Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke
Susan de Vere Lady Anne Clifford | |
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| Father | Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke |
| Mother | Mary Sidney |
Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke and 1st Earl of Montgomery,
Early life, 1584–1603
Born at Wilton House, he was the son of Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and his third wife, Mary Sidney, sister of Sir Philip Sidney the poet, after whom he was named.[1]
In 1593, at age 9, Philip was sent to study at New College, Oxford, but left after a few months.
Favourite of James I, 1603–1625
In 1600 the 16-year-old Philip made his first appearance at
Philip Herbert and his brother William, performed in
James continued bestowing favours throughout 1605, first making Philip a
When Montgomery had a noted quarrel with Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, after a game of tennis between the two in 1610, James stepped in to effect a reconciliation. Montgomery had a second violent quarrel, this time with Lord Howard de Walden, in 1617. He was to become notorious for his violent assaults, which were usually unprovoked, but he was invariably forgiven by the King.
Montgomery took a keen interest in English colonial ventures, which were just taking off at this time, and was involved with several
Honours continued throughout the remainder of James' reign: Montgomery became keeper of the
Continued favour under Charles I
After Charles I's accession to the throne in 1625, Montgomery continued to receive royal favour. He was appointed to the embassy which accompanied
Montgomery continued to be interested in colonial ventures under Charles I. He was an incorporator of the Guiana Company in 1626. In 1628, he received a grant of the islands of Trinidad, Tobago and Barbados.
Montgomery's first wife died in early 1629, and in 1630 he remarried, to Lady Anne Clifford, daughter of George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, and widow of Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset.
Montgomery's older brother died in 1630, and he succeeded to the title of Earl of Pembroke and to several of his brother's other titles, including Lord Lieutenant of Somerset and Lord Lieutenant of Cornwall. He was soon appointed to his brother's former positions of high steward of the Duchy of Cornwall and Lord Warden of the Stannaries.
Pembroke maintained a large household of 80 at his home in London, and an even larger staff of over 150 at
Patron of culture
Pembroke was a fan of painting and a member of
Pembroke was an active patron of literature, receiving the dedication of over forty books during his lifetime, beginning with the dedication of the English edition of
Break with Charles I, 1639–1642
Although Pembroke and Charles bonded over their shared interest in art and architecture, they did not agree on the question of religion. Pembroke was inclined to favour "godly Protestantism" and sympathetic to
Given his religious inclination, Pembroke was sympathetic to the Covenanters during the Bishops' Wars and strongly favoured peace. Pembroke served as Charles' commissioner during the negotiations with the Scots at Berwick and Ripon, where several of the Scots, notably the Earl of Rothes, believed that Pembroke was secretly in favour of the Scottish position. Pembroke, however, continued to profess his loyalty to Charles, though, along with Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland and William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, he urged the king to accept the Scots' terms. The king, however, ordered Pembroke to return to London to begin raising funds for further war with the Scots.
Pembroke's extensive land holdings gained him much influence during the elections to the
In 1641, Pembroke voted in favour of the
Role in the English Civil War, 1642–1648
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With the coming of the First English Civil War, Pembroke sided with the parliamentarians, although he was always one of the most moderate of them.
Parliament regularly employed Pembroke and the
Pembroke represented Parliament during the negotiations with the king at Oxford in January 1643, and was present during the Treaty of Uxbridge in 1645.
As a supporter of the godly cause, Pembroke was appointed to the Westminster Assembly in 1643 as a lay assessor. Pembroke supported the moderate episcopalian faction in the Assembly (most associated with James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh), and remained fiercely opposed to the presbyterian and Independent parties in the Assembly. George Morley, future Bishop of Winchester served as Pembroke's domestic chaplain, and Pembroke was a member of St Martin-in-the-Fields, where he worshipped regularly. As such, in the House of Lords, Pembroke voted in favour of the bill of attainder against Archbishop Laud in 1645, but in 1646 voted to reject a petition in favour of presbyterianism submitted by the City of London.
During the politics of the 1640s, Pembroke was initially linked with the group of lords headed by William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele and Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, which supported the Self-denying Ordinance and the creation of the New Model Army in 1645. By mid-1646, however, Pembroke was distancing himself from the group and became one of the outspoken opponents of the New Model Army, favouring its immediate disbandment. After the anti-New Model Army riots in London in July 1647, Pembroke refused to join the Saye-Northumberland group, who left the capital and joined the army at this time. Pembroke quickly changed his tune in August, however, when the New Model Army marched into London: he then claimed that he had previously been acting under duress and that he had always been a supporter of the New Model Army.
After Laud's arrest in 1641, the University of Oxford elected Pembroke to replace him as chancellor. (Pembroke, who was at the time allied with Saye, nominated Saye to replace him as high steward when he left the post to take up the chancellorship.) When royalist forces took Oxford, they removed Pembroke, installing
Role in the crisis of 1648–1649
Pembroke believed the king was crucial to any settlement of hostilities between king and Parliament. He vehemently opposed the
These negotiations ended abruptly with Pride's Purge of December 1648, after which Pembroke and several other parliamentary commissioners negotiating at Newport sent a deputation to Thomas Fairfax, assuring him they continued to support the army. However, they continued to seek a deal with the king. In late December 1648, Pembroke joined a deputation led by Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, putting to the Army Council to accept a deal whereby Charles would lose his negative voice and agree to not attempt to restore episcopal lands which had been alienated by Parliament.
The Army Council rejected the proposal but wished to continue to have good relations with Pembroke. It soon agreed to let the
In February, after the execution of the king, the Rump appointed Pembroke to the English Council of State. Since the House of Lords had been abolished in the wake of Charles' execution, Pembroke had to stand for election to Parliament: he was returned as member for Berkshire in April 1649.
Death
In May 1649, Pembroke fell ill and spent the rest of 1649 bedridden. He died in his chambers in Whitehall, Westminster on 23 January 1650.[1]
Pembroke's body was embalmed and transported to Salisbury to be buried in Salisbury Cathedral.[1] The English Council of State ordered all members of Barebone's Parliament to accompany his cortège for two or three miles on its journey out of London.
Issue
Herbert married first
- Lady Anne Sophia Herbert married Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon, and had issue.
- Sir Charles Herbert, Lord Herbert of Shurland (c. 1619–1635), married Lady Mary Villiers, daughter of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, and had no issue.
- Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke (c. 1621–1669)
- Hon. James Herbert (c. 1623–1677), of Kingsey, Buckinghamshire
- Hon. Henry Herbert (died young)
Philip Herbert married secondly Lady Anne Clifford, de jure Baroness de Clifford (30 January 1590 – 22 March 1676), daughter of George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland and widow of Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset, on 1 June 1630. They had no issue.[1]
His grandson Philip Herbert, 7th Earl of Pembroke, was a homicidal maniac; it has been suggested that his mental instability was inherited from his grandfather, who was also prone to making sudden and violent assaults.[8]
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Lady Susan effigy at Westminster Abbey on the tomb of her mother Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford and grand-mother Mildred Cooke, Baroness Burghley. -
![Lady Anne Clifford, portrait by William Larkin, National Portrait Gallery, London[9]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/William_Larkin_Anne_Clifford%2C_Countess_of_Dorset.jpg/90px-William_Larkin_Anne_Clifford%2C_Countess_of_Dorset.jpg)
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Philip, 7th Earl of Pembroke
![Lady Anne Clifford, portrait by William Larkin, National Portrait Gallery, London[9]](/File:William_Larkin_Anne_Clifford,_Countess_of_Dorset.jpg)
_by_John_Michael_Wright_(1617-1694).jpg)
References
- ^ a b c d e f g . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- ^ G. E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors. The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume III, pages 44 and 295.
- S2CID 143847163.
- OCLC 759109777.
- ^ Leeds Barroll, Anna of Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography (Philadelphia, 2001), p. 82.
- ^ Nicolson, Adam. "A world on the verge of collapse – Tate Etc". Tate. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ "Museum number 1866,1114.570". britishmuseum.org/.
- ^ J. P. Kenyon, The Popish Plot Phoenix Press reissue 2000.
- ^ Profile, theguardian.com, 3 October 2013; accessed 24 March 2014
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
- Doyle, James William Edmund (1886). The Official Baronage of England: showing the succession, dignities, and offices of every peer from 1066 to 1885, Vol. III. London: Longmans, Green & Co. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
External links
Media related to Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke at Wikimedia Commons
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