Petroleum industry in Canada
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Petroleum production in Canada is a
The
History
The Canadian petroleum industry developed in parallel with that of the United States. The first oil well in Canada was dug by hand (rather than drilled) in 1858 by James Miller Williams near his asphalt plant at Oil Springs, Ontario. At a depth of 4.26 metres (14.0 ft)[6] he struck oil, one year before "Colonel" Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in the United States.[7] Williams later went on to found "The Canadian Oil Company" which qualified as the world’s first integrated oil company.
Petroleum production in Ontario expanded rapidly, and practically every significant producer became his own refiner. By 1864, 20 refineries were operating in Oil Springs and seven in Petrolia, Ontario. However, Ontario's status as an important oil producer did not last long. By 1880 Canada was a net importer of oil from the United States.
Canada's unique geography, geology, resources and patterns of settlement have been key factors in the history of Canada. The development of the petroleum sector helps illustrate how they have helped make the nation quite distinct from the United States. Unlike the United States, which has a number of different major oil producing regions, the vast majority of Canada's petroleum resources are concentrated in the enormous Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), one of the largest petroleum-containing formations in the world. It underlies 1,400,000 square kilometres (540,000 sq mi) of Western Canada including most or part of four western provinces and one northern territory. Consisting of a massive wedge of sedimentary rock up to 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) thick extending from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Canadian Shield in the east, it is far distant from Canada's east and west coast ports as well as its historical industrial centres. It is also far from American industrial centres. Because of its geographic isolation, the area was settled relatively late in the history of Canada, and its true resource potential was not discovered until after World War II. As a result, Canada built its major manufacturing centres near its historic hydroelectric power sources in Ontario and Quebec, rather than its petroleum resources in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Not knowing about its own potential, Canada began to import the vast majority of its petroleum from other countries as it developed into a modern industrial economy.
The province of Alberta lies at the centre of the WCSB and the formation underlies most of the province. The potential of Alberta as an oil-producing province long went unrecognized because it was geologically quite different from American oil producing regions. The
The status of Canada as an oil importer from the US suddenly changed in 1947 when the Leduc No. 1 well was drilled a short distance south of Edmonton. Geologists realized that they had completely misunderstood the geology of Alberta, and the highly prolific Leduc oil field, which has since produced over 50,000,000 m3 (310,000,000 bbl) of oil was not a unique formation. There were hundreds more Devonian reef formations like it underneath Alberta, many of them full of oil. There was no surface indication of their presence, so they had to be found using reflection seismology. The main problem for oil companies became how to sell all the oil they had found rather than buying oil for their refineries. Pipelines were built from Alberta through the Midwestern United States to Ontario and to the west coast of British Columbia. Exports to the U.S. increased dramatically.
Most of the oil companies exploring for oil in Alberta were of U.S. origin, and at its peak in 1973, over 78 per cent of Canadian oil and gas production was under foreign ownership and over 90 per cent of oil and gas production companies were under foreign control, mostly American. This foreign ownership spurred the National Energy Program under the Trudeau government.[8]
Major players
Although around a dozen companies operate oil refineries in Canada, only three companies –
- Canadian Natural Resources Limited
- Imperial Oil
- Suncor Energy
- Cenovus Energy
Divisions
Approximately 96% of Canadian oil production occurs in three provinces: Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland and Labrador. In 2015 Alberta produced 79.2% of Canada's oil, Saskatchewan 13.5%, and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador 4.4%. British Columbia and Manitoba produced about 1% apiece.[11] The four Western Canada provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Manitoba all produce their oil from the vast and oil rich Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, which is centered on Alberta but extends into the other three Western provinces and into the Northwest Territories. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador produces its oil from offshore drilling on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland in the western Atlantic Ocean.[12]
Alberta
In addition to being the world's largest producer of oil sands bitumen in the world, Alberta is the largest producer of conventional
Oil sands
Alberta's oil sands underlie 142,200 square kilometres (54,900 sq mi) of land in the Athabasca, Cold Lake and Peace River areas in northern Alberta - a vast area of
Oil fields
Major
Structural regions include: Foothills, Greater Arch, Deep Basin.
Oil upgraders
There are five oil sands upgraders in Alberta which convert crude bitumen to synthetic crude oil, some of which also produce refined products such as diesel fuel. These have a combined capacity of 1.3 million barrels per day (210,000 m3/d) of crude bitumen.[16]
- The Fort Saskatchewan, Albertahas a capacity of 255,000 barrels per day (40,500 m3/d) of crude bitumen.
- The Fort McMurray, Albertahas a capacity of 440,000 barrels per day (70,000 m3/d) of crude bitumen.
- The Syncrude Mildred Lake upgrader near Fort McMurray has a capacity of 407,000 barrels per day (64,700 m3/d)
- The China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) Long Lake upgrader near Fort McMurray has a capacity of 72,000 barrels per day (11,400 m3/d)
- The Canadian Natural Resources Ltd (CNRL) Horizon upgrader near Fort McMurray has a capacity of 156,000 barrels per day (24,800 m3/d)
Oil pipelines
Since it is Canada's largest oil producing province, Alberta is the hub of Canadian crude oil pipeline systems. About 415,000 kilometres (258,000 mi) of Canada’s oil and gas pipelines operate solely within Alberta’s boundaries and fall under the jurisdiction of the Alberta Energy Regulator. Pipelines that cross provincial or international borders are regulated by the National Energy Board.[17] Major pipelines carrying oil from Alberta to markets in other provinces and US states include:[18]
- The Interprovincial Pipeline System (now called the Montreal, Quebec.
- The state of Washington. Only crude oil and condensate are shipped to the United States.[19]
- The Norman Wells Pipeline (now owned by Enbridge) was built in 1985 to carry crude oil from Norman Wells, NWT to Zama City, Alberta, where it connects with the Alberta pipeline network.
- The Express Pipeline was built in 1997 to carry oil from the Alberta pipeline hub at Hardisty, Alberta to the US states of Montana, Utah, Wyoming and Colorado.
- The Keystone Pipeline was built in 2011 to carry oil from Hardisty, Alberta to the major US pipeline hub at Cushing, Oklahoma, where it connects to pipelines to Texas, Louisiana, and many of the Eastern United States.
Oil refineries
There are four oil refineries in Alberta with a combined capacity of over 458,200 barrels per day (72,850 m3/d) of crude oil. Most of these are located on what is known as Refinery Row in Strathcona County near Edmonton, Alberta, which supplies products to most of Western Canada. In addition to refined products such as gasoline and diesel fuel, the refineries and upgraders also produce off-gases, which are used as feedstock by nearby petrochemical plants.[16]
- The Petro Canada) refinery near Edmonton has a capacity of 142,000 barrels per day (22,600 m3/d) of crude oil.
- The Imperial Oil Strathcona Refinery near Edmonton has a capacity of 187,200 barrels per day (29,760 m3/d).
- The Shell Canada Scotford Refinery near Edmonton has a capacity of 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m3/d). It is located adjacent to the Shell Scotford Upgrader, which provides it with feedstock.
- The Husky Lloydminster Refinery at Lloydminster, in eastern Alberta has a capacity of 29,000 barrels per day (4,600 m3/d). It is located across the provincial border from the Husky Lloydminster Heavy Oil Upgrader at Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, which provides it with feedstock. (Lloydminster is not a twin city but is chartered by both provinces as a single city that crosses the border.)
Two of the largest producers of petrochemicals in
While
- Oil and gas activity is regulated by the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) (Formerly the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB)and the Energy and Utility Board (EUB)).[22]
Saskatchewan
Oil fields
All of Saskatchewan's oil is produced from the vast Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, about 25% of which underlies the province. Lying toward the shallower eastern end of the later the sedimentary basin, Saskatchewan tends to produce more oil and less natural gas than other parts. It has four major oil-producing regions:[23]
- The Lloydminster area in west-central Saskatchewan has very large reserves of very heavy crude oil. (The oil field crosses the Alberta/Saskatchewan border, as do the production facilities.)[24]
- The Bakken Formation, which also produces most of North Dakota's oil.
- The Swift Current area in southwest Saskatchewan produces mostly conventional oil.
- The Weyburn area in southeast Saskatchewan produces oil using carbon dioxide flooding in the Weyburn-Midale Carbon Dioxide Project, the world's largest carbon capture and storage project.
Oil upgraders
There are two heavy oil upgraders in Saskatchewan.[25]
- The NewGrade Energy Upgrader, part of the synthetic crude oil.
- The Husky Energy Bi-Provincial Upgrader on the Saskatchewan side of Lloydminster processes 10,800 cubic metres per day (68,000 bbl/d) of heavy oil from Alberta and Saskatchewan to lighter crude oil. In addition to selling synthetic crude oil to other refineries, it supplies feedstock to the Husky Lloydminster Refinery on the Alberta side of the border. (Lloydminster is not twin cities but is a single bi-provincial city that straddles the Alberta/Saskatchewan border.)[24]
Oil refineries
The majority of the province's refining capacity is in a single complex in the provincial capital of Regina:[25]
- The CCRL Refinery Complex operated by Federated Co-operatives in Regina processes 8,000 cubic metres per day (50,000 bbl/d) into conventional refinery products. It receives much of its feedstock from the NewGrade upgrader.
- Moose Jaw Asphalt Inc. operates a 500 cubic metres per day (3,100 bbl/d) asphalt plant in Moose Jaw.
Oil and gas activity is regulated by the Saskatchewan Industry and Resources (SIR).[26]
Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador is Canada's third largest oil producing province, producing about 4.4% of Canada's petroleum in 2015. This consisted almost exclusively of light crude oil produced by offshore oil facilities on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. In 2015 these offshore fields produced an average of 27,373 cubic metres per day (172,000 bbl/d) of light crude oil.[11]
Oil fields
- The St. John's, Newfoundland. The field was discovered in 1979 and has been producing since 1997. The Hibernia Gravity Base Structureis the world's largest oil platform by weight since it has to withstand collisions by icebergs.
- The Floating Production Storage and Offloading(FPSO) vessel rather than a fixed platform to produce oil.
- The White Rose oil field is located 350 kilometres (220 mi) off the east coast of Newfoundland. The field was discovered in 1984 and has been producing since 2005. It uses a FPSO vessel to produce oil.
Oil refinery
Newfoundland has one oil refinery, the Come By Chance Refinery, which has a capacity of 115,000 barrels per day (18,300 m3/d). The refinery was built before the discovery of oil offshore Newfoundland to process cheap imported oil and sell the products mainly in the United States. Unfortunately the startup of the refinery in 1973 coincided with the 1973 oil crisis which quadrupled the price of the refinery's crude oil supply. This and technical problems caused the refinery to go bankrupt in 1976. It was restarted under new owners in 1986 and has gone through a series of owners until now, when it is operated by North Atlantic Refining Limited.[27] However, despite the fact that major oil fields were subsequently discovered offshore of Newfoundland, the refinery was not designed to process the type of oil they produced, and it did not process any Newfoundland oil at all until 2014. Until then all of Newfoundland's production went to refineries in the United States and elsewhere in Canada, while the refinery imported all its oil from other countries.[28]
British Columbia
British Columbia produced an average of 8,643 cubic metres per day (54,000 bbl/d) oil and equivalent in 2015, or about 1.4% of Canada's petroleum. About 38% of this liquids production was light crude oil, but most of it (62%) was natural-gas condensate.[11]
British Columbia's oil fields lie at the gas-prone northwest end of the
Oil and gas activity in BC is regulated by the Oil and Gas Commission (OGC).[29]
Oil refineries
BC has only two remaining oil refineries.[9]
- The Prince George, BCprocesses 12,000 barrels per day (1,900 m3/d) of light oil produced locally in northeastern BC.
- The Kinder Morgan Trans Mountain Pipeline System.
There once were four oil refineries in the Vancouver area, but
In June 2016 Chevron put its oil refinery in Burnaby, BC up for sale, along with its fuel distribution network in British Columbia and Alberta. “The company acknowledges these are challenging times and we need to be open to changing market conditions and opportunities as they arise,” a company representative said. The refinery, which started production in 1935, has 430 employees. Chevron's offer to sell follows Imperial Oil's sale of 497 Esso gas stations in B.C. and Alberta. It is unclear what will happen if Chevron fails to sell its BC assets.[32]
Manitoba
Manitoba produced an average of 7,283 cubic metres per day (46,000 bbl/d) of light crude oil in 2015, or about 1.2% of Canada's petroleum production.[11]
Manitoba's oil production is in southwest Manitoba along the northeast flank of the Williston Basin, a large geological structural basin which also underlies parts of southern Saskatchewan, North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana. Unlike in Saskatchewan, very little of Manitoba's oil is heavy crude oil.[33]
- A few rigs drilling for oil in South western Manitoba
There are no oil refineries in Manitoba.
Northern Canada (onshore)
The Northwest Territories produced an average of 1,587 cubic metres per day (10,000 bbl/d) of light crude oil in 2015, or about 0.2% of Canada's petroleum production.[11] There is an historic large oil field at Norman Wells, which has produced most of its oil since it started producing 1937, and is continuing to produce at low rates. There used to be an oil refinery at Norman Wells, but it was closed in 1996 and all of the oil is now pipelined out to refineries in Alberta.[34]
- Drilling for tight oil in the Canol shale play near Norman Wells by Husky Energy and others.[35]
Northern Canada (offshore)
Extensive drilling was done in the
- There is currently no offshore oil production in northern Canada
- There is currently no offshore drilling in northern Canada
Eastern Canada (onshore)
Ontario produced an average of 157 cubic metres per day (1,000 bbl/d) of light crude oil in 2015, or less than 0.03% of Canada's petroleum production. Onshore production in other provinces east of Ontario was even more insignificant.[11]
Oil fields
Ontario was the centre of the Canadian oil industry in the 19th century. It had the oldest commercial oil well in North America (dug by hand in 1858 at Oil Springs, Ontario, a year before the Drake Well was drilled in Pennsylvania), and having the oldest producing oil field in North America (producing crude oil continuously since 1861). However, it reached its production peak and started to decline more than 100 years ago.[38]
- Sporadic drilling in southern Ontario
- Sporadic drilling in western Newfoundland
- Sporadic drilling in northern Nova Scotia and western Cape Breton Island
- Sporadic drilling in northern and eastern Prince Edward Island
Oil pipelines
Canada had one of the world’s first oil pipelines in 1862 when a pipeline was built to deliver oil from
- The Interprovincial Pipeline (now known as Sarnia, Ontario and in 1956 to Toronto. This made it the longest crude oil pipeline in the world.
- The Interprovincial Pipeline was extended to Montreal in 1976 after the 1973 oil crisis interrupted foreign oil supplies to Eastern Canada.
- The Portland–Montreal Pipe Line was built during World War II to bring imported oil from the marine terminal at South Portland, Maine through the United States to Montreal. As of 2016, the pipeline is no longer operational since the only remaining Montreal Refinery, is now owned by Suncor Energy, which produces enough oil to meet its needs from the Canadian oil sands.[41]
Oil refineries
Despite having very little oil production, Eastern Canada has a large number of oil refineries. The ones in Ontario were built close to the historic oil fields of southern Ontario; the ones in provinces to the east were built to process oil imported from other countries. After Leduc No. 1 was discovered in 1947, the much larger oil fields in Alberta began to supply Ontario refineries. After the 1973 oil crisis drastically increased the price of imported oil, the economics of refineries became unfavorable, and many of them closed. In particular, Montreal, which had six oil refineries in 1973, now has only one.[42]
- Nanticoke Refinery - (Imperial Oil), 112,000 bbl/d (17,800 m3/d)
- Sarnia - (Imperial Oil), 115,000 bbl/d (18,300 m3/d)
- Sarnia - (Suncor Energy), 85,000 bbl/d (13,500 m3/d)
- Corunna - (Shell Canada), 72,000 bbl/d (11,400 m3/d)
- Mississauga - (Suncor Energy), 15,600 bbl/d (2,480 m3/d)
- Montreal Refinery - (Suncor Energy), 140,000 bbl/d (22,000 m3/d).
- Valero Energy Corporation)), 265,000 bbl/d (42,100 m3/d)
- Irving Oil Refinery, Saint John (Irving Oil), 300,000 bbl/d (48,000 m3/d)
- North Atlantic Refinery, Come By Chance - (North Atlantic Refining), 115,000 bbl/d (18,300 m3/d)
Eastern Canada (offshore)
The province of
- White Rose fields off the coast of Newfoundland
- Offshore gas drilling and production on Sable Island fields off the coast of Nova Scotia
- Sporadic drilling along continental shelf off Nova Scotia (e.g. Shelburne Basin)
- Sporadic drilling in Laurentian fan at southern end of Cabot Strait
- Sporadic drilling in eastern Northumberland Strait
Long-term outlook
-
Canadian conventional oil production peaked in 1973, but oil sands production is forecast to increase until at least 2020
-
US oil production (crude oil only) and Hubbert high estimate.
-
Mexican production peaked in 2004 and is now in decline
Broadly speaking Canadian conventional oil production (via standard deep drilling) peaked in the mid-1970s, but East Coast offshore basins being exploited in Atlantic Canada did not peak until 2007 and are still producing at relatively high rates.[43]
Production from the Alberta
In addition, the Alberta Energy Regulator has recently identified over 67 billion cubic metres (420 Gbbl) of unconventional shale oil resources in the province.[44]: 4–3 This volume is larger than the province's oil sands resources, and if developed would give Canada the largest crude oil reserves in the world. However, due to the recent nature of the discoveries there are not yet any plans to develop them.
Oil fields of Canada
These oil fields are or were economically important to the Canadian economy:
- Oil Springs, Ontario
- Turner Valley oil field, Alberta
- Leduc oil field, Alberta
- Pembina oil field, Alberta
- Athabasca oil sands, Alberta
- Peace River oil sands, Alberta
- Cold Lake oil sands, Alberta
- Duvernay Formation, Alberta (shale oil and gas)
- Montney Formation, Alberta, BC (shale oil and gas)
- Hibernia oil field, offshore Newfoundland
- Terra Nova oil field, offshore Newfoundland
- White Rose oil field, offshore Newfoundland
Upstream, midstream and downstream components of Canadian petroleum industry
There are three components of the Canadian petroleum industry: upstream, midstream and downstream.
Upstream
The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector.[45][46][47]
The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater
Midstream
The midstream sector involves the transportation, storage, and wholesale marketing of crude or refined petroleum products. Canada has a large network of
The midstream operations are often taken to include some elements of the upstream and downstream sectors. For example, the midstream sector may include
Downstream
The downstream sector commonly refers to the
Crude oil
Crude oil, for example,
Export capacity
Total Canadian crude oil production, most of which is coming from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), is forecast to increase from 3.85 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2016 to 5.12 million b/d by 2030.[54] Supply from the Alberta oil sands accounts for most of the growth and is expected to increase from 1.3 million b/d in 2016 to 3.7 million b/d in 2030.[54] Bitumen from the oil sands requires blending with a diluent in order to decrease its viscosity and density so that it can easily flow through pipelines. The addition of diluent will add an estimated 200,000 b/d to the total volumes of crude oil in Canada, for a total of 1.5 million extra barrels per day requiring the creation of additional transport capacity to markets.[54] The current takeaway capacity in Western Canada is tight, as oil producers are beginning to outpace the movement of their products.
Pipeline capacity measurements are complex and subject to variability. They depend on a number of factors, such as the type of product being transported, the products it is mixed with, pressure reductions, maintenance, and pipeline configurations.[55] The major oil pipelines exiting Western Canada have a design transport capacity of 4.0 million b/d.[54] In 2016, however, the pipeline capacity was estimated at 3.9 million b/d,[1] and in 2017 the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) estimated the pipeline capacity to be 3.3 million b/d.[54] The lack of available pipeline capacity for petroleum forces oil producers to look to alternative transport methods, such as rail.
Crude-by-rail shipments are expected to increase as existing pipelines reach capacity and proposed pipelines experience approval delays.[56] The rail loading capacity for crude in Western Canada is close to 1.2 million b/d, although this varies depending on several factors including the length of the unit trains, size and type of railcars used, and the types of crude oil loaded.[57] Other studies, however, estimate the current rail loading capacity in Western Canada to be 754,000 b/d.[54] The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts that crude-by-rail exports will increase from 150,000 b/d in late 2017 to 390,000 b/d in 2019, which is much greater than the record high of 179,000 b/d in 2014.[58] The IEA also warns that rail shipments could reach as high as 590,000 b/d in 2019 unless producers store their produced crude during peak months.[58] The oil industry in the WCSB may need to continue to rely on rail in the forecastable future, as no major new pipeline capacity is expected to be available before 2019.[57] The capacity - to a certain extent - is there, but producers must be willing to pay a premium to move crude by rail.
Getting to tidewater
Canada has had access to western tide water since 1953, with a capacity of roughly 200,000 - 300,000 bpd [1] via the Kinder Morgan Pipeline. There is a myth perpetuated in Canadian media that Canadian WCS oil producers will have better access to “international prices” with greater access to tidewater,[59] however, this claim does not take into account existing access. Shipments to Asia reached their peak in 2012 when the equivalent of nine fully loaded tankers of oil left Vancouver for China. Since then, oil exports to Asia have completely dropped off [2] to the point at which China imported only 600 barrels of oil in 2017 [3]. With regard to the claim that Canada does not have access to “international prices”, many economists decry the concept that Canada does have access to the globalized economy as ridiculous and attribute the price differential to the costs of shipping heavy, sour crude thousands of kilometres, compounded by over supply in the destinations able to process aforementioned oil.[60] Due to a doubling of a “production and export” model bet on by the biggest players in the tar sands, producers have recently (2018) encountered an over supply problem, and have sought further government subsidies to lessen the blow of their financial miscalculations earlier this decade. Preferred access ports include the US Gulf ports via the
In 2013, Generating for Seven Generations (G7G) and
Port Metro Vancouver has a number of petroleum terminals, including Suncor Burrard Terminal in Port Moody, Imperial Oil Ioco Terminal in Burrard Inlet East, and Kinder Morgan Westridge, Shell Canada Shellburn, and Chevron Canada Stanovan terminals in Burnaby.[65]
Pipeline versus rail debate
The public debate surrounding the trade-offs between pipeline and rail transportation has been developing over the past decade as the amount of crude oil transported by rail has increased.
Costs
A 2017 study by the
Finally, transporting oil and gas by rail is generally more expensive for producers than transporting it by pipeline. On average, it costs between US$10-$15 per barrel to transport oil and gas by rail compared to $5 a barrel for pipeline.[76][77] In 2012,16 million barrels of oil were exported to USA by rail. By 2014, that number increased to 59 million barrels.[78] Although quantities decreased to 48 million in 2017, the competitive advantages offered by rail, particularly its access to remote regions as well as lack of regulatory and social challenges compared with building new pipelines, will likely make it a viable transportation method for years to come.[78] Both forms of transportation play a role in moving oil efficiently, but each has its unique trade-offs in terms of the benefits it offers.
Regulatory agencies in Canada
The jurisdiction over the petroleum industry in Canada, which includes energy policies regulating the petroleum industry, is shared between the
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)
Oil and Gas Policy and Regulatory Affairs Division (Oil and Gas Division) of Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) provides an annual review of and summaries of trending of crude oil, natural gas and petroleum product industry in Canada and the United States (US)[80]
National Energy Board
Until February 2018, the petroleum industry was also regulated by the
In 1985, the federal government and the provincial governments in
Provincial regulatory agencies
There were few regulations in the early years of the petroleum industry. In
See also
- Climate change in Canada
- Coal in Canada
- The Petroleum Papers, 2022 book by Geoff Dembicki
- Petroleum technician
- Renewable energy in Canada
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Further reading
- Foster, Peter (1979). The Blue-Eyed Sheiks: the Canadian Oil Establishment. Don Mills, Ontario: Collins Publishing. ISBN 9780002166089.