpulent, his face was dark red with a very black neck, which was thought "by many men" to have been the origin of his cognomen "Niger".[26]
Family
Pescennius is known to have been married and had children. The names of his children are not mentioned in any sources, nor how many they were.[27] In the past it has been supposed by some historians based on medals bearing the inscription "Pescennia Plautiana Augusta" that Niger was married to a woman named Plautiana or that he had a daughter named Pescennia Plautiana, but the medals are said to be forgeries.[28]
Popular culture
In the film The Fall of The Roman Empire Niger is played by Douglas Wilmer and depicted as a scheming henchman of Commodus. At the end of the film, Niger and Didius Julianus, played by Eric Porter, another crony of Commodus, compete against each other in the auction for the throne of Rome.
See also
References
- ISBN 9783774911604.
- ^ CIL VI, 2099, CIL VI, 2101.
- ^ PIR, vol. III, p. 24.
- ^ Potter, p. 101; Meckler, Pescennius Niger, Cassius Dio, 75:6:1
- ^ a b Potter, p. 101
- ^ a b c d e Meckler, Pescennius Niger
- ^ Meckler, Pescennius Niger; Southern, p. 28
- ^ Bowman, p. 2; Meckler, Pescennius Niger
- ^ Meckler, Pescennius Niger; Potter, p. 101; Bowman, p. 2
- ^ a b Potter, p. 99
- ^ Southern, p. 28; Bowman, p. 2
- ^ Bowman, p. 4; Meckler, Pescennius Niger
- ^ a b Potter, p. 103
- ^ Southern, p. 32; Meckler, Pescennius Niger
- ^ Southern, p. 32
- ^ a b Potter, p. 104
- ^ a b c Bowman, p. 4
- ^ a b Bowman, p. 4; Potter, p. 104; Southern, p. 33
- ^ a b c Southern, p. 33
- ^ Meckler, Pescennius Niger; Bowman, p. 4; Potter, p. 104
- ^ Bowman, p. 4; Potter, p. 104
- ^ Meckler, Pescennius Niger; Southern, p. 33
- ^ Potter, p. 106
- ^ Historia Augusta, Life of Pescennius Niger, 6:1
- ^ Southern, p. 28
- ^ Historian Augusta, Life of Pescennius Niger, 6:6
- ^ Smyth, William Henry (1834). Descriptive Catalogue of a Cabinet of Roman Imperial Large-brass Medals by Captain William Henry Smyth. Webb. p. 176.
- ^ The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. Vol. 15–16. Royal Numismatic Society. 1875. pp. 34–40.
Sources
Primary sources
- Cassius Dio, Roman History, Books 74 & 75
- Herodian, Roman History, Books 2 & 3 Archived 2015-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
- Historia Augusta, Life of Pescennius Niger
Secondary sources
- Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001
- Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, Routledge, 2004
- Bowman, Alan K., The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337, Cambridge University Press, 2005
- http://www.roman-emperors.org/pniger.htm Archived 2012-01-28 at the Wayback Machine Meckler, Michael L, "Pescennius Niger (193-194 A.D.)", De Imperatoribus Romanis (1998)
External links
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- Pescennius Niger at Livius.Org Archived 2014-11-23 at the Wayback Machine