Pharnavaz I of Iberia

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Pharnavaz I
Self-deification
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Pharnavaz I

Pavle Ingoroqva.[5] Pharnavaz's rise, advent and imperial expansion of the Iberian monarchy was directly tied to the victory of Alexander the Great over the Achaemenid Empire.[6][7] Pharnavaz ruled under the suzerainty of the Seleucid Empire.[8]

Life

According to the

Georgian royal annals, Pharnavaz descended from Uplos, son of Mtskhetos, son of Kartlos, who was one of the powerful and famous eight brothers, who from their part were descendants of Targamos, son of Tarsi, the grandson of Japheth, son of the Biblical Noah. He is not directly attested in non-Georgian sources and there is no definite contemporary indication that he was indeed the first of the Georgian kings. His story is saturated with legendary imagery and symbols, and it seems feasible that, as the memory of the historical facts faded, the real Pharnavaz "accumulated a legendary façade" and emerged as the model pre-Christian monarch in the Georgian annals.[9]

According to the c. 800 chronicle The Life of Kings, Pharnavaz had a distinguished genealogy, tracing back to

Stele of Serapit.[16][17]

Perhaps the most artistically rounded section of the Georgian annals, the narrative follows Pharnavaz's life from birth to burial.

gold mines.[2]

Pharnavaz is brought up fatherless, but a magic dream, in which he anoints himself with the essence of the Sun, heralds the peripeteia. He is persuaded by this vision to "devote [himself] to noble deeds". He then sets off and goes hunting. In a pursuit of a deer, he encounters a mass of treasure stored in a hidden cave.[21] Pharnavaz retrieves the treasure and exploits it to mount a loyal army against the tyrannical Azon. He is aided by Kuji of Colchis, who eventually marries Pharnavaz's sister.[22] The rebels are also joined by 1,000 soldiers from Azon's camp; they are anachronistically referred to by the author as Romans, and claimed to have been entitled by the victorious Pharnavaz as aznauri (i.e., nobles) after Azon (this etymology is false, however).[9]

The main threads of Pharnavaz's story - a fatherless boy hidden and raised in a remote mountains, a forgotten lineage, his dreams, sacral kingship, solar imagery, the hunt, discovery of cave-concealed treasure etc. are reminiscent of legends about

Shahanshahs crowned themselves.[24]

Reign

Georgian royal annals
.

In the ensuing battle, Azon is defeated and killed, and Pharnavaz becomes the king of Kartli at the age of 27.

Hellenistic successors of Alexander in the Middle East, who are afforded by the Georgian chronicles the generic name of Antiochus.[9]

ფარნავაზ წარავლინნა მოციქულნი წინაშე მეფისა ანტიოქოს ასურასტანისა, და წარსცა ძღუენი დიდ-ძალი. და აღუთქუა მას მსახურება, და ითხოვა მისგან შეწევნა ბერძენთა ზედა. ხოლო ანტიოქოს შეიწყნარა ძღუენი მისი, და უწოდა შვილად თჳსად, და წარმოსცა გჳრგჳნი.
Pharnavaz sent his apostles towards the King Antiochus of

crown.[25]

Pharnavaz is also said to have patterned his administration upon an "Iranian" model.[26]

ესრეთ განაწესა ესე ყოველი ფარნავაზ მიმსგავსებულად სამეფოსა სპარსთასა.
And here Pharnavaz made all and everything alike the Kingdom of the

Persians.[27] (i.e. the Achaemenid Empire.)[28]

Pharnavaz had introduced a military-administrative organization based on a network of regional governors or

armament.[30] Iberia had in total seven eristavis, in Colchis,[31] Kakheti,[32] Khunani[33] (modern-day northern Azerbaijan), Samshvilde[34] (Kvemo Kartli), Tsunda[35] (included Javakheti, Kola and Artaani), Odzrkhe[36] and Klarjeti.[37] The kingdom had one spaspet who was under the direct control of the royal power based in Inner Kartli.[38] Eristavates mimicked aspects of Achaemenid satrapies and Seleucid strategoi. The major motive of later historian of the chronicles was to convince posterity that the basic political structure of Kartli was created by the very first Georgian monarch in the wake of Wars of Alexander the Great; was of Achaemenid administrative system and had remained stable throughout Hellenistic, Parthian and Sasanian times. In this way, the long-term viability and stability of the Georgian realm are established.[39]

The hierarchic structure created by Pharnavaz was the following: king; commander-in-chief (spaspet) of the royal army; eristavis; middle commanders (atasistavis tsikhistavis) of the garrisons stationed in the royal strongholds; junior commanders (asistavis) who were the younger sons of the aristocratic families; mercenary professional warriors from the neighboring countries and all the soldiers organized around the entire kingdom.[40]

It is evident that the division of Iberia by Pharnavaz into saeristavos served first and foremost a military aim, namely the organization of people for the purpose of defence. This organization was not so much directed against other countries. Back then the total population of the kingdom would have been, including foreign captives and the population of the tributary areas, about 600,000, which could raise a fairly big army not less than 100,000. According to Strabo the Iberian army numbered 70–80,000 so it appears that each saeristavo had 10,000 soldiers.[41]

While Georgian and Classical evidence makes the contemporaneous Kartlian links with the Seleucids plausible (Toumanoff has even implied that the kings of Kartli might have aided the Seleucids in holding the resurgent

Orontids of Armenia in check[42]), Pharnavaz's alleged reform of the eristavi fiefdoms is most likely a back-projection of the medieval pattern of subdivision to the remote past.[43]

Pharnavaz is then reported to have embarked on social and cultural projects; he supervised two building projects: the raising of the idol Armazi – reputedly named after him – on a mountain ledge and the construction of a similarly named fortress.[43]

Pharnavaz made alliances with various North Caucasian peoples during his reign, to whom he called upon for help against both Macedonia and internal foes. He took a

Sarmatian chief.[45]

According to the

Georgian script and made the Georgian language an official language of the kingdom:[46]

და ესე ფარნავაზ იყო პირველი მეფე ქართლსა შინა ქართლოსისა ნათესავთაგანი. ამან განავრცო ენა ქართული, და არ-ღა-რა იზრახებოდა სხუა ენა ქართლსა შინა თჳნიერ ქართულისა. და ამან შექმნა მწიგნობრობა ქართული. და მოკუდა ფარნავაზ, და დაფლეს წინაშე არმაზისა კერპისა.
And here Pharnavaz was first king of Kartli from race of

Georgian script. And died Pharnavaz, and he was buried in front of Armazi.[e]

The chronicles report Pharnavaz's lengthy reign of 65 years.[9][47][2]

ამან ფარნავაზ მოზღუდა ქალაქი მცხეთა მტკიცედ, და ყოველნი ქალაქნი და ციხენი ქართლისანი, მოოჴრებულნი ალექსანდრესგან, ამან აღაშენნა. და ვერ-ღა-რა იძიეს შური ბერძენთა მის ზედა, რამეთუ უცალო იყვნეს ბერძენნი ბრძოლისაგან ჰრომთასა.
Pharnavaz took the city of Mtskheta firmly, and all the cities and castles of Kartli, destroyed by Alexander, he rebuilt them. And the Greeks could not avenge upon him, as the Greeks had warriors no more, because they fought in Rome.[48]

Upon his death, he was buried in front of the idol Armazi and worshipped. His son

Saurmag succeeded him to the throne.[49][50][51]

Pharnavaz's grave is undisclosed so far. One of the last monarchs who visited his grave to adorn it and pay his respects was King Mirian III.[52] Pharnavaz's very burial in front of idol Armazi suggests a Hellenistic deification of the early monarchs of Iberia.[39]

Pharnavaz and Arrian's Pharasmanes

Several modern scholars have been tempted to make identification between the Pharnavaz of the medieval Georgian tradition and the Pharasmanes of the

Euxine lands and subdue Colchians, whom Pharasmanes names as his neighbors. Apart from the similarity of the names of Pharasmanes and Pharnavaz (both names are apparently based on the same root, the Iranian farnah), the king of Chorasmia in Central Asia reports Colchis (today's western Georgia, i.e., the western neighbor of ancient Kartli/Iberia) to be a neighboring country.[53] Some Georgian scholars have suggested that the Greek copyists of Arrian might have confused Chorasmia with Cholarzene (Chorzene), a Classical rendering of the southwest Georgian marchlands (the medieval Tao-Klarjeti), which indeed bordered with Colchis and Pontus.[49][54]

According to Arrian:[55]

At this time also came Pharasmanes, king of the Chorasmians, to

Artabazos II of Phrygia, to whom he had intrusted the government of the Bactrians, and to all the other viceroys who were his neighbours, he sent him back to his own abode. He told Pharasmanes that his mind at that time was engrossed by the desire of conquering India; for when he had subdued them, he should possess the whole of Asia. He added that when Asia was in his power he would return to Greece, and thence make an expedition with all his naval and military forces to the eastern part of the Black Sea
through the Hellespont and Propontis. And he desired Pharasmanes to reserve the fulfilment of his present promises until then.

Legacy

Pharnavaz Street in Batumi.

The

Kingdom of Iberia founded by King Pharnavaz.[57]

In Tbilisi there is a King Pharnavaz Street, Avenue, and also a statue of Pharnavaz. Also, there are streets named after Pharnavaz in Batumi, Kutaisi, Khashuri, Gori, Gurjaani, Sachkhere, Zestaponi and others. Some buildings, including schools and hotels, also bear his name, as well as about five hundred Georgians.[58]

See also

Notes

  1. ^
    Also transliterated as Parnavaz, Farnavaz, Pharnabaz, Pharnabaze, Pharnabazo, Pharnabazus or Pharnaoz
  2. Prince Vakhushti of Kartli
  • ^
    According to Cyril Toumanoff
  • Pavle Ingoroqva
  • ^
    This account is now considered legendary, and is rejected by scholarly consensus, as no archaeological confirmation has been found so far. An alternative interpretation of this tradition is the pre-Christian use of foreign scripts (alloglottography in Aramaic alphabet) to write down Georgian texts. The existence of a peculiar local form of Aramaic in pre-Christian Georgia has been archaeologically documented.

    • References

    1. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 6–7
    2. ^ a b c d Toumanoff, p. 9
    3. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 20, line of edition 17
    4. ^ a b Georgian royal annals, page of edition 20, line of edition 18
    5. ^ Rapp, p. 274.
    6. ^ Rapp (2014), p. 203
    7. ^ Rayfield (2013), p. 23
    8. ^ Rayfield (2013), pp. 22-23
    9. ^ a b c d e Rapp, p. 276.
    10. ^ Rayfield (2013), p. 15
    11. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 20, line of edition 17-18-19
    12. ^ Rapp (2014), p. 205-239
    13. ^ Prince Royal Teimuraz, History of Iberia or Georgia, that is All of Sakartvelo, 1832, pp. 111-112
    14. ^ Rapp, pp. 275-276.
    15. ^ Rayfield (2013), p. 22
    16. ^ Gamkrelidze, p. 122
    17. ^ Rapp (2014), p. 216
    18. ^ Rayfield, p. 60.
    19. ^ Toumanoff, p. 8
    20. ^ Rapp (2014), p. 205
    21. ^ Rayfield, p. 61; Rapp, p. 276.
    22. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 3
    23. ^ Rapp (2014), p. 208
    24. ^ Rapp (2014), p. 209
    25. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 23, line of edition 12-13-14-15
    26. ^ Rapp, p. 275.
    27. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 25, line of edition 4
    28. ^ Rapp (2014), p. 211
    29. ^ Rapp, p. 277; Suny, p. 12.
    30. ^ Gamkrelidze, p. 134
    31. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 9–11
    32. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 12–13
    33. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 14–15
    34. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 16–17
    35. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 18–19
    36. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 20–21
    37. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 22–23
    38. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 24–25; page of edition 25, line of edition 2–3
    39. ^ a b Rapp (2014), p. 212
    40. ^ Gamkrelidze, p. 135
    41. ^ Henri J. M. Claessen, Peter Skalnik, The Early State, p. 263
    42. ^ Toumanoff, p. 185.
    43. ^ a b Rapp, p. 277.
    44. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 25, line of edition 5
    45. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 24, line of edition 2
    46. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 26, line of edition 8-9-10
    47. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 25, line of edition 14
    48. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 25, line of edition 6-7-8-9
    49. ^ a b Rapp, p. 280.
    50. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 26, line of edition 13
    51. ^ Rayfield (2013), p. 24
    52. ^ Georgian royal annals, page of edition 65, line of edition 19
    53. ^ Rapp, p. 279.
    54. ^ Giorgi L. Kavtaradze. The Interrelationship between the Transcaucasian and Anatolian Populations by the Data of the Greek and Latin Literary Sources. The Thracian World at the Crossroads of Civilisations. Reports and Summaries. The 7th International Congress of Thracology. P. Roman (ed.). Bucharest: the Romanian Institute of Thracology, 1996.
    55. ^ Arrian, Alexander the Great: The Anabasis and the Indica, p. 118 4-5-6
    56. ^ Salia, p. 129
    57. ^ Salia, pp. 130-133
    58. ^ Statistics Public Service Hall

    Bibliography

    Further reading

    Pharnavaz I of Iberia
    Born: 326 BC Died: 234 BC
    Preceded by
    Azon
    (office created)
    King of Kartli

    299 BC - 234 BC     		Succeeded by
    Saurmag I
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharnavaz_I_of_Iberia&oldid=1220402786"