Philip IV of Spain
Philip IV | |||||
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King of Portugal | |||||
Reign | 31 March 1621 – 1 December 1640 | ||||
Predecessor | Philip II | ||||
Successor | John IV | ||||
Born | Royal Palace of Valladolid, Valladolid, Crown of Castile, Spain | 8 April 1605||||
Died | 17 September 1665 Madrid, Crown of Castile, Spain | (aged 60)||||
Burial | |||||
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Issue among others... |
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Philip IV (Spanish: Felipe Domingo Victor de la Cruz de Austria y Austria,
By the time of his death, the Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square kilometres (4.7 million square miles) in area but in other aspects was in decline, a process to which Philip contributed with his inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform. He was succeeded on his death by Charles II as King of Spain and by John IV as King of Portugal.
Personal life
Philip IV was born in the
Aged 44 in 1649, Philip remarried, following the deaths of both Elisabeth and his only son. His choice of his second wife, 14-year-old Maria Anna, also known as Mariana, Philip's niece and the daughter of Emperor Ferdinand III, was guided by politics and Philip's desire to strengthen the relationship with Habsburg Austria.[3] They were married on 7 October 1649. Maria Anna bore him five children, but only two survived to adulthood, a daughter Margarita Teresa, born in 1651, and the future Charles II of Spain in 1661 – but the latter was sickly and considered in frequent danger of dying, making the line of inheritance potentially uncertain.[4]
Perceptions of Philip's personality have altered considerably over time. Victorian authors were inclined to portray him as a weak individual, delegating excessively to his ministers, and ruling over a debauched
Philip was idealized by his contemporaries as the model of Baroque kingship. Outwardly he maintained a bearing of rigid solemnity; foreign visitors described him as being so impassive in public he resembled a statue,[7] and he was said to have been seen to laugh only three times in the course of his entire public life. Philip certainly had a strong sense of his 'royal dignity',[8] but was also extensively coached by Olivares in how to resemble the Baroque model of a sovereign,[8] which would form a key political tool for Philip throughout his reign. Philip was a fine horseman, a keen hunter and a devotee of bull-fighting,[6] all central parts of royal public life at court during the period.
Privately, Philip appears to have had a lighter persona. When he was younger, he was said to have a keen sense of humor and a 'great sense of fun'.[9] He privately attended 'academies' in Madrid throughout his reign – these were lighthearted literary salons, aiming to analyze contemporary literature and poetry with a humorous touch.[10] A keen theatre-goer, he was sometimes criticized by contemporaries for his love of these 'frivolous' entertainments.[11] Others have captured his private personality as 'naturally kind, gentle and affable'.[12] Those close to him claimed he was academically competent, with a good grasp of Latin and geography, and could speak French, Portuguese and Italian well.[13] Like many of his contemporaries, including Olivares, he had a keen interest in astrology.[14] His handwritten translation of Francesco Guicciardini's texts on political history still exist.
Although interpretations of Philip's role in government have improved in recent years,
Philip, Olivares and his royal favorites
During the reign of Philip's father, Philip III, the royal court had been dominated by the Sandoval noble family, most strikingly by the
Early in his reign, Philip would be woken by Olivares in the morning to discuss the day's affairs
Initially, Philip chose to confirm the reappointment of his father's household to assuage grandee's opinion.
Philip has in the past been considered to be 'unimaginative' in his politics,
Following Olivares' fall from power amidst the crisis of 1640–1643, the victim of failed policies and jealousy from the nobles excluded from power, Philip initially announced that he would rule alone, becoming in effect his own first minister. The junta system of government began to be dismantled in favour of the older council system. In due course, however, this personal rule reverted to rule through a royal favourite, initially
Foreign policy and the Thirty Years' War
Philip was to reign through the majority of the
The 1620s were good years for Spanish foreign policy: the war with the Dutch went well, albeit at great expense, culminating in the retaking of the key city of Breda in 1624. By the end of the decade, however, Philip's government was faced with the question of whether to prioritise the war in Flanders or Spain's relationship with France during the War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–1631). Philip's advisors recommended prioritising the war in Flanders, taking action to safeguard the Spanish Road to the Netherlands but at the cost of antagonising Louis XIII.[35] Strategically this was to prove a disaster. Despite fresh Spanish successes in the mid-1630s – in particular, the triumph of Philip's government in raising a fresh Spanish army, marching it into Germany to defeat the Swedish-led Protestant forces at the Battle of Nördlingen in 1634 – the increased tensions with France made war between the two Catholic states increasingly inevitable. Olivares advised Philip that the coming war with France would be all or nothing; Spain would win or fall by the result.[36]
The
Philip and the Spanish military
Philip and Olivares attempted to address the perceived issues of the army, which they concluded were primarily due to the falta de cabezas, or a lack of leadership.[citation needed] In keeping with their wider agenda of renewing the concepts of duty, service and aristocratic tradition, the king agreed to efforts to introduce more grandees into the higher ranks of the military, working hard to overcome the reluctance of many to take up field appointments in the Netherlands and elsewhere.[41]
The results were not entirely as hoped. The grandees dragooned into service in this way were disinclined to spend years learning the normal professional military skill set; they wished 'to start out as generals and soldiers on the same day', to quote one disgruntled career soldier.[who?] By the 1630s, the king was waiving the usual rules to enable promotion to higher ranks on a shorter timescale, and having to pay significantly inflated salaries to get grandees to take up even these appointments.[41] The performance of these officers at battles such as Rocroi left much to be desired.
Philip was also notable for his interest in the Spanish
Domestic policy and the crisis of the monarchy
Philip had inherited a huge empire from his father, spanning the known world, but many of his most difficult challenges as king would stem from domestic problems in Spain itself. Spain in the early 17th century was a collection of possessions – the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Valencia and Portugal, the autonomous provinces of Catalonia and Andalusia, complete with the wider provinces of Naples, the Netherlands, Milan etc. – all loosely joined together through the institution of the Castile monarchy and the person of Philip IV.[48] Each part had different taxation, privileges and military arrangements; in practice, the level of taxation in many of the more peripheral provinces was less than that in Castile, but the privileged position of the Castilian nobility at all senior levels of royal appointment was a contentious issue for the less favoured provinces. This loose system had successfully resisted reform and higher taxation before, ironically resulting in Spain's having had historically, up until the 1640s at least, fewer than the usual number of fiscal revolts for an early modern European state.[49]
In the first years of his reign, heavily influenced by his royal favourite Olivares, Philip focused on efforts to reform the most chaotic aspects of this system. Frustrated by the notorious slowness of the system of royal councils, Philip supported Olivares' establishment of juntas – small committees designed to circumvent the more formal system and to enact policies quickly. Although successful, these juntas excluded many of the traditional grandees and caused resentment.[50] Olivares put forward the idea of a Unión de Armas, or 'Union of Arms'. This would have involved establishing a force of 140,000 paid soldiers, supported by equitable taxes from across the Empire, and has been termed 'the most far-sighted proposal of any statesman of the age';[51] in practice, however, it met fierce opposition from the various regional assemblies and the plan was withdrawn. During the 1620s, again influenced by a desire to reform Spanish life for the better, Philip also passed considerable legislation with puritanical overtones. In 1623, he closed all the legal brothels in Spain, extended the dormant sumptuary laws on luxury goods and supported Papal efforts to regulate priests' sexual behaviour more tightly.[52]
Philip had clear intentions to try to control the Spanish currency, which had become increasingly unstable during the reign of his father and grandfather, but in practice, inflation soared.[53] Partly this was because in 1627 Olivares had attempted to deal with the problem of Philip's Genoese bankers – who had proved uncooperative in recent years – by declaring a state bankruptcy.[54] With the Genoese debt now removed, Olivares hoped to turn to indigenous bankers for renewed funds. In practice, the plan was a disaster. The Spanish treasure fleet of 1628 was captured by the Dutch, and Spain's ability to borrow and transfer money across Europe declined sharply.
By the 1630s, Philip's domestic policies were being increasingly impacted by the financial pressures of the Thirty Years' War, and in particular the growing war with France. The costs of the war were huge, and whilst they had largely fallen upon Castile, the ability of the crown to raise more funds and men from this source was increasingly limited.
A crisis came in 1640. An attempt by Olivares to intervene in Catalonia to deal with the French invasion threat resulted in revolt. An alliance of Catalan rebels and French royal forces proved challenging to suppress, and in trying to mobilise Portuguese noble support for the war, Olivares triggered a second uprising.
Much shaken by events, Philip's solution was to remove his royal favourite Olivares from office in 1643 in an attempt to compromise with the Spanish elite. He announced he would rule alone, rejecting both the concept of a royal favourite as first minister and the system of junta government, which he began to dismantle in favour of the older system of royal councils.
Patronage of the arts
Philip has been remembered both for the 'astonishing enthusiasm' with which he collected art[62] and for his love of theatre. On the stage, he favoured Lope de Vega, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, and other distinguished dramatists. Philip has been credited with a share in the composition of several comedies. Court theatre used perspective scenery, a new invention from Italy not used in commercial theatre at the time. Some writers have likened the illusion of Baroque royal theatre to the illusion of kingly power the performances were designed to reinforce.[63] Some recent scholarship has suggested that Philip's financial sponsorship of playwrights, however, may have been less extensive than once thought.[16]
Artistically, Philip became famous for his patronage of his court painter
Philip was nicknamed el Rey Planeta, the 'Planet King',
The 'Planet King' also invested in a new palace to display both his art and the ritual of court. Through Olivares, Philip commenced the building of the
Philip and religion
The
Monarchs during the period also had a key role in the
During the emergency of 1640–1643, Philip appears to have had a crisis of faith. Philip genuinely believed the success or failure of his policies represented God's favour and judgement on his actions.[72] The combination of the revolts, the French advances and the loss of his trusted favourite Olivares appears to have deeply shaken him. Queen Isabella and the new president of the Council of Castile, Don Juan Chumacero – both involved in the removal of Olivares – encouraged the king to invite mystics and visionaries from across Europe to his court at Zaragoza. The mystics' principal advice centred on the importance of the king's rejecting Olivares' replacement, de Haro and the remaining pro-Olivares nobles at court.[69] The various mystics were not acceptable to broader Spanish noble opinion and, with de Haro's encouragement, they were ultimately dismissed.[72]
Instead, Philip turned to a better-established female mystic, Sister
Titles and style
In the 1630
In the 1648
Legacy
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Philip IV's reign, after a few years of inconclusive successes, was characterized by political and military adversity. He has been held responsible for the decline of Spain, which was mainly due to organic causes largely beyond the control of any one ruler.[citation needed] Philip IV died in 1665,[75] expressing the pious hope that his surviving son, Charles II, who was only 4 years old at the time, would be more fortunate than himself. On his death, a catafalque was built in Rome to commemorate his life. In his will, Philip left political power as regent on behalf of the young Charles II to his wife Mariana, with instructions that she heed the advice of a small junta committee established for this purpose.[76] This committee excluded John Joseph, Philip's illegitimate son, resulting in a chaotic power play between Mariana and John Joseph until his death in 1679.
Family
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2019) |
- With Elisabeth of France (1602–1644, daughter of Henry IV of France) — married 18 October 1615 at Bordeaux:[77]
- Maria Margaret of Austria, Infanta of Spain (14 August 1621 – 15 August 1621)
- Margaret Maria Catherine of Austria, Infanta of Spain (25 November 1623 – 22 December 1623)
- Maria Eugenia of Austria, Infanta of Spain (21 November 1625 – 21 August 1627)
- Isabella Maria Theresa of Austria, Infanta of Spain (31 October 1627 – 1 November 1627)
- Balthasar Charles of Austria, Infante of Spain, Prince of Asturias (17 October 1629 – 9 October 1646), Prince of Asturias.
- Infanta Maria Anna "Mariana" Antonia of Austria, Infanta of Spain (17 January 1636 – 5 December 1636)
- Louis XIV of Franceand had issue.
- With Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1634–1696) – his niece – married 1649:
- Margaret Theresa of Austria, Infanta of Spain (12 July 1651 – 12 March 1673), married Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
- Maria Ambrosia de la Concepción of Austria, Infanta of Spain (7 December 1655 – 21 December 1655)
- Philip Prospero of Austria, Infante of Spain, Prince of Asturias (28 November 1657 – 1 November 1661) Prince of Asturias
- Ferdinand Thomas Charles of Austria, Infante of Spain (23 December 1658 – 22 October 1659)
- Marie Louise d'Orléans, no issue. Married secondly Maria Anna of Neuburg, no issue.
King Philip IV had many extramarital affairs, and an unknown but large number of illegitimate children, estimated around thirty. Only two were legitimized.
- With María Manrique, daughter of the marqués de Charela
- Fernando Francisco Isidro de Austria (15 May 1626 – 12 March 1634), legitimized after his death and buried at El Escorial
- With María Calderón:
- John Joseph of Austria (7 April 1629 – 17 September 1679), legitimized in 1642.
- Never legitimized :
- Carlos Fernando de Austria y Manrique (1639-1696), married, one daughter.
- Alonso Antonio de San Martín (1636-1705), Bishop of Oviedo and of Cuenca.
- Ana Margarita de Austria (1641-1699), Prioress of the Royal Monastery of La Encarnación.
- Alfonso Enríquez de Santo Tomás (1631-1692), Bishop of Málaga.
- Fernando Valdés (1638-1702), married, Governor of Novara in Italy.
- Juan Cossío (1640-1701), Augustinian monk.[78]
Ancestry
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Notes:
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Male-line family tree
Bibliography
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- Stradling, R. A. (1988). Philip IV and the Government of Spain, 1621–1665. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32333-9.
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- Williams, Patrick (2006). The Great Favourite: The Duke of Lerma, and the Court and Government of King Philip III of Spain, 1598–1621. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Zagorin, Perez (1992). Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660. Provincial Rebellion: Revolutionary Civil Wars, 1560–1660. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
References
- ISBN 9780521323338.
- ^ a b Stevenson 1912, p. 12
- ^ Wedgwood 1981, p. 495
- ^ a b c Kamen 2005, p. 217
- ^ a b c Aercke 1994, p. 140
- ^ a b c d Wedgwood 1981, p. 144
- ^ Darby 1994, p. 5
- ^ a b c Elliot 1991, p. 47
- ^ Stradling 1988, p. 84
- ^ Robbins 1998, p. 31
- ^ Robbins 1998, p. 28
- ^ a b Stevenson 1912, p. 7
- ^ a b Kamen 2005, pp. 213–214
- ^ Aercke 1994, p. 139
- ^ a b Hume 1907, pp. 379–384
- ^ a b Aercke 1994, p. 160
- ^ Munck 1990, p. 52
- ^ a b Parker 1984, p. 232
- ^ a b c Elliot 1984, p. 194
- ^ Stradling 1988, p. 8
- ^ Elliot 1984, p. 526
- ^ Elliot 1970, p. 121
- ^ Elliot 1991, p. 32
- ^ Stradling 1988, p. 83
- ^ Stradling 1988, p. 43
- ^ Williams 2006, p. 248
- ^ Parker 1984, p. 234
- ^ Corteguera 2002, p. 134
- ^ Ringrose 1998, p. 320
- ^ Parker 1984, p. 264
- ^ a b Polisensky 1971, p. 224
- ^ Parker 2004, p. 219
- ^ Kamen 2000, p. 156
- ^ Fernándo-Armesto 2000, p. 144
- ^ MacKay 1999, p. 5
- ^ Corteguera 2002, p. 143
- ^ Parker 2004, p. 221
- ^ Elliot 1984, p. 539
- ^ Kamen 2005, p. 222
- ^ a b Ishikawa 2004, p. 77
- ^ a b c Parker 2004, pp. 101–103
- ^ Goodman 2002, p. 45
- ^ Goodman 2002, p. 32
- ^ Goodman 2002, p. 157
- ^ Goodman 2002, p. 34
- ^ Goodman 2002, p. 156
- ^ Goodman 2002, p. 26
- ^ Parker 1984, p. 61
- ^ Parker 1984, p. 248
- ^ a b Munck 1990, p. 53
- ^ Anderson 1988, p. 44
- ^ Haliczer 2002, p. 18
- ^ Kamen 2005, p. 228
- ^ Munck 1990, p. 55
- ^ Parker, 2005,[clarification needed] p. 81.
- ^ Anderson 1988, p. 72
- ^ a b Stradling 1988, p. 20
- ^ a b Elliot 1991, p. 8
- ^ "King John IV - Convent of Christ". Convent of Christ (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ Parker 1984, pp. 262–263
- ^ Zagorin 1992, p. 37
- ^ Andrew Graham-Dixon. "The Mystical North". Art of Spain. Season 1. Episode 3. 14 February 2008.
- ^ Robbins 1998, pp. 27–28
- ^ Stevenson 1912, p. 10
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- ^ a b Davenport, p.[clarification needed]
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- ^ Goodman 2005, p. 164
- ^ Anselm de Gibours (1726). Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France [Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires. p. 149.
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public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Philip IV., king of Spain". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in theExternal links
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). 1885. p. 746. .
- La Política Internacional de Felipe IV