Petrushka chord

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Petrushka chord
Component intervals from
diminished fifth
minor third
diminished third
root
Forte no.
6-30

The Petrushka chord is a recurring polytonal device used in Igor Stravinsky's ballet Petrushka and in later music. These two major triads, C major and F♯ major – a tritone apart – clash, "horribly with each other", when sounded together and create a dissonant chord.[1]

Structure

The Petrushka chord in the piano during the second tableau of Petrushka[2] is shown below.

\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "up" \relative c'' { \time 3/4 s2. } \new Staff = "down" \relative c' { \time 3/4 \voiceOne \repeat tremolo 12 { { \change Staff = "up" \voiceTwo <e g c>32 } { \change Staff = "down" \voiceOne <cis fis ais>32 } } } >>

The Petrushka chord is defined as two simultaneous major triads separated by a tritone. In Petrushka, Stravinsky used C major on top of F♯ major (the latter presented here in first inversion):

{ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \clef treble \time 5/4 \hide Staff.TimeSignature \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 128 c'!4 e' g' c''!2 } \new Staff { \clef treble \time 5/4 \hide Staff.TimeSignature ais4 cis' fis' ais'2 } >> }

The device uses tones that, together, make up a synthetic

tritone scale.[3][unreliable source?] Alternatively, when spelled C–D♭–E–F♯–G–B♭, it can be read as the auxiliary diminished scale.[4]

The chords may be considered to contradict each other because of the tritone relationship: "Any tendency for a

whole tones distant from the key note of that tonality."[5]

At the end of the third tableau, the Petrushka chord appears with Petrushka but at A and E♭, which, with C and F♯, create a diminished seventh chord (0, 3, 6, 9) and exhaust the octatonic scale (9 1 4, 3 7 t, 0 4 7, and 6 t 1 = 0 1 3 4 6 7 9 t), "and suggests that it did... possess for Stravinsky an a priori conceptual status".[6]

{ \override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "up" \relative c'' { \time 4/4 s1 } \new Staff = "down" \relative c' { \time 4/4 \voiceOne \repeat tremolo 16 { { \change Staff = "up" \voiceTwo <bes es g>32 } { \change Staff = "down" \voiceOne <a cis e>32 } } } >> }

Petrushka and origin

Although attributed to Stravinsky, the chord (or, more precisely, two simultaneous major chords set a tritone apart, specifically F and B major) was present much earlier in Franz Liszt's Malédiction Concerto.[7] (Although the exact date of the composition remains unknown, it is estimated by Humphrey Searle to be from about 1840; the composition is believed to have originated from one of Liszt's early works, performed in 1827.[8])

Jeux d'eau to create flourishing, water-like sounds that characterize the piece. In his article "Ravel's 'Russian' Period: Octatonicism in His Early Works, 1893-1908", Steven Baur notes that Jeux d'eau was composed in 1901, ten years before Stravinsky composed Petrushka (1911), suggesting that Stravinsky may have learned the trick from Ravel. Stravinsky heard Jeux d'eau and several other works by Ravel no later than 1907 at the "Evenings for Contemporary Music" program.[9]

Stravinsky used the chord repeatedly throughout the ballet Petrushka to represent the puppet and devised the chord to represent the puppet's mocking of the crowd at the

Modes of limited transposition" (the octatonic scale) in favor of a "black key/white key bitonality" which results from, "Stravinsky's well known habit of composing at the piano."[11]

Other uses

The 1979 song "Kogaion" by

Romanian progressive rock band Sfinx
makes use of the chord.

The Petrushka chord is dominantly used in the track Above the Clouds, from the 2003

Sim City 4
.

See also

References

  1. ISBN 0-7645-5009-8
  2. Taruskin, Richard
    (Spring, 1987). "Chez Pétrouchka – Harmony and Tonality "chez" Stravinsky", p. 269, 19th-Century Music, Vol. 10, No. 3, Special Issue: Resolutions I., pp. 265–286.
  3. ^ Busby, Paul. "Short Scales", Scored Changes: Tutorials.
  4. ISBN 0-7579-0357-6
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 0-19-311906-4
    .
  6. ^ Taruskin 1987, p.268.
  7. ISBN 0-19-509173-6
  8. ISBN 0-521-32627-3
    . Retrieved Jun 30, 2009.
  9. ^ Journal of the American Musicological Society 52 (1999), 531–592.
  10. ISBN 0-7611-0487-9
    .
  11. ^ Eric Walter White (1966). Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works, p. 161. quoted in Taruskin, Richard (Spring, 1985). "Chernomor to Kashchei: Harmonic Sorcery; Or, Stravinsky's 'Angle'", p.75, Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 38, No. 1., pp. 72–142.
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