Phallus indusiatus
Phallus indusiatus | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Phallales |
Family: | Phallaceae |
Genus: | Phallus |
Species: | P. indusiatus
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Binomial name | |
Phallus indusiatus Vent. (1798)
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Synonyms[1] | |
Phallus indusiatus saprotrophic | |
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Edibility is choice |
Phallus indusiatus, commonly called the basket stinkhorn, bamboo mushrooms, bamboo pith, long net stinkhorn, crinoline stinkhorn, bridal veil, or veiled lady, is a
Mature fruit bodies are up to 25 centimetres (10 inches) tall with a conical to bell-shaped
Taxonomy
Phallus indusiatus was initially described by French naturalist Étienne Pierre Ventenat in 1798,[2] and sanctioned under that name by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801.[3] One author anonymously gave his impressions of Ventenat's discovery in an 1800 publication:
This beautiful species, which is sufficiently characterised to distinguish it from every other individual of the class, is copiously produced in Dutch Guiana, about 300 paces from the sea, and nearly as far from the left bank of the river of Surinam. It was communicated to me by the elder Vaillant,[N 1] who discovered it in 1755 on some raised ground which was never overflowed by the highest tides, and is formed of a very fine white sand, covered with a thin stratum of earth. The prodigious quantity of individuals of this species which grow at the same time, the very different periods of their expansion, the brilliancy and the varied shades of their colours, present a prospect truly picturesque.[4]
The fungus was later placed in a new genus, Dictyophora, in 1809 by Nicaise Auguste Desvaux;[5] it was then known for many years as Dictyophora indusiata.[6] Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck placed the species in Hymenophallus in 1817, as H. indusiatus.[7] Both genera were eventually returned to synonyms of Phallus and the species is now known again by its original name.[1][6]
Curtis Gates Lloyd described the variety rochesterensis in 1909, originally as a new species, Phallus rochesterensis. It was found in Kew, Australia.[8] A form with a pink-coloured indusium was reported by Vincenzo de Cesati in 1879 as Hymenophallus roseus, and later called Dictyophora indusiata f. rosea by Yosio Kobayasi in 1965;[9] it is synonymous with Phallus cinnabarinus.[10] A taxon described in 1936 as Dictyophora lutea[11] and variously known for years as Dictyophora indusiata f. lutea, D. indusiata f. aurantiaca, or Phallus indusiatus f. citrinus, was formally transferred to Phallus in 2008 as a distinct species, Phallus luteus.[12]
Etymology
The specific epithet is the Latin adjective indūsǐātus, "wearing an undergarment".[13] The former generic name Dictyophora is derived from the Ancient Greek words δίκτυον (diktyon, "net"), and φέρω (pherō, "to bear"), hence "bearing a net".[5][14] Phallus indusiatus has many common names based on its appearance, including long net stinkhorn, crinoline stinkhorn,[15] basket stinkhorn,[16] bridal veil fungus,[17] and veiled lady. The Japanese name Kinugasatake (衣笠茸 or キヌガサタケ), derived from the word kinugasa, refers to the wide-brimmed hats that featured a hanging silk veil to hide and protect the wearer's face.[18] A Chinese common name that alludes to its typical growth habitat is "bamboo mushroom" (simplified Chinese: 竹荪; traditional Chinese: 竹蓀; pinyin: zhúsūn).[19]
Description
Immature fruit bodies of P. indusiatus are initially enclosed in an egg-shaped to roughly spherical subterranean structure encased in a
Similar species
Phallus multicolor is similar in overall appearance, but it has a more brightly coloured cap, stem and indusium, and it is usually smaller. It is found in Australia, Guam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Zaire, and Tobago [25] as well as Hawaii. The cap of the Indo-Pacific species P. merulinus appears smooth when covered with gleba, and is pale and wrinkled once the gleba has worn off. In contrast, the cap surface of P. indusiatus tends to have conspicuous reticulations that remain clearly visible under the gleba. Also, the indusium of P. merulinus is more delicate and shorter than that of P. indusiatus, and is thus less likely to collapse under its own weight.[26] Common in eastern North America and Japan, and widely recorded in Europe,[27] the species P. duplicatus has a smaller indusium that hangs 3–6 cm (1+1⁄4–2+1⁄4 in) from the bottom of the cap, and sometimes collapses against the stalk.[28]
Found in Asia, Australia, Hawaii, southern Mexico, and Central and South America,[10] P. cinnabarinus grows to 13 cm (5 in) tall, and has a more offensive odor than P. indusiatus. It attracts flies from the genus Lucilia (family Calliphoridae), rather than the house flies of the genus Musca that visit P. indusiatus.[29] P. echinovolvatus, described from China in 1988, is closely related to P. indusiatus, but can be distinguished by its volva that has a spiky (echinulate) surface, and its higher preferred growth temperature of 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F).[30] P. luteus, originally considered a form of P. indusiatus, has a yellowish reticulate cap, a yellow indusium, and a pale pink to reddish-purple peridium and rhizomorphs. It is found in Asia and Mexico.[12]
Distribution
The range of Phallus indusiatus is
Ecology
Like all Phallus species, P. indusiatus is
Uses
Culinary
In eastern Asia, P. indusiatus is considered a delicacy and an
Phallus indusiatus has been
Medicinal
This section needs more MEDRS. Parts relating to the enzyme inhibitor, the RNAse, & the antimicrobial should get a new "food industry / biotechnology" sort of section.. (December 2023) |
Medicinal properties have been ascribed to Phallus indusiatus from the time of the Chinese
The fruit bodies of the fungus contain
Another chemical of interest found in P. indusiatus is
Two novel
The fungus has long been recognised to have
A 2001 publication in the International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms attempted to determine its efficacy as an aphrodisiac. In the trial involving sixteen women, six self-reported the experience of a mild orgasm while smelling the fruit body, and the other ten, who received smaller doses, self-reported an increased heart rate. All of the twenty men tested considered the smell displeasing. The study used fruit bodies found in Hawaii, not the edible variety cultivated in China.[71] The study has received criticism. A way to achieve instant orgasms would be expected to gain much attention and many attempts to reproduce the effect, but none has succeeded. No major science journal has published the study, and there are no studies where the results have been reproduced.[72][73]
In culture
According to ethnomycologist
Notes
- ^ Father of the more famous François Levaillant, explorer and ornithologist, the elder Levaillant was a merchant of Metz who served as French consul in Dutch Guiana until 1763.
References
- ^ a b "Hymenophallus indusiatus (Vent.) Nees 1817". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
- ^ Ventenat ÉP. (1798). "Dissertation sur le genre Phallus" [Essay on the genus Phallus]. Mémoires de l'institut National des Sciences et Arts (in French). 1: 503–23.
- ^ Persoon CH. (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum [Synopsis of a Methodology of Mushrooms] (in Latin). Göttingen, Germany: Apud H. Dieterich. p. 244.
- ^ Anonymous (1800). "XXVII. A dissertation on the genus Phallus, by M. Ventenat". The Critical Review, or, Annals of Literature. 13. London, UK: 501–2.
- ^ a b Desvaux NA. (1809). "Observations sur quelques genres à établir dans la famille des champignons" [Observations on several genera to establish families of mushrooms]. Journal de Botanique (Desvaux) (in French). 2: 88–105.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- ^ Nees von Esenbeck CDG. (1817). System der Pilze und Schwämme [System of Mushrooms and Fungi] (in German). Würzburg, Germany: In der Stahelschen buchhandlung. p. 251.
- ^ a b Lloyd CG. (1909). "Synopsis of the known phalloids". Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia Medica (13): 1–96.
- ^ "Dictyophora indusiata f. rosea (Ces.) Kobayasi 1965". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- ^ a b Kuo M. (April 2011). "Phallus cinnabarinus". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2012-09-13.
- ^ Liou TN, Hwang FY (1936). "Notes sur les Phallidés de Chine" [Notes on the phalloids of China]. Chinese Journal of Botany (in French). 1: 83–95.
- ^ a b Kayua T. (2008). "Phallus luteus comb. nov., a new taxonomic treatment of a tropical phalloid fungus". Mycotaxon. 106: 7–13. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
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- ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ^ a b Hall (2003), p. 19.
- ^ ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- PMID 31842442.
- ^ Inoki L. (June 7, 2006). "Kinugasatake (Veiled lady mushroom)". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2012-09-13.
- ^ Ying J, Mao X, Ma Q, Zong Y, Wen H (1987). Icones of Medicinal Fungi from China. Beijing, China: Science Press. p. 471.
- ^ a b c Chang & Miles (2004), p. 344.
- ^ JSTOR 3667249.
- ^ S2CID 620052.
- ^ Chang & Miles (2004), p. 348.
- ^ doi:10.5248/110.73.
- JSTOR 3759327. Archived from the originalon 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
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- ^ Kuo M. (April 2011). "Phallus duplicatus". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
- JSTOR 3755742. Archived from the originalon 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
- ^ Zeng DR, Hu ZX, Zhou CL (1988). "A thermophilic delicious 'veiled lady' – Dictyophora echino-volvata Zang, Zheng & Hu [Abstract]". Zhongguo Shiyongjun (Edible Fungi of China) (in Chinese). 4: 5–6.
- ^ PMID 995138. Archived from the originalon 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
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- ^ Hall (2003), p. 247.
- ^ Chang & Miles (2004), p. 346.
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- ^ Hu (2005), pp. 94–5.
- ^ Hu (2005), p. 96.
- ^ a b c Chang & Miles (2004), p. 343.
- ^ Hu (2005), p. 110.
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- ISBN 978-0-14-029541-2.
- ^ Newman JM. (1999). "Bamboo mushrooms". Flavor & Fortune. 6 (4): 25, 30.
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, LEI BV. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-07-24.
- ISBN 0-444-42747-3.
- ^ Zhou FL, Qiao CS (1989). "Initial research on the rapid cultivation of Dictyophora indusiata [Abstract]". Zhongguo Shiyongjun (Edible Fungi of China) (in Chinese). 1: 17–8.
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- ^ Expedition Ecstasy: Sniffing Out The Truth About Hawai‘i’s Orgasm-Inducing Mushroom
- ^ Can a Rare Hawaiian Mushroom Really Give Women a "Spontaneous Orgasm"?
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Sources
- Chang S-T, Miles PG (2004). "Dictyophora, formerly for the few". Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 343–56. ISBN 0-8493-1043-1.
- Hall IR. (2003). Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-586-1.
- Hu D. (2005). Chinese food culture and mushroom (PDF) (Report). Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen University and Research Centre, Agricultural Economics Research Institute, LEI BV.
External links
- YouTube Time-lapse video of P. indusiatus growth