Petri dish

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A glass Petri dish with culture

A Petri dish (alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell-culture dish) is a shallow transparent lidded dish that biologists use to hold

fungi and small mosses.[3] The container is named after its inventor, German bacteriologist Julius Richard Petri.[4][5][6] It is the most common type of culture plate. The Petri dish is one of the most common items in biology laboratories and has entered popular culture. The term is sometimes written in lower case, especially in non-technical literature.[7][8]

What was later called Petri dish was originally developed by German physician Robert Koch in his private laboratory in 1881, as a precursor method. Petri, as assistant to Koch, at Berlin University made the final modifications in 1887 as used today.

mold contaminating a bacterial
culture in a Petri dish had killed the bacteria around it.

Features and variants

Petri dishes are usually

cylindrical, mostly with diameters ranging from 30 to 200 millimetres (1.2 to 7.9 in),[9][10] and a height to diameter ratio ranging from 1:10 to 1:4.[11] Squarish versions are also available.[12][13]

Petri dishes were traditionally reusable and made of glass; often of heat-resistant borosilicate glass for proper sterilization at 120–160 °C.[9]

Since the 1960s, plastic dishes, usually disposable, are also common.[14]

The dishes are often covered with a shallow transparent lid, resembling a slightly wider version of the dish itself. The lids of glass dishes are usually loose-fitting.[9] Plastic dishes may have close-fitting covers that delay the drying of the contents.[15] Alternatively, some glass or plastic versions may have small holes around the rim, or ribs on the underside of the cover, to allow for air flow over the culture and prevent water condensation.[16]

Some Petri dishes, especially plastic ones, usually feature rings and/or slots on their lids and bases so that they are less prone to sliding off one another when stacked or sticking to a smooth surface by suction.[15]

Small dishes may have a protruding base that can be secured on a microscope stage for direct examination.[17]

Some versions may have grids printed on the bottom to help in measuring the density of cultures.[18][12][13]

A microplate is a single container with an array of flat-bottomed cavities, each being essentially a small Petri dish. It makes it possible to inoculate and grow dozens or hundreds of independent cultures of dozens of samples at the same time. Besides being much cheaper and convenient than separate dishes, the microplate is also more amenable to automated handling and inspection.

History

The Petri dish was developed by German physician

Berlin University. Petri did not invent the culture dish himself; rather, it was a modified version of Koch's invention[19] which used an agar medium that was developed by Walther Hesse.[20] Koch had published a precursor dish in a booklet in 1881 titled "Zur Untersuchung von Pathogenen Organismen" (Methods for the Study of Pathogenic Organisms),[21] which has been known as the "Bible of Bacteriology".[22][23] He described a new bacterial culture method that used a glass slide with agar and a container (basically a Petri dish, a circular glass dish of 20 × 5 cm with matching lid) which he called feuchte Kammer ("moist chamber"). A bacterial culture was spread on the glass slide, then placed in the moist chamber with a small wet paper. Bacterial growth was easily visible.[24]

Koch publicly demonstrated his plating method at the Seventh

typhoid (Salmonella enterica) in 1884.[27]

Petri made changes in how the circular dish was used. It is often asserted that Petri developed a new culture plate,[28][29][30] but this is incorrect. Instead of using a separate glass slide or plate on which culture media were placed, Petri directly placed media into the glass dish, eliminating unnecessary steps such as transferring the culture media, using the wet paper, and reducing the chance of contamination.[19] He published the improved method in 1887 as "Eine kleine Modification des Koch’schen Plattenverfahrens" ("A minor modification of the plating technique of Koch").[6] Although it could have been named "Koch dish",[24] the final method was given an eponymous name Petri dish.[31]

Uses

Microbiology

A Petri dish with bacterial colonies on an agar-based growth medium

Petri dishes are widely used in biology to

molds
. It is most suited for organisms that thrive on a solid or semisolid surface.

The

medicinal drugs). The agar and other ingredients are dissolved in warm water and poured into the dish and left to cool down. Once the medium solidifies, a sample of the organism is inoculated
("plated").

The dishes are then left undisturbed for hours or days while the organism grows, possibly in an incubator. They are usually covered, or placed upside-down, to lessen the risk of contamination from airborne spores.

phage
cultures require that a population of bacteria be grown in the dish first, which then becomes the culture medium for the viral inoculum.

While Petri dishes are widespread in microbiological research, smaller dishes tend to be used for large-scale studies in which growing cells in Petri dishes can be relatively expensive and labor-intensive.[32][33]

Contamination detection and mapping

Petri dishes can be used to visualize the location of contamination on surfaces, such as kitchen counters and utensils,[34] clothing, food preparation equipment, or animal and human skin.[35][36]

For this application, the Petri dishes may be filled so that the culture medium protrudes slightly above the edges of the dish to make it easier to take samples on hard objects. Shallow Petri dishes prepared in this way are called Replicate Organism Detection And Counting (RODAC) plates and are available commercially.[37][38]

Cell culture

Petri dishes are also used for cell cultivation of isolated cells from eukaryotic organisms, such as in immunodiffusion studies, on solid agar or in a liquid medium.

Botany and agriculture

Axenic cell culture of the plant Physcomitrella patens on an agarplate in a Petri dish

Petri dishes may be used to observe the early stages of plant germination, and to grow plants asexually from isolated cells.

Entomology

Petri dishes may be convenient enclosures to study the behavior of insects and other small animals.

Chemistry

Due to their large open surface, Petri dishes are effective containers to evaporate

precipitates, either at room temperature or in ovens and desiccators
.

Sample storage and display

Petri dishes also make convenient temporary storage for samples, especially liquid, granular, or powdered ones, and small objects such as insects or seeds. Their transparency and flat profile allows the contents to be inspected with the naked eye, magnifying glass, or low-power microscope without removing the lid.

In popular culture

The Petri dish is one of a small number of laboratory equipment items whose name entered popular culture. It is often used metaphorically, e.g. for a contained community that is being studied as if they were microorganisms in a biology experiment, or an environment where original ideas and enterprises may flourish.[7][8][39]

HTML entity "🧫" or "🧫", UTF-8 "0xF0 0x9F 0xA7 0xAB").[40]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-8121924177
  2. ^ Mosby's Dental Dictionary (2nd ed.). Elsevier. 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
  3. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00670.x. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
  4. American Heritage Dictionary
    .
  5. ^ Petri, R.J. (1887). "Eine kleine Modification des Koch'schen Plattenverfahrens" [A small modification of Koch's plate method]. Centralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde (in German). 1: 279–80.
  6. ^ a b Petri, R.J. (1887). "Eine kleine Modification des Koch'schen Plattenverfahrens" [A small modification of Koch's plate method]. Centralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde (English Translation, Braus, 2020) (in German). 1: 279–80.
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-1510732346
  8. ^ a b Isabel Slone (2018): "What Does the Mall Goth Nostalgia Trend Really Mean?". Quote: "mall goth" was a style of dress that combined the hallmarks of punk, goth and metal subcultures and thrived like bacteria in the petri dish of the early 2000s. Online article in the Fashion Magazine website, May 22, 2018. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  9. ^ a b c (2019): "Product 4909050: PYREX reusable Petri dishes: complete". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  10. ^ (2019): "Product BRB011: Petri Dish 200 mm, borosilicate". Rogo-Sampaic online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  11. ^ (2019): "Product BTX9302 Corning 100 x 25mm bio-agricultural Petri dishes". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  12. ^ a b (2019): "Item 1219C98: Square Petri dish w/ grid". Thomas Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  13. ^ a b (2019): "Product 11708573: Gosselin Square Petri Dish". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  14. ^ (2019): "Product BP94S01: Corning 100 x 15mm Polystyrene Petri Dishes". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  15. ^ a b (2019): "Item 09-720-500: Fisherbrand disposable Petri dishes". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  16. ^ (2019): "Item SB93102: Corning 100x15mm Petri dish with three vents". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  17. ^ (2019): "Product PD1504700 MilliporeSigma PetriSlide for contamination analysis". Fischer Scientific online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  18. ^ (2019): "Item 41044: Petri dishes made of glass with grid and cover". Assistent (Karl Hecht) online catalog. Accessed on 2019-10-25
  19. ^
    ISSN 0007-5027
    .
  20. ^ Kassinger, Ruth (2019). Slime How Algae Created Us, Plague Us, and Just Might Save Us. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 124.
  21. doi:10.25646/5071
    .
  22. PMID 25015479
    , retrieved 2021-04-15
  23. doi:10.1016/S1068-607X(02)00167-1
    .
  24. ^
    S2CID 139105012
    .
  25. PMID 6180494
    .
  26. ISBN 978-1-55581-143-3
    .
  27. PMID 16286000
    .
  28. PMID 20413340
    .
  29. S2CID 36391864
    .
  30. PMID 24887990
    .
  31. PMC 7774570
    .
  32. PMID 20647425
    .
  33. PMID 21179449
    .
  34. PMID 11279821
    .
  35. ^ Kasia Galazka (2015): "Here's A Gorgeous Petri Dish Handprint Of An 8-Year-Old After He Played Outside". BuzzFeed.News online article, June 9, 2015. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  36. ^ Sonja Bäumel (2009): "Oversized petri dish". Culture of microorganisms from the artist's skin pressed onto a body-size culture plate, photographed over the span of 44 days. Part of her (In)visible membrane project. Wageningen, Germany. Accessed on 2019-10-25.
  37. ISBN 978-1420014853
  38. doi:10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.01.003
  39. ^ "Definition of petri dish".
  40. ^ (2019): "Emoji List, v12.1". Webpage at the Unicode Consortium website. Accessed on 2019-10-25.

External links

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