Alaşehir
Alaşehir | |
---|---|
District and municipality | |
Coordinates: 38°21′N 28°31′E / 38.350°N 28.517°E | |
Country | Turkey |
Province | Manisa |
Area | 971 km2 (375 sq mi) |
Population (2022)[1] | 104,717 |
• Density | 110/km2 (280/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Area code | 0236 |
Website | www |
Alaşehir (Turkish pronunciation: [aˈɫaʃehiɾ]) is a municipality and district of Manisa Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 971 km2,[3] and its population is 104,717 (2022).[1] It is situated in the valley of the Kuzuçay (Cogamus in antiquity), at the foot of the Bozdağ Mountain (Mount Tmolus in antiquity). The town is connected to İzmir by a 105 km (65 mi) railway.
Founded in
Alaşehir stands on elevated ground commanding the extensive and fertile plain of the Gediz River (Hermus in antiquity), presenting an imposing appearance when seen from a distance. It has about 45 mosques. There are small industries and a fair trade. From one of the mineral springs comes a heavily charged water popular around Turkey.[4]
Within Turkey, the city's name is synonymous with the dried
Name
The Turkish name Alaşehir, which translates as "multicolored town", is first attested in the memoir of the 13th-century historian Ibn Bibi.[7] The town was founded by King Attalus II Philadelphus (r. 159–138 BC) of Pergamon with the Greek name "Philadelphia".[7][8] According to numismatic evidence, Philadelphia was briefly given the Latin name "Neocaesarea" during the reigns of the Roman emperors Caligula (r. 37–41) and Claudius (r. 41–54).[9] The town reverted to its original name Philadelphia after Claudius, but under Emperor Vespasian (r. 69–79), the town used the Latin appellation Flavia to honor the imperial house (i.e. "Flavia Philadelphia").[10] The town remained known as Philadelphia until the Ottoman conquest in 1390.[11]
Geography
Philadelphia was historically located in Lydia near the northeast foot of Mount Tmolus (modern-day Bozdağ) in the rich valley of the Cogamis river, which was a southern tributary of the Hermus River (modern-day Gediz).[8][9] It was located in southern Catacecaumene, on the road connecting Sardis and Laodicea. Philadelphia was well known for its vulnerability to earthquakes.[9]
History
Ancient episcopal sees of the late Roman province of Lydia are listed in the Annuario Pontificio as titular sees:[12]
Ancient Philadelphia
Alaşehir began as perhaps one of the first ancient cities with the name Philadelphia. It was established in 189 BC by King
Lacking an heir,
Roman Philadelphia
Philadelphia was in the administrative district of
Philadelphia in the Book of Revelation
Although several ancient cities bore the name of Philadelphia,[13] it is generally agreed to be the one listed among the seven churches written to by John in the Book of Revelation.[14] Philadelphia is listed as the sixth church of the seven. A letter specifically addressed to the Philadelphian church is recorded in Revelation 3:7–13 (Revelation 3:9). The city's history of earthquakes may lie behind the reference to making her church "a pillar in the temple" (Revelation 3:12).[citation needed]
Aside from the fact that
Philadelphia in Patristic literature
Philadelphia remained a major Christian center also after the New Testament period. One of Ignatius of Antioch's epistles in early 2nd century was addressed to the Christians of that city.
Byzantine Philadelphia
Philadelphia was a prosperous Byzantine city that was called the "little
It was the centre of several revolts against ruling Byzantine emperors: in 1182, led by John Komnenos Vatatzes, and 1188–1205 or 1206, led by Theodore Mangaphas, a local Philadelphian, against Isaac II Angelos. At that time, the bishopric of Philadelphia was promoted to metropolis.[17] In the 14th century, Philadelphia was made the metropolis of Lydia by the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople, a status that it still holds. It was granted this honour because the city did not capitulate to the Ottomans. The city was prosperous especially in the 13th and 14th centuries: there was a Genoese trading colony, and the city was an important producer of leather goods and red-dyed silk (whence, perhaps, its Turkish name, which probably means "red city").[18] By the 14th century, the city was surrounded by Ottoman emirates but maintained nominal allegiance to the Byzantine emperor. The city remained prosperous through trade and its strategic location.
Philadelphia was an independent neutral city under the influence of the Latin
Modern period
From 1867 until 1922, Alaşehir was part of the
A suburb of
The city was the site of the Alaşehir Congress in 1919.
In 1969, a magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck the city and killed 53 people.[22]
Archaeological remains
For survey of remains see Erdoğan (2015).[23]
- Ancient Theater (38°20′45″N 28°30′50″E / 38.345933°N 28.513970°E)
- Ancient Stadium (38°20′44″N 28°30′41″E / 38.345633°N 28.511265°E)
- Ancient Temple (38°20′44″N 28°30′52″E / 38.345505°N 28.514556°E)
- Necropolis and hypogea (38°20′53″N 28°30′29″E / 38.348176°N 28.507955°E)
- Byzantine city walls (38°21′02″N 28°31′25″E / 38.350563°N 28.523595°E)
- Basilica of St John (38°20′57″N 28°31′03″E / 38.349191°N 28.517434°E)
Composition
There are 87
- Akkeçili
- Alhan
- Aydoğdu
- Azıtepe
- Badınca
- Bahadır
- Bahçedere
- Bahçeliköy
- Baklacı
- Barış
- Belenyaka
- Beşeylül
- Caberburhan
- Caberfakılı
- Caberkonaklı
- Çağlayan
- Çakırcaali
- Çamlıbel
- Çarıkbozdağ
- Çarıkkaralar
- Çarıktekke
- Çeşneli
- Dağarlar
- Dağhacıyusuf
- Delemenler
- Erenköy
- Esentepe
- Evrenli
- Fatih
- Girelli
- Göbekli
- Gülenyaka
- Gülpınar
- Gümüşçay
- Gürsu
- Hacıbey
- Hacıhaliller
- Horzumalayaka
- Horzumembelli
- Horzumkeserler
- Horzumsazdere
- Ilgın
- Ilıca
- Işıklar
- İsmailbey
- İsmetiye
- İstasyon
- Karacalar
- Karadağ
- Kasaplı
- Kavaklıdere
- Kemaliye
- Kestanederesi
- Killik
- Kozluca
- Kurtuluş
- Kurudere
- Matarlı
- Menderes
- Narlıdere
- Örencik
- Örnekköy
- Osmaniye
- Piyadeler
- Şahyar
- Sakarya
- Sarıpınar
- Sarısu
- Selce
- Serinköy
- Serinyayla
- Şeyhsinan
- Sobran
- Soğanlı
- Soğuksu
- Soğukyurt
- Subaşı
- Tepeköy
- Toygarlı
- Türkmen
- Uluderbent
- Üzümlü
- Yeni
- Yenice
- Yeniköy
- Yeşilyurt
- Yuvacalı
Notable people from Alaşehir
- Joannes Laurentius Lydus(b. 490) ancient Greek administrator and writer
- Theodore Mangaphas known also as Morotheodoros (born in 12th century), Byzantine Greek military officer and usurper
- Kenan Evren, Turkish president and general
Notable bishops
- Cyriacus (at the Council of Philippopolis, 344)
- Theodosius (deposed at the Council of Seleucia, 359)
- First Council of Ephesus, 431)
- John (at the Third Council of Constantinople, 680)
- Theoleptus of Philadelphia(1283–1322): led defense of the city against Turkish attack in 1310; writings include religious poetry, monastic treatises, anti-Arsenite writings, letters
- Macarius Chrysocephalas (1336–1382): candidate for patriarchate in 1353, wrote Rhodonia (anthology of proverbs and gnomai), catenae ("chains", quotations from theologians attached to Bible verses) on Matthew and Luke, homilies, and a vita of St. Meletios of Galesios
- Gabrius Severus (1577) wrote works against the Latins
- Gerasimus Blachus (1679), author of numerous works
- Meletius Typaldus (1685), deposed for becoming a Catholic
Philadelphia remains the seat of the Metropolis of Philadelphia,[25] which has been a titular see since the Greco-Turkish population exchange.
Although the Philadelphia area was
- Bernardo Jordán, (14 Apr 1535 Appointed – 1539)
- Philippe Musnier (15 Jun 1545 –)
- Marcus Lyresius (8 Jan 1603 Appointed – 28 Jun 1611)
- Georg Christoph Rösch (16 Jul 1612 Appointed – 30 Nov 1634)
- Michael Dalmeras (23 Oct 1623 Appointed – 13 Dec 1629)
- William Giles (9 Sep 1904 Appointed – 28 Jul 1913)
- Domenico Pasi (9 Sep 1913 Appointed – 15 Dec 1919)
- Francis Vazhapilly (7 Apr 1921 Appointed – 21 Dec 1923)
- Agnello Renzullo (11 Apr 1924 Appointed – 20 Oct 1925 )
- Luigi Mazzini (24 Jun 1926 Appointed – 13 Dec 1950 Died)
- Pietro Zuccarino (5 Jan 1951 Appointed – 29 Nov 1953)
- João de Deus Ramalho, (9 Dec 1953 Appointed – 25 Feb 1958 )
- Augustin Arce Mostajo (22 May 1958 Appointed – 26 Nov 1970)
See also
- Christianity in the 1st century
- Christianity in the 2nd century
- Early centers of Christianity
- Early Christian art and architecture
- Early Christianity
- List of earthquakes in Turkey
Notes
- ^ TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ a b public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ala-Shehr". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 472. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Philadelphia, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915).
- ^ Pétridès, S. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ ISSN 1873-9830.
- ^ ISBN 9780521234481.
- ^ a b c d Olshausen, Eckhart (2006). "Philadelphia". In Salazar, Christine F.; Landfester, Manfred; Gentry, Francis G. (eds.). Brill's New Pauly. Brill Online.
- ^ Brent, Allen (1999). The Imperial Cult and the Development of Church: Order Concepts and Images of Authority in Paganism and Early Christianity Before the Age of Cyprian. Brill. p. 188.
- OCLC 495469456.
- ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819-1013
- ^ W. M. Ramsay, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia (1904), p. 391-412.
- ^ Revelation 1:11
- ^ Lydus de mensibus 4.58
- ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 5.17.
- ISBN 9781434458766.
- ^ I. Beldiceanu-Steinherr, "Notes pour l'histoire d'Alaşehir (Philadelphie) au XIVe siècle." In H. Ahrweiler, 1984, Philadelphie et autres études. Byzantina Sorbonensia 4. Centre de recherches d'histoire et de civilisation byzantines. Paris, p. 33
- TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016.
- ISBN 978-0-297-82036-9.
- ^ Mango, Atatürk, p. 343.
- U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Orçun Erdoğan, “The Remains from Late Antiquity and the East Roman Periods and Their Location within the Lydian City of Philadelphia: New Comments,” Mediterranean Journal of Humanities 5/2 (2015): 251-274.
- ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
- ^ Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate. Wildside Press. p89.
- ^ Philadelphia at catholic-hierarchy.org.
References
- The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia And their place in the plan of the Apocalypse, W. M. Ramsay, D.C.L, Litt.D., LL.D., Professor of Humanity in the University of Aberdeen, 1904
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I (9th ed.). 1878. p. 443. .
- The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Pétridès, S. (1913). "Philadelphia". Catholic Encyclopedia.