Phanariots
Phanariots, Phanariotes, or Fanariots (
They emerged as a class of wealthy Greek merchants (of mostly noble
Overview
Many members of Phanariot families (who had acquired great wealth and influence during the 17th century) occupied high
Ottoman Empire
This section's Ottoman Decline Thesis , which is now considered a minority opinion. (May 2022) |
After the
The roots of Greek ascendancy can be traced to the Ottoman need for skilled, educated negotiators as their empire declined and they relied on treaties rather than force.[1] During the 17th century, the Ottomans began having problems in foreign relations and difficulty dictating terms to their neighbours; for the first time, the Porte needed to participate in diplomatic negotiations.
With the Ottomans traditionally ignoring Western European languages and cultures, officials were at a loss.[8] The Porte assigned those tasks to the Greeks, who had a long mercantile and educational tradition and the necessary skills. The Phanariots and other Greek as well as Hellenized families primarily from Constantinople, occupied high posts as secretaries and interpreters for Ottoman officials.[9]
Diplomats and patriarchs
As a result of Phanariot and ecclesiastical administration, the Greeks expanded their influence in the 18th-century empire while retaining their
A Slavic presence in Ottoman administration gradually became hazardous for its rulers, since the Slavs tended to support Habsburg armies during the Great Turkish War. By the 17th century the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople was the religious and administrative ruler of the empire's Orthodox subjects, regardless of ethnic background. All formerly-independent Orthodox patriarchates, including the Serbian Patriarchate renewed in 1557, came under the authority of the Greek Orthodox Church.[9] Most of the Greek patriarchs were drawn from the Phanariots.
Two Greek social groups emerged, challenging the leadership of the Greek Church:
Patriarchate
After the 1453 fall of Constantinople, when the
The position of the Patriarchate in the Ottoman state encouraged Greek renaissance projects centering on the resurrection and revitalization of the Byzantine Empire. The Patriarch and his church dignitaries constituted the first centre of power for the Greeks in the Ottoman state, which infiltrated Ottoman structures and attracted the former Byzantine nobility.[13]
Merchant middle class
The wealth of the extensive Greek merchant class provided the material basis for the intellectual revival featured in Greek life for more than half a century before 1821. Greek merchants endowed libraries and schools. On the eve of the Greek War of Independence, the three most important centres of Greek learning (schools-cum-universities) were in the commercial centres of
Civil servants
During the 18th century, the Phanariots were a hereditary clerical−aristocratic group who managed the affairs of the patriarchate and the dominant political power of the Ottoman Greek community. They became a significant political factor in the empire and, as diplomatic agents, played a role in the affairs of Great Britain, France and the Russian Empire.[16]
The Phanariots competed for the most important administrative offices in the Ottoman administration; these included collecting imperial taxes, monopolies on commerce, working under contract in a number of enterprises, supplying the court and ruling the Danubian Principalities. They engaged in private trade, controlling the crucial wheat trade on the Black Sea. The Phanariots expanded their commercial activities into the Kingdom of Hungary and then to the other Central European states. Their activities intensified their contacts with Western nations, and they became familiar with Western languages and cultures.[11]
Before the beginning of the
Danubian principalities
A Greek presence had established itself in both Danubian Principalities of
Phanariot attention focused on occupying the most favorable offices the empire could offer non-Muslims and the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which were still relatively rich and—more importantly—autonomous (despite having to pay tribute as vassal states). Many Greeks had found favorable conditions there for commercial activities, in comparison with the Ottoman Empire, and an opportunity for political power; they entered Wallachian and Moldavian boyar nobility by marriage.
Reigns of local princes were not excluded on principle. Several
Most sources agree that 1711 was when the gradual erosion of traditional institutions reached its zenith, but characteristics ascribed to the Phanariot era had made themselves felt long before it.
1711–1715
A change in policy was indicated by the fact that autonomous Wallachia and Moldavia had entered a period of skirmishes with the Ottomans, due to the insubordination of local princes associated with the rise of
A crucial moment was the
Rulers and retinues
The person raised to the office of prince was usually the chief dragoman of the Porte, well-versed in contemporary politics and Ottoman statecraft. The new prince, who obtained his office in exchange for a generous bribe, proceeded to the country he was selected to govern (whose language he usually did not know). When the new princes were appointed, they were escorted to Iași or Bucharest by retinues composed of their families, favourites and creditors (from whom they had borrowed the bribes). The prince and his appointees counted on recouping these in as short a time as possible, amassing an amount sufficient to live on after their brief time in office.
Thirty-one princes, from eleven families, ruled the two principalities during the Phanariot epoch. When the choice became limited to a few families due to princely disloyalty to the Porte, rulers would be moved from one principality to the other; the prince of Wallachia (the richer of the two principalities) would pay to avert his transfer to Iaşi, and the prince of Moldavia would bribe supporters in Constantinople to appoint him to Wallachia. Constantine Mavrocordatos ruled a total of ten times in Moldavia and Wallachia. The debt was owed to several creditors, rather than to the Sultan; the central institutions of the Ottoman Empire generally seemed determined to maintain their rule over the principalities and not exploit them irrationally. In an early example, Ahmed III paid part of Nicholas Mavrocordatos' sum.
Administration and boyars
The Phanariot epoch was initially characterized by fiscal policies driven by Ottoman needs and the ambitions of some hospodars, who (mindful of their fragile status) sought to pay back their creditors and increase their wealth while in a position of power. To make the reigns lucrative while raising funds to satisfy the needs of the Porte, princes channeled their energies into taxing the inhabitants into destitution. The most odious taxes (such as the văcărit first imposed by Iancu Sasul in the 1580s), mistakenly identified with the Phanariots in modern Romanian historiography, were much older.
The mismanagement of many Phanariot rulers contrasts with the achievements and projects of others, such as Constantine Mavrocordatos (who abolished
The focus of such rules was often the improvement of state structure against conservative wishes. Contemporary documents indicate that, despite the change in leadership and boyar complaints, about 80 percent of those seated in the Divan (an institution roughly equivalent to the estates of the realm) were members of local families.[20] This made endemic the social and economic issues of previous periods, since the inner circle of boyars blocked initiatives (such as Alexander Ypsilantis') and obtained, extended and preserved tax exemptions.[21]
Russian influence
The Phanariots copied Russian and Habsburg institutions; during the mid-18th century they made noble rank dependent on state service, as
Immediately afterward, Russia forcefully used its new prerogative. The deposition of
Such gestures began a period of effective Russian supervision, culminating with the
The
Greek War of Independence and legacy
The active part taken by Greek princes in revolts after 1820 and the disorder provoked by the
Most Phanariots were patrons of
Condemnation of the Phanariots is a focus of
Extant Phanariot families
Here is a non-exhaustive list of Phanariot families:
- Byzantineemperors.
- Argyropoulos, noble family of the Byzantine Empire also known as Argyros, see John Argyropoulos.
- Athanasovici
- Callimachi family, also known as Călmașu, Kalmaşu or Kallimaşu, originally a Romanian boyar family from Moldavia.
- Callivazis, originally from Trebizond, relocated to the Russian Empire.
- Canellou
- Cantacuzino, claimed to be originated from the Byzantine noble family Kantakouzenos.
- Caradjas, also known as Caragea or Karatzas.
- Caratheodoris family, see also Constantin Carathéodory
- Cariophyllis
- Chrisoscoleos
- Chrisovergis, also known as Hrisovergis, from the Peloponnese
- Caravia family, noble family from the Ionian Islands, a branch of the Byzantine Kallergi House
- Diamandis
- Doukas, also known as Dukas, imperial family originally from Paphlagonia, Despotate of Epirus despots.
- Evalidis, also known as Evaoglous, Hadjievalidis, from Trebizond
- Gerakis, from Kefalonia
- Geralis, from Kefalonia
- Ghica family, originally Albanians from Macedonia
- Hantzeris, also known as Handjeri, Hançeri, Pıçakçı and Hançeroglou, see Constantine Hangerli
- Kavadas, from Chios
- Byzantine and Trebizondemperors.
- Lambrinos
- Lapithis, from Crete
- Lazaridis, also known as Lazarević, a Serbianized family originally from Montenegro.
- Lermis, also known as Lermioglous or Lermilis, from Pontus.
- Levidis officials on the Patriarchate and dignitaries in the Imperial Court (Sublime Porte).
- Mamonas
- Manos, originated from Kastoria, see Aspasia Manos
- Mavrocordatos, from Chios, see Alexandros Mavrokordatos.
- Mavrogenis, from Paros, see Manto Mavrogenous.
- Mavroudis
- Mourouzis family, see Alexander Mourouzis
- Musurus, see Marcus Musurus
- Asia minor, later marquesses of Montferrat
- Photeinos
- Philanthropenos, noble family of the Byzantine Empire.
- Hellenic Republic.
- Rizos Rangavis, see Alexandros Rizos Rangavis
- Racoviță, also known as Racovitza, Romanian noble family from Moldavia and Wallachia.
- Ramalo
- Rodocanachi
- Romalo
- Rosetti family, also known as Ruset or Russeti, Moldavian Boyar family of Byzantine and Genoan origins.
- Scanavis
- Schinas
- Sereslis
- Soutzos family, also known as Suțu, Sutzu or Sütçü, see Michael Soutzos.
- Tzanavarakis, also known Tzanavaris, Çanavaris or Canavaroğulları.
- Venturas
- Vlachoutzis
- Văcărescu family, Romanian boyars from Wallachia and the first poets in Romanian literature[29]
- Vlastos, from Crete
Extinct Phanariot families
- Aristarchis
- Ballasakis
- Cananos
- Caryophyles
- Dimakis
- Eupragiotes
- Iancoleos (della Rocca)
- Moronas
- Negris
- Paladas, from Crete
- Plaginos
- Rizos Neroulos
- Ramadan
- Souldjaroglou
- Tzoukes
See also
- Ottoman Greeks
- Diafotismos
- Greeks in Romania
- Bulgarian Exarchate
- Early Modern Romania
- Danubian Principalities
- List of rulers of Moldavia
- List of rulers of Wallachia
- History of the Russo-Turkish wars
- State organisation of the Ottoman Empire
Notes
- ^ a b c d e public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Phanariotes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 346. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ The names Fener and Φανάρι (Fanari) derive from the Greek nautical word meaning "Lighthouse" (literary "lantern" or "lamp")
"Τριανταφυλλίδης On line Dictionary". Φανάρι (ναυτ.). Retrieved October 7, 2006. - ^ Mavrocordatos Nicholaos, Philotheou Parerga, J.Bouchard, 1989, p.178, citation: Γένος μεν ημίν των άγαν Ελλήνων
- ^ a b Encyclopædia Britannica, The Phanariots, 2008, O.Ed.
- ^ a b c Paparregopoulus, Eb, p. 108.
- ^ a b Mamboury (1953), p. 98
- ^ Mamboury (1953), p. 99
- ^ a b Stavrianos, p. 270
- ^ a b Hobsbawm pp. 181–85.
- ^ Svoronos, p. 87
- ^ a b Svoronos, p. 88.
- ^ Glenny, p. 195.
- ^ a b Svoronos, p. 83.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Greek history, The mercantile middle class, 2008 ed.
- ^ Steven Runciman. The Great Church in Captivity. Cambridge University Press, 1988, page 197.
- ^ Svoronos, p. 89.
- ^ Svoronos, p. 91.
- ^ See the historiographical discussion in Drace-Francis, The Making of Modern Romanian Culture, p. 26, note 6.
- ^ Djuvara, pp. 123, 125–26.
- ^ Djuvara, p.124
- ^ Djuvara, p.69
- ^ Berza
- ^ A History of the Balkans 1804–1945, p. 47
- ^ Djuvara, p. 123
- ^ Djuvara, p. 319
- ISBN 1-84511-066-8
- ^ Djuvara, p.89
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica,History of Romania, Romania Between Turkey and Austria,2008, O.Ed.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Vacarescu family, 2008, O.Ed.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 917.
the name of a family of Phanariot Greeks, distinguished in the history of Turkey, Rumania and modern Greece
References
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Phanariotes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 346. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- Mamboury, Ernest (1953). The Tourists' Istanbul. Istanbul: Çituri Biraderler Basımevi.
- Mihai Berza, "Haraciul Moldovei și al Țării Românești în sec. XV–XIX", in Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie, II, 1957, p. 7–47
- Alex Drace-Francis, The Making of Modern Romanian Culture, London & New York, 2006, ISBN 1845110668
- Neagu Djuvara, Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995
- Vlad Georgescu, Istoria ideilor politice românești (1369–1878), Munich, 1987
- Glenny, Misha (2001). The Balkans: Nationalism, War & the Great Powers, 1804–1999. Penguin (Non−Classics). ISBN 0140233776.
- Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Revolutions, section "Greek War of Independence"
- Konstantinos Paparrigopoulos (Pavlos Karolidis), History of the Hellenic Nation (Volume Eb), Eleftheroudakis, Athens, 1925
- L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans Since 1453
- Svoronos, Nikos (2004). "The Ideology of the Organization and of the Survival of the Nation". The Greek Nation. Polis. ISBN 9604350285.