Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom directly employs around 73,000 people and in 2007 contributed £8.4 billion to the UK's

GDP and invested a total of £3.9 billion in research and development.[1][2] In 2007 exports of pharmaceutical products from the UK totalled £14.6 billion, creating a trade surplus in pharmaceutical products of £4.3 billion.[3]

UK Pharmaceutical employment of 73,000 in 2017[4] compares to 114,000 as of 2015 in Germany,[5] 92,000 as of 2014 in France[6] and 723,000 in the European Union as a whole.[6] In the United States 281,440 people work in pharmaceutical industry as of 2016.[7]

The UK is home to

Hoffmann–La Roche and Eisai. One in five of the world's biggest-selling prescription drugs were developed in the UK.[10]

History

Beecham factory in St Helens

19th century

In 1833, John Duncan and William Flockhart became partners in what grew into Duncan, Flockhart and Company and began manufacturing drugs in Edinburgh. In 1847, Flockhart supplied chloroform to Dr (later Sir) James Young Simpson for his anaesthesia experiment and it started to be used in obstetrics. It was exhibited in London in 1851, supplied to Florence Nightingale and given royal approval,[11] and by 1895, to 750,000 doses per week in use.[12] The firm grew but eventually merged into the Glaxo organisation.[11]

In 1842

Silas Burroughs formed a partnership in September 1880, and established an office in Snow Hill in Central London.[15] The London Wholesale Drug and Chemical Protection Society was formed in 1867, which became the Drug Club in 1891, the forerunner of the present-day Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry.[14] In 1883 Burroughs Wellcome & Co. opened their first factory, at Bell Lane Wharf in Wandsworth, utilising compressed medicine tablet-making machinery acquired from Wyeth of the United States.[15] Burroughs Wellcome & Co. established its first overseas branch in Sydney in 1898.[15]

20th century

The Glaxo department of Joseph Nathan and Co was established in London in 1908.[16] Glaxo Laboratories Ltd absorbed Joseph Nathan and Co in 1947 and was listed on the London Stock Exchange in the same year.[16] In order to satisfy regulations then in place in the UK on the importation of medicines, Pfizer established a compounding operation in Folkestone, Kent in Autumn 1952.[17] Pfizer acquired an 80-acre site on the outskirts of Sandwich in 1954 to enable the expansion of its Kent-based activities.[17] Glaxo acquired Allen and Hanburys Ltd. in 1958.[16] Glaxo acquired EPI which was successor of Duncan, Flockhart and Company and Macfarlan Smith in 1962.[11] In 1981 the bacterial infection treatment Augmentin (amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium) was launched by Beecham; the anti-ulcer treatment Zantac (ranitidine) was launched by Glaxo; and the antiviral herpes treatment Zovirax (aciclovir) was launched by Wellcome.[16]

In 1991 SmithKline Beecham launched Seroxat/Paxil (

The Boots Company in April 1995.[21] In 1997 SmithKline Beecham opened a major new research centre at New Frontiers Science Park in Harlow, Essex.[16] In 1999 Zeneca Group plc and Sweden-based Astra AB merged to form AstraZeneca plc.[22] Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham announced their intention to merge in January 2000, with the merger completing in December of that year, forming GlaxoSmithKline plc.[23]

21st century

In February 2001 the Novartis Respiratory Research Centre, the largest single-site respiratory research centre in the world, opened in Horsham.

AIDS divisions into one London-based company, ViiV Healthcare.[32] On 1 February 2011 Pfizer announced that it would be closing its entire research and development facility at Sandwich, Kent within 18–24 months with the loss of 2,400 jobs, as part of a company-wide plan to reduce its spending on research and development.[33][34][35]

In March 2013 AstraZeneca announced plans for a major corporate restructuring, including the closure of its research and development activities at Alderley Park, investment of $500 million in the construction of a new research and development facility in Cambridge, and the move of its corporate headquarters from London to Cambridge in 2016.[36][37]

The amount of funding received by UK life science companies reached a 10-year high in 2014.[38][39]

Research and development

The world headquarters of GlaxoSmithKline in Brentford, London

In 2007 the UK had the third-highest share of global pharmaceutical Research and development (R&D) expenditure of any nation, with 9% of the total, behind the United States (49%) and Japan (15%).[40][41] The UK has the largest pharmaceutical R&D expenditure of any European nation, accounting for 23% of the total; followed by France (20%), Germany (19%), and Switzerland (11%).[40]

Top 25 UK investors in pharmaceuticals & biotechnology R&D - 2009/10[42]
Companya R&D spendingb (£m)
1
GlaxoSmithKline
 3,629.00
2 AstraZeneca 2,745.68
3
Shire
 346.71
4 Pfizer UK 325.66
5
Roche Products
 		208.44
6 Eisai Europe 151.13
7 Brinton Healthcare UK Ltd 140.13
8 Eli Lilly and Company 130.21
9 Amgen 127.06
10
Merial
 		102.42
11 Novartis Pharmaceuticals 90.27
12 John Wyeth & Brother 60.33
13
Bristol-Myers Squibb
 		55.49
14 Janssen 54.37
15 PowderMed 45.57
16
Aventis Pharma
 		44.92
17 Allergan 37.40
18
Organon Laboratories
 		36.78
19
Vectura
 36.40
20 Antisoma 35.77
21 Boehringer Ingelheim 29.29
22 Genus 28.60
23
BTG
 27.00
24
Servier R&D
 		25.10
25 Ipsen Developments 23.97
26 Renovo 18.07
Notes:

a Italicised company name: ultimate parent is not UK-based

b Where parent company is UK-based: worldwide R&D spending; other companies: R&D spending in UK only

Regulation

The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is the UK government agency which is responsible for ensuring that medicines and medical devices work and are acceptably safe.[43]

Global Justice Now and Stop AIDS Campaign published a report claiming patients could not always afford drugs where the public sector had partly funded research to develop those drugs. The report claims, "In many cases, the UK taxpayer effectively pays twice for medicines: first through investing in R&D, and then by paying high prices for the resulting medicine once ownership has been transferred to a private company." Richard Sullivan of King's College London, said some drug companies price their drugs correctly but others "vastly overprice" their drugs. There are calls for government action to discourage overpricing.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Did you know?: Facts and figures about the pharmaceutical industry in the UK - Second edition 2011" (PDF). The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  2. ^ "Gordon Brown plans tonic for pharmaceutical industry". The Times. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  3. ^ "Facts & Statistics from the pharmaceutical industry". The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  4. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ "Alles über die Pharmabranche in Deutschland". www.pharma-fakten.de.
  6. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ "Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing - May 2017 OES Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates". www.bls.gov.
  8. ^ "Top world pharmaceutical corporations". The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  9. ^ "Facts and Figures". Novartis UK. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  10. ^ "British regulator calls for drug pricing overhaul". International Herald Tribune. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  11. ^ a b c "Duncan, Flockhart and Co - Graces Guide". www.gracesguide.co.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  12. PMID 11620310
    – via PMID.
  13. ^ a b "Drug giants in their own right". BBC News. 24 February 1998. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  14. ^
    ISBN 9780754633525
    , retrieved 25 May 2011
  15. ^ a b c "The birth and growth of Burroughs Wellcome & Co". Wellcome Trust. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  16. ^ a b c d e f "Our history". GlaxoSmithKline plc. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  17. ^ a b "Pfizer's history 1949-55". Pfizer UK. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
  18. ^ "Merger partners in brief". AstraZeneca plc. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  19. ^ "Ministers fear Glaxo merger could damage drug industry". The Independent. 9 February 1998. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  20. ^ "Profile: Glaxo Wellcome". BBC News. 17 January 2000. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  21. ^ "Lawsuit Says Companies Suppressed Drug Study". The New York Times. 19 May 1997. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  22. ^ "History". AstraZeneca plc. Archived from the original on 17 December 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  23. ^ "Pharmaceutical giants Glaxo and SmithKline finally merge". Reuters. 27 December 2000. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  24. ^ "Novartis opens the world's largest centre for respiratory research in Horsham, UK". Chem Europe. 28 February 2001. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  25. ^ "AstraZeneca pays high price to fill drugs chest with £700m CAT deal". The Independent. 16 May 2006. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  26. ^ "AstraZeneca agrees £702m Cambridge deal". The Times. 15 May 2006. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  27. ^ "AstraZeneca agrees to buy MedImmune". Reuters. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  28. ^ "GlaxoSmithKline buys Stiefel for $3.6bn". The Telegraph. 20 April 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
  29. ^ "Work starts on £100m drug firm HQ". BBC News. 6 March 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  30. ^ "Author backing Alzheimer's research". St Albans & Harpenden Review. 26 June 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  31. ^ "European Knowledge Centre". Eisai Co., Ltd. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  32. ^ "AIDS Divisions of 2 Large Drug Makers Form Company to Focus on the Disease". The New York Times. 9 November 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  33. ^ "Drug giant Pfizer to pull out of Kent". Kent Online. 1 February 2011. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  34. ^ "Pfizer to shut major Sandwich site, home of Viagra". Reuters. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  35. ^ "Thousands of jobs to go as Pfizer looks to slash R&D spend". Nature. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  36. ^ "AstraZeneca to axe 1,600 jobs in overhaul of drug R&D". Reuters. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  37. ^ "AstraZeneca cuts UK headcount and moves to Cambridge". Times Higher Education. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  38. ^ "The UK is finally catching up with US in biotech investment - venture capital funding more than doubled last year". CityAM. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015. Big push for London
  39. ^ "A 10 Year Horizon – 2014 and 2015 Setting New Records in UK Biotech Financing via Capital Markets and Venture Capital". Evaluate and BIA. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  40. ^ a b "The Pharmaceutical sector in the UK". Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  41. ^ "Ministerial Industry Strategy Group - Pharmaceutical Industry: Competitiveness and Performance Indicators" (PDF). Department of Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  42. ^ "The Top 1,000 UK and 1,000 Global Companies by R&D Investment" (PDF). Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  43. ^ "The Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry - Fourth Report of Session 2004–05" (PDF). United Kingdom Parliament. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  44. ^ Taxpayer-funded drugs 'too expensive for patients’ BBC

Further reading

  • A. Duckworth, 'Rise of the pharmaceutical industry', Chemist and Druggist, 172, 1959, pp 127–39
  • C. A. Hill, 'The changing foundations of pharmaceutical manufacturing', Pharmaceutical Journal, 134, 1935, pp 533–5
  • J. Liebenau, 'The rise of the British pharmaceutical industry', British Medical Journal, 301, 1990, pp 724–33
  • C. J. Thomas, 'The pharmaceutical industry', in D. Burn (ed) The Structure of British Industry - Volume II (Cambridge University Press, 1958), pp 331–75
  • PMC 2060881
    .

External links
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