Peter, Duke of Coimbra

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Infante Peter
Alverca, Portugal
Burial	Batalha Monastery
Spouse	Isabella of Urgell ​ (m. 1428)​
Issue	Peter, Constable of Portugal John, Prince of Antioch Isabella, Queen of Portugal James, Archbishop of Lisbon Beatrice, Lady of Ravenstein Philippa of Coimbra
House	Aviz
Father	John I of Portugal
Mother	Philippa of Lancaster
Signature

.

Early life

From the time he was born, Peter was one of John I's favourite sons. Along with his siblings, he received an exceptional education rarely seen in those times for the children of royalty. Close to his brothers

, Peter grew up in a calm environment free of intrigues.

On 14 August 1415, he accompanied his father and brothers Edward and

she had ordered forged for them. Peter refused to be knighted before showing valour in battle, and he was knighted along with his brothers the following day; he was also created Duke of Coimbra. His younger brother Henry was made Duke of Viseu. These were the first dukedoms created in Portugal.

On finishing a translation of Seneca's De Beneficiis in 1418, he initiated extensive travels throughout Europe, which would keep him away from Portugal for the next ten years. After meeting with John II of Castile in Valladolid, he continued to Hungary, where he met with the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, and entered his service. He fought with the Imperial armies against the Turks and in the Hussite Wars in Bohemia and was awarded the march of Treviso in Northern Italy in 1422. In 1424 he left the Holy Roman Empire, meeting first with Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, on the island of Patmos, and then continuing to Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire; the hopeless position of the city against the Ottoman onslaught did not fail to impress him. From Constantinople he travelled to the Holy Land via Alexandria and Cairo.

European travels

In 1425, Peter travelled to France and England and visited the universities of Paris and Oxford before arriving in Flanders in 1426, where he spent the next two years at the Burgundian court. After the death of the second wife of Philip the Good of Burgundy in 1425, Peter recommended his sister Isabella to him as a wife. Philip sent a delegation to Portugal in 1428–29 that included Jan van Eyck, who painted two portraits of the Infanta. Philip and Isabella eventually married on 7 January 1430, and one of their sons became Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy.

In 1427, Peter wrote a famous letter to his older brother, later King Edward, on "the proper administration of the kingdoms", from Bruges. Later that year, King Henry VI of England (his first cousin once removed) made him a Knight of the Garter (as were already his father and older brother Edward).

In 1428, Peter visited his marquisate of Treviso and the nearby Republic of Venice, where he was presented with a copy of the book of Marco Polo by the doge. He later gave that book, as well as maps of the Venetian trade routes in the Orient, to his younger brother Prince Henry the Navigator. One of the maps was created by the famous Venetian cartographer Albertinus de Virga in 1411 and possibly shows North America before it was officially discovered. This map was found in the Alcobaça Monastery which was the main library of the Portuguese Royal family. From Venice he traveled to Rome, where he was received by Pope Martin V, and from there he continued to Barcelona, where he negotiated the marriage of his brother Edward with Eleanor of Aragon as well as his own future marriage with Isabella of Urgell, before finally returning to Portugal.

Monument of the Discoveries, in Lisbon, Portugal

.

In 1433, he completed his famous six-volume work, the Tratado da Virtuosa Benfeitoria.

Regent

When Peter's brother King

.

In 1443, in a gesture of reconciliation, Peter created his half-brother Afonso

Henry the Navigator

.

Alleged Rebellion

On 9 June 1448, Peter returned control of the country to the king. Influenced by Afonso, the Duke of Braganza, Afonso V nullified all of Peter's edicts, including the ones that concentrated power in the figure of the king.

The following year, under accusations that years later would prove false, Afonso V declared Peter a rebel. The situation became unsustainable and a civil war began. It did not last long, because Peter died on 20 May 1449 during the

Alverca

. The exact conditions of his death are debatable: some say it was in combat, while others say he was assassinated by one of his own men.

With the death of Peter, Portugal fell under control of Afonso, Duke of Braganza, with a growing influence over the destiny of the country. However, Peter's regency would never be forgotten, and Peter was cited many times by his grandson King

Ínclita Geração

.

Marriage and issue

In 1428 Peter married Isabella of Urgell, daughter of James II, Count of Urgell, and candidate to the throne of the Crown of Aragon at the Compromise of Caspe. The couple had the following children:

• Infante Peter (1429–1466), Constable of Portugal, Count of Barcelona and disputed King of Aragon.
• Infante John (1431–1457), married Charlotte of Lusignan, heiress of Cyprus, in 1456. He was created titular Prince of Antioch, and was possibly poisoned by his mother-in-law.
• Queen of Portugal by marriage to Afonso V of Portugal. Mother of John II of Portugal
  .
• Infante James (1433–1459), Cardinal and Archbishop of Lisbon, lived in Italy; his tomb is in the convent church of San Miniato al Monte in Florence.
• Infanta Beatrice (1435–1462), married Adolph of Cleves, Lord of Ravenstein.
• Infanta Philippa (1437–1493), a nun in the Convent of Odivelas.
• Catherine (c. 1448 – between 1462 and 1466)

Ancestry

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References

Bibliography

• The Dukes of Coimbra General Books LLC, 2010.
• Elbl, Ivana, "Friendship, Disasters, and Social Capital: The Silva Meneses, 1415-1481" – Portuguese Studies Review, Volume 30, Issue 1, 2022, pages 39–82. Available at https://trentu.academia.edu/ivanaElbl . Accessed 7 May 2023. Deals with the Duke of Coimbra, his marriage to Isabella of Urgell, his son, his allies and friends and servants, including Aires Gomes de Silva.
• Galvão, António (1563), Tratado... dos diuersos & desuayrados caminhos, por onde nos tempos passados a pimenta & especearia veyo da India às nossas partes, & assi de todos os descobrimentos antigos & modernos, que são feitos até a era de mil & quinhentos & cincoenta [Treatise on the Various and Sundry Ways that in Times Past Pepper and Spices Came from India to Our Parts & Also on All of the Discoveries Ancient & Modern Which Were Made up to the Year 1550] (PDF), Lisbon: Joam da Barreira. (in Portuguese)
• C.R.D. Bethune, London: T. Richards for the Hakluyt Society
  . (in English and Portuguese)
• Sir G.F.Hill, History of Cyprus (1940), (2nd ed. CUP, 2010), vol.1 of 4.
  ISBN 1-108-02064-X

Peter, Duke of Coimbra House of Aviz Cadet branch of the House of Burgundy Born: 9 December 1392 Died: 20 May 1449
Portuguese royalty
New title	Duke of Coimbra 1415–1449	Vacant Title next held by Jorge of Lencastre
Political offices
Preceded by Eleanor of Aragon	Regent of Portugal 1439–1448	Vacant Title next held by Joanna of Portugal