Petroleum in the United States
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Petroleum has been a major industry in the United States since the 1859 Pennsylvania oil rush around Titusville, Pennsylvania. Commonly characterized as "Big Oil", the industry includes exploration, production, refining, transportation, and marketing of oil and natural gas products.[1] The leading crude oil-producing areas in the United States in 2023 were Texas, followed by the offshore federal zone of the Gulf of Mexico, North Dakota and New Mexico.[2]
The United States became the largest producer of crude oil of any nation in history in 2023.[3] Natural gas production reached record highs.[4] Employment in oil and gas extraction peaked at 267,000 in March 1982, and totaled 199,500 in March 2024.[5]
Industry structure
The United States oil industry is made up of thousands of companies, engaged in exploration and production, transportation, refining, distribution, and marketing of oil. The industry is often informally divided into "upstream" (exploration and production), "midstream" (transportation and refining), and "downstream" (distribution and marketing). The industry sector involved in oil exploration and production is for all practical purposes identical with the sector exploring and producing natural gas, but oil and natural gas have different midstream and downstream sectors (see: Natural gas in the United States).
Majors
The term major oil company has no formal definition, but usually refers to a large vertically integrated company, with operations in all or most of the industry phases, from exploration to marketing. Many majors have international operations.
The largest of the majors are sometimes called
Independents
An independent is a company which has all or almost all of its operations in a limited segment of the industry, such as exploration and production, refining, or marketing. Although most independents are small compared to the majors, there are some very large companies which are not vertically integrated, and so are classed as independents.
Service companies
Service companies contract to oil companies to perform specialized services. Examples are companies that do well logging (Schlumberger), seismic surveys (WesternGeco, CGG (company)), drilling (Nabors Industries, Helmerich & Payne), or well completion (Baker Hughes, Halliburton). There are innumerable small oil (craft oil) producers whose aggregate crude oil production exceeds the aggregate production of major crude oil companies.[6]
Rank | Company | Million Bbl/Year |
---|---|---|
1 | BP | 237.0 |
2 | Chevron | 177.0 |
3 | ConocoPhillips | 153.0 |
4 | ExxonMobil | 112.0 |
5 | Occidental Petroleum | 99.0 |
6 | Shell | 71.0 |
7 | Anadarko Petroleum | 63.0 |
8 | Apache Corporation
|
34.8 |
9 | XTO Energy | 31.7 |
10 | Amerada Hess
|
26.0 |
Annual owned production, 2009. Source:[7] |
In 2009, the production owned by the top ten companies was 52% of total US oil production.[7]
Exploration
Exploratory drilling, seismic and other remote sensing techniques are used to explore for and find new hydrocarbon resources. Satellites, remote-sensing devices, and 3-D/4-D seismic technologies are some of these technologies. Smaller “slimhole” drilling rigs are able to drill smaller exploratory wells to reduce the size of the impacted area.[8]
Each year, tens of thousands of wells are drilled in search of oil and gas in the U.S. In 2009, 36,243 wells were drilled.
Production
Top oil fields in the U.S.
Rank | Field | State | Discovery Year | Million Bbl/Day |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Permian | Texas/New Mexico | 1920 | 4.2 |
2 | Eagle Ford Shale
|
Texas | 2008 | 1.34 |
3 | Bakken | North Dakota/Montana | 1951 | 1.33 |
4 | Prudhoe Bay Oil Field | Alaska | 1967 | .791 |
5 | Wattenberg Gas Field | Colorado | 1970 | .473 |
6 | Shenzi | Federal Gulf of Mexico | 2002 | .353 |
7 | Kuparuk River oil field | Alaska | 1969 | .295 |
8 | Midway-Sunset Oil Field | California | 1901 | .288 |
9 | Atlantis Oil Field | Federal Gulf of Mexico | 1998 | .273 |
10 | Sugarkane | Texas | 2009 | .258 |
Annual production 2013. Source:[9] |
Associated gas
Most modern oil fields are developed with plans to utilize both the oil and the
Produced water
When extracting oil and gas from oil sands and shale oil, water that was present is extracted as well, which is called “produced water”. In 2017, an estimated 160 billion gallons of produced water was generated during U.S. shale oil and gas producing operations. Ongoing research seeks to identify safe ways to reuse produced water.[12] The water is usually highly saline, and must be disposed of by injecting it into EPA-permitted Class II water disposal wells.
Some produced water contains sufficient lithium, iodine, etc. to be recovered as a by-product.[13]
Crude oil transportation and storage
The product extracted at the wellhead, usually a mixture of oil/condensate, gas, and water, goes through equipment on the lease to separate the three components. The oil and produced water are in most cases stored in separate tanks at the site, and periodically removed by truck. Over the decade 2005–2014, the volume of oil carried to the refinery by tanker ship has decreased. The oil volumes delivered to US refineries by all other modes has increased. Crude oil and petroleum products are transported mainly by pipelines, rail, or water via tanker ships. The U.S. has more than 3 million miles of pipeline dedicated to the transportation of natural gas.[14]
Pipeline
Most crude oil shipped long distances in the US goes by
Water
Petroleum can be transported cheaply for long distances by oceangoing oil tankers. Tankers supplied 31 percent of the oil arriving at US refineries in 2014, down from 48 percent in 2005; the decline reflects decreased oil imports since 2005.
For shorter-distance water transport, oil is shipped by barge, which accounted for 5.7 percent of oil arriving at refineries in 2014, up from 2.9 percent in 2005.
Truck
Most oil is initially carried off the site by tanker truck. The truck may take the oil directly to a nearby refinery. In 2014, 2.6 percent of oil arrived at refineries by truck, up from 2.6 percent in 2005. If the refinery is not close, the tanker truck will take the crude oil to a pipeline, barge, or railroad for long-distance transport.
Railroad
Before the common availability of long-distance pipelines, most crude oil was shipped by rail. It is for this historical reason that in Texas, oil and gas production came to be regulated by the
Since 2012, oil shipped by rail from the Bakken fields in North Dakota has progressively replaced overseas (non-Canadian) imported oil used by East Coast US refineries. In February 2015, railroads supplied 52 percent of all crude oil delivered to US refineries on the East Coast.[16]
Rail transportation also resulted in the July 6, 2013
Storage
Crude oil is stored in oil terminals above ground, natural gas storage is primarily done underground. Private companies store oil and participate in the oil-storage trade to try and get the best deal on their oil. Governments also store oil in Strategic Petroleum Reserves to cope with Geopolitical /economic shocks.[17]
Refining
The United States petroleum refining industry, the world's largest, is most heavily concentrated along the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana. In 2012, US refiners produced 18.5 million barrels per day of refined petroleum products.[18] Of this amount, 15 percent was exported.[19] As of 2012 the US was the world's second largest net exporter of refined petroleum products.[20]
Petroleum product distribution and marketing
Refined petroleum products destined for retail consumption is transferred to bulk terminals by pipeline, barge, or rail. From the bulk terminal, the product is usually trucked to the retail outlets.
As of February 2014, there were 153,000 service stations selling motor fuel in the US, including garages, truck stops, convenience stores, and marinas. Although many stations carry the brands of major integrated oil companies, only 2% of US stations are owned by major oil companies; most stations labeled with major brands are operated under franchise agreements. A total of 58% of the service stations are single-store operations run by an individual or family.[21][22]
Price
Except for one, every US recession since
In 2008, oil prices rose briefly, to as high as $145 per barrel,[25] and U.S. gasoline prices jumped from $1.37 to $2.37 per gallon in 2005,[26] causing a search for alternate sources, and by 2012, less than half the US oil consumption was imported. However, as of January 2015, the price of oil has decreased to around $50 per barrel.[27] As of September 2021, the price per barrel of crude oil was $69.06.[28]
Consumption and production
In the twentieth century, oil production became of more value, as the US industrialized and developed commercial transportation, such as railroads and motor vehicles. Furthermore, oil consumption also increased because of electricity. After electricity, oil became more important in commercial, manufacturing, and residential sectors such as heating and cooking. Therefore, during this period, the growth of oil consumption indicates that the US was becoming dependent on oil and that it helped the domestic oil industry to grow. However, U.S. oil domestic production could not cover the growing demand in the nation's market, which allowed the U.S. to look for a new supply internationally.[29]
The nation's consumption of oil increased 53% between 1915 and 1919, followed by another increase of 27% in 1920. The first shock of the transportation era occurred in 1920 and lasted for about a year. The shortage of oil devastated the entire West Coast with hour-long lines for gasoline. Also, in many places, fuel was not available for at least a week. Finally, big production from Texas, California, and Oklahoma took the shortage of oil away, causing oil prices to fall 40% between 1920 and 1926. During the Great Depression, both growing supply and falling demand caused the price of oil to decrease to about 66% between 1926 and 1931.[29]
Toward the end of World War II, the automotive era settled rapidly, and the nation's demand of oil increased 12% between 1945 and 1947 while motor vehicle registrations did so by 22%. Around 1948, demand of oil exceeded the supply of oil, allowing the U.S. to start importing oil. Therefore, the nation quickly became a major importer of oil, rather than being the major exporter for it.[29]
In 1952, due to a
After the
In 2010, 70.5% of petroleum consumption in the U.S. was for transportation. Approximately 2/3 of transportation consumption was gasoline.[30] Today, the U.S. is still dependent on oil, as oil plays an important role socially, economically, and politically.
In May 2019, the United States produced a record 12.5 million barrels of oil per day and it is expected to reach to a record 13.4 million barrels per day by the end of 2019.[31]
In 2020, U.S. refineries produced about 18.375 million barrels of petroleum products per day. Crude oil making up 11.283 million barrels, natural gas liquids making up 5.175 million barrels, and other petroleum products making up the rest.[32]
Policy
While the time before
Near the end of 2015 President Barack Obama signed a spending bill lifting a four decade ban on exports of crude oil.[36]
On March 24, 2017, the Trump administration issued a presidential permit to allow construction of the Keystone XL pipeline. In June 2017, President Donald Trump announced his intention to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris Agreement. Although under Article 28 of the Paris Agreement the U.S. could not officially withdraw from until 2020. In his announcement the President stated “as of today, the United States will cease all implementation of the Paris Agreement”.[37] On August 17, 2020, the Trump administration opened the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil exploitation.[38]
In 2021, President Joe Biden rejoined the Paris Agreement and closed the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil exploitation. On January 20, 2021, the Biden administration revoked the permits for construction of the Keystone XL pipeline.[39]
During the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war, the Texas Railroad Commission again discussed pro-rationing to keep oil prices at a level suitable for US producers. Texas ordinarily produces 5.3 million barrels per day, and the US maximum production is 13 million.[40]
History
Although some oil was produced commercially before 1859 as a byproduct from salt brine wells, the American oil industry started on a major scale with the discovery of oil at the Drake Well in western Pennsylvania in 1859.
US crude oil production initially peaked in 1970 at 9.64 million barrels (1,533,000 m3) per day. 2018 production was 10.99 million barrels (1,747,000 m3) per day of crude oil (not including natural gas liquids).[41]
- Pennsylvanian oil rush
- Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves
- Petroleum Administration for Defense District
- Texas wildcatters
- Oil Capital of the World
Statistics
The Energy Information Administration of the United States Department of Energy publishes extensive statistics on the production, importation, and uses of petroleum in the United States.[42]
In 1913, the United States was extracting 65 percent of the world's petroleum.[citation needed]. In 1989, the United States contained 5 percent of the world's oil reserves.[citation needed] In 2022, New Mexico produced more oil than Mexico.[43]
Politics
In 2007, state severance taxes amounted to $10.7 billion, mostly from oil, gas, and coal. States also received 50 percent of federal onshore oil and gas lease revenues within their borders, and 27 percent of federal offshore oil and gas revenues adjacent to their shorelines; the state share of federal revenues totalled $2.0 billion in 2007.[44]
Environmental issues
Organizations
- American Association of Petroleum Geologists
- American Petroleum Institute
- Council of Petroleum Accountants Societies
- Nevada Petroleum Society
See also
- Energy conservation in the United States
- Energy in the United States
- Energy policy of the United States
- History of the petroleum industry in the United States
- Natural gas in the United States
- Offshore oil and gas in the United States
- The Petroleum Dictionary (book)
- Shale gas in the United States
By State:
References
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A large portion of the leadership of oil companies in Texas are in favor of being a part of an international deal.
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