Philip Sheridan
Philip Sheridan | |
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Battles/wars |
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Alma mater | United States Military Academy |
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Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6, 1831
Sheridan waged war on the Native Americans during the
Early life and education
Sheridan was born in
As a boy, Sheridan worked in a general store and later as head clerk and bookkeeper at a dry goods store. In 1848, he obtained an appointment to the
Sheridan was commissioned as a
Sheridan was promoted to
Civil War
Western Theater
In the fall of 1861, Sheridan was ordered to travel to
In December, Sheridan was appointed chief commissary officer of the Army of Southwest Missouri, but convinced the department commander, Halleck, to give him the position of
A month later, Sheridan commanded his first forces in combat, leading a small brigade that included his regiment. At the
Sheridan was assigned to command the 11th Division, III Corps, in Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's Army of the Ohio. On October 8, 1862, Sheridan led his division in the Battle of Perryville. Under orders from Buell and his corps commander, Maj. Gen. Charles Gilbert, Sheridan sent Col. Daniel McCook's brigade to secure a water supply for the army. McCook drove off the Confederates and secured water for the parched Union troops at Doctor's Creek. Gilbert ordered McCook not to advance any further and then rode to consult with Buell. Along the way, Gilbert ordered his cavalry to attack the Confederates in Dan McCook's front. Sheridan heard the gunfire and came to the front with another brigade. Although the cavalry failed to secure the heights in front of McCook, Sheridan's reinforcements drove off the Southerners. Gilbert returned and ordered Sheridan to return to McCook's original position. Sheridan's aggressiveness convinced the opposing Confederates under Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk, that they should remain on the defensive. His troops repelled Confederate attacks later that day, but did not participate in the heaviest fighting of the day, which occurred on the Union left.[16]
On December 31, 1862, the first day of the Battle of Stones River, Sheridan anticipated a Confederate assault and positioned his division in preparation for it. His division held back the Confederate onslaught on his front until their ammunition ran out and they were forced to withdraw. This action was instrumental in giving the Union army time to rally at a strong defensive position. For his actions, he was promoted to major general on April 10, 1863 (with date of rank December 31, 1862). In six months, he had risen from captain to major general.[17]
The Army of the Cumberland recovered from the shock of Stones River and prepared for its summer offensive against Confederate General
During the
Overland Campaign
Gen.
In the early battles of the campaign, Sheridan's cavalry was relegated by army commander Maj. Gen. George Meade to its traditional role—screening, reconnaissance, and guarding trains and rear areas—much to Sheridan's frustration. In the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5–6, 1864), the dense forested terrain prevented any significant cavalry role. As the army swung around the Confederate right flank in the direction of Spotsylvania Court House, Sheridan's troopers failed to clear the road from the Wilderness, losing engagements along the Plank Road on May 5 and Todd's Tavern on May 6 through May 8, allowing the Confederates to seize the critical crossroads before the Union infantry could arrive.[23]
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Sheridan's Richmond Raid, including the Battles of Yellow Tavern and Meadow Bridge
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Routes of Federal and Confederate cavalry to Trevilian Station, June 7–10, 1864
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Sheridan's return to the Army of the Potomac from his Trevilian Station raid, including the Battle of Saint Mary's Church
When Meade quarreled with Sheridan for not performing his duties of screening and reconnaissance as ordered, Sheridan told Meade that he could "whip Stuart" if Meade let him. Meade reported the conversation to Grant, who replied, "Well, he generally knows what he is talking about. Let him start right out and do it." Meade deferred to Grant's judgment and issued orders to Sheridan to "proceed against the enemy's cavalry" and from May 9 through May 24, sent him on a raid toward
Rejoining the Army of the Potomac, Sheridan's cavalry fought inconclusively at Haw's Shop (May 28), a battle with heavy casualties that allowed the Confederate cavalry to obtain valuable intelligence about Union dispositions. They seized the critical crossroads that triggered the Battle of Cold Harbor (June 1 to 12) and withstood a number of assaults until reinforced. Grant then ordered Sheridan on a raid to the northwest to break the Virginia Central Railroad and to link up with the Shenandoah Valley army of Maj. Gen. David Hunter. He was intercepted by the Confederate cavalry under Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton at the Battle of Trevilian Station (June 11–12), where in the largest all-cavalry battle of the war, he achieved tactical success on the first day, but suffered heavy casualties during multiple assaults on the second. He withdrew without achieving his assigned objectives. On his return march, he once again encountered the Confederate cavalry at Samaria (St. Mary's) Church on June 24, where his men suffered significant casualties, but successfully protected the Union supply wagons they were escorting.[25]
History draws decidedly mixed opinions on the success of Sheridan in the Overland Campaign, in no small part because the very clear Union victory at
Army of the Shenandoah
Throughout the war, the Confederacy sent armies out of Virginia through the
Sheridan got off to a slow start, needing time to organize and to react to reinforcements reaching Early; Grant ordered him not to launch an offensive "with the advantage against you." And yet Grant expressed frustration with Sheridan's lack of progress. The armies remained unengaged for over a month, causing political consternation in the North as the 1864 election drew near. The two generals conferred on September 16 at Charles Town and agreed that Sheridan would begin his attacks within four days.[28]
On September 19, armed with intelligence about the dispositions and strength of Early's forces around Winchester provided by unionist sympathizer and Quaker teacher
Although Sheridan assumed that Jubal Early was effectively out of action and he considered withdrawing his army to rejoin Grant at Petersburg, Early received reinforcements and, on October 19 at
Sheridan spent the next several months occupying Winchester, being the next national military governor of the city after the previous 6-month long occupation headed by national general Robert H. Milroy. He was occupied with light skirmishing and fighting guerrillas. Although Grant continued his exhortations for Sheridan to move south and break the Virginia Central Railroad supplying Petersburg, Sheridan resisted. Wright's VI Corps returned to join Grant in November. Sheridan's remaining men, primarily cavalry and artillery, finally moved out of their winter quarters on February 27, 1865, and headed east.
Of Sheridan's occupation of Winchester, a resident wrote;[35]
....my pen fails me when I attempt to recall and picture the many disagreeable, contemptible acts committed under General Sheridan's orders, under the name of war measures. I knew him personally from an observation of nearly seven months' duration, and although history records him as a great military man, in some respects he was a low vulgarian. But the proof of this assertion is not for these pages. It makes my cheeks fairly burn now when I remember going there one morning on business. I wore my hair curled and caught up in a bunch with a comb at the back of my head. Coming up to me in a most famil-iar way he took hold of one of my curls; toying with it, he said, "If you give me this I will send you a bridal present when you marry." Having captured several of Mr. Macon's [Her betrothed] letters, he was well posted about matters. He devastated the whole country, far and wide, and in his report gloried over the fact, for he wrote, "I have destroyed a thousand barns filled with wheat, hay, and farming utensils. Have driven in front of the army four thousand cattle and have killed not less than three thousand sheep. So entire has been the destruction that a crow flying across the Valley must carry his rations." All that was left was destroyed by fire and the poor, suffering people were left in despair.
— Emma Riely Macon
The orders from Gen. Grant were largely discretionary: they were to destroy the Virginia Central Railroad and the James River Canal, capture Lynchburg if practicable, then either join William T. Sherman in North Carolina or return to Winchester.[36]
Appomattox Campaign
Sheridan interpreted Grant's orders liberally and instead of heading to North Carolina in March 1865, he moved to rejoin the Army of the Potomac at Petersburg. He wrote in his memoirs, "Feeling that the war was nearing its end, I desired my cavalry to be in at the death."
On the way to Petersburg, at the Battle of Waynesboro, March 2, he trapped the remainder of Early's army and 1,500 soldiers surrendered. On April 1, he cut off Gen. Lee's lines of support at Five Forks, forcing Lee to evacuate Petersburg. During this battle he ruined the military career of Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren by removing him from command of the V Corps under circumstances that a court of inquiry later determined were unjustified. President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered a court of inquiry that convened in 1879 and, after hearing testimony from dozens of witnesses over 100 days, found that Sheridan's relief of Warren had been unjustified. Unfortunately for Warren, these results were not published until after his death.[39]
Sheridan's aggressive and well-executed performance at the
Reconstruction
After Gen. Lee's surrender, and that of Gen.
Grant was also concerned about the situation in neighboring Mexico, where 40,000 French soldiers propped up the puppet regime of Austrian Archduke
On July 30, 1866, while Sheridan was in Texas, a white mob broke up the state constitutional convention in
If Sheridan was unpopular in Texas, neither did he have much appreciation for the Lone Star State. In 1866 his quip was widely reported: "If I owned Texas and Hell, I would rent Texas and live in Hell."[46]
During the Grant administration, while Sheridan was assigned to duty in the West, he was sent to Louisiana on two additional occasions to deal with problems that lingered in Reconstruction. In January 1875, federal troops intervened in the Louisiana Legislature following attempts by the Democrats to seize control of disputed seats. Sheridan supported Republican Governor
Indian Wars
In September 1866, Sheridan was assigned to Fort Martin Scott near Fredericksburg, Texas, to administer the formerly Confederate area. While there, he spent three months subduing marauding Indians in the Texas Hill Country.[48]
At this time, President Johnson was dissatisfied with the way Republican Army Generals were administering Reconstruction in the post-war Southern states and sought to replace them with Democratic ones more in tune with the (formerly Confederate) White populations committed to instituting Jim Crow laws.
Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock had been assigned to the Department of the Missouri, an administrative area of over 1,000,000 square miles, encompassing land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and from Kansas north, but had mishandled his campaign mistreating the Plains Indians, primarily Sioux and Cheyenne, resulting in retaliatorily raids that attacked mail coaches, burned stations, and killed employees. The Indians also killed and kidnapped a considerable number of settlers on the frontier.[49] In response to state and territorial governors wanting both more competent Army administration and the Indian uprisings suppressed, coupled with pressures from President Johnson to replace Southern Republican administrators, General Grant swapped Hancock and Sheridan, sending the Democratic Hancock to the Texas post-Confederate area, where he immediately ingratiated himself with the local white population by instituting repressive policies favored by President Johnson's administration and other Democratic politicians throughout the Southern territory.[50]
At the same time, Sheridan took up his responsibilities in the Department of the Missouri. According to the Kansas Historical Society:
President Ulysses S. Grant wanted Sheridan to pacify the Plains Indians, primarily [in response to] the mishandling of the white/Indian conflict by such notables as Major John Chivington and General Winfield Scott Hancock. ... Sheridan's ultimate goal was to make the Indians give up their traditional way of life and settle on reservations. His tactic, though bordering on the barbaric, worked.[51]
While Sheridan moved into the Plains area, his troops, supplemented with state militias, were spread too thin to have any real effect on the Indian raids so he conceived a strategy of forced deprivation, similar to the one he used in the Shenandoah Valley. In the Winter Campaign of 1868–69 (of which the
Eventually the Indians returned to their designated reservations. Sheridan's department conducted the
In a story that is almost certainly fictitious, Comanche Chief
According to the Kansas Historical Society:
Sheridan has been accused of being unnecessarily cruel; bent on exterminating the Indian. Although he did regard the Indians as "savages" whose one profession was "that of arms," he felt that it would take more than just confining them to reservations to settle the west. It would also be necessary to "exercise some strong authority over him." Although not as sympathetic to the Indians' plight as some other army officers, he did say that, "We took away their country and their means of support…and against this they made war. Could anyone expect less?" He did agree, however, with most soldiers when he blamed the government for the failure of the reservation system. He said it was up to Congress, "to furnish the poor people from whom this country has been taken with sufficient food to enable them to live without suffering the pangs of hunger." This is hardly the attitude one would expect from someone who was purported to say, "The only good Indian is a dead Indian," ... He was above all else, a soldier and in response to some of his critics he stated, "My duties are to protect these people. I have nothing to do with Indians but in this connection…The wife of a man at the center of wealth and civilization and refinement is not more dear to him than is the wife of the pioneer of the frontier. I have no hesitation in making my choice. I am going to stand by the people over whom I am placed and give them what protection I can."[51]
Postwar career
Sheridan was promoted to
In 1871, Sheridan was present in
On November 1, 1883, Sheridan succeeded General William T. Sherman as Commanding General of the U.S. Army, and held that position until his death. He was promoted on June 1, 1888, shortly before his death, to the rank of General in the Regular Army (the rank was titled "General of the Army of the United States", by Act of Congress June 1, 1888, the same rank held earlier by Grant and Sherman, which is equivalent to a five-star general, O-11, in the modern U.S. Army).[7]
Sheridan served as commander in chief of the
Yellowstone
The protection of the Yellowstone area was Sheridan's personal crusade. He authorized Lieutenant
In 1882, the
Sheridan is mentioned favorably in The National Parks: America's Best Idea, Episode I, for his work saving Yellowstone National Park:[65]
Grinnell's fight against the railroad interests was soon joined by an unlikely ally—General Philip Sheridan, a cavalry hero of the Civil War and celebrated Indian fighter, who was now commander of the U.S. Army for much of the West. Sheridan even suggested that Yellowstone should be expanded to provide greater protection for the elk and buffalo. The idea was immediately opposed by Western politicians who believed that Yellowstone was already too big.
In Washington, Grinnell, Sheridan and Missouri Senator George Vest took on the railroad lobby directly, calling for an investigation into the park contracts, proposing the expansion of Yellowstone, and trying to write park regulations concerning hunting into law. While the bill to expand Yellowstone failed, Congress did appropriate $40,000 for its maintenance; however, funds to maintain the park were stripped away in August 1886. It seemed Yellowstone would have to fend for itself.
Coming to the rescue, Sheridan dispatched Troop M of the First United States Cavalry to take control of Yellowstone.
Personal life
On June 3, 1875, Sheridan married Irene Rucker, a daughter of Army Quartermaster General Daniel H. Rucker. She was 22, and he was 44. They had four children: Mary, born in 1876; twin daughters, Irene and Louise, in 1877; and Philip Jr., in 1880. After the wedding, Sheridan and his wife moved to Washington, D.C. They lived in a house given to them by Chicago citizens in appreciation for Sheridan's protection of the city after the Great Chicago Fire in 1871.[66] Philip Sheridan Jr. was an army officer who attained the rank of major and was the husband of Isabel McGunnegle.[67][68] Isabel McGunnegle was the daughter of army officer George K. McGunnegle.[67][68]
Death and burial
In 1888 Sheridan suffered a series of massive heart attacks two months after sending his memoirs to the publisher. Although thin in his youth, by 57 years of age he had reached a weight of over 200 pounds. After his first heart attack, the U.S. Congress quickly passed legislation to promote him to general of the army on June 1, 1888, and he received the news from a congressional delegation with joy, despite his pain.
His family moved him from the heat of Washington to his summer cottage in the Nonquitt enclave of Dartmouth, Massachusetts, where he died of heart failure on August 5, 1888.[69]
His body was returned to Washington and he was buried on a hillside facing the capital city near Arlington House in Arlington National Cemetery.[70][e][72] The sculpture on the marker was executed by English sculptor Samuel James Kitson. The burial helped elevate Arlington to national prominence.[73] His wife Irene never remarried, saying, "I would rather be the widow of Phil Sheridan than the wife of any man living."[74]
Honors
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2012) |
Sheridan is the only person to be featured on a U.S. ten-dollar bill who was strictly associated with the military and not politics. He is featured on $5 and $10 bills.[75]
Sheridan appeared on
The M551 Sheridan tank is named after Sheridan.
Mount Sheridan in Yellowstone National Park was named for Sheridan by Captain John W. Barlow in 1871. Mount Sheridan in Colorado is also named for him.
The Sheridan Prize is a yacht-racing perpetual trophy awarded to the winner of an annual race on Geneva Lake. It was begun on the occasion of the general's visit to Lake Geneva (then, Geneva) in 1874.[81]
In 1937, the
Sheridan County, North Dakota; Sheridan County, Nebraska; Sheridan County, Montana; Sheridan County, Wyoming; and Sheridan County, Kansas, are named for him, as are the communities of Sheridan, California;[82] Sheridan, Colorado; Sheridan, Montana (in Madison County); Sheridan, Wyoming; Sheridan, Arkansas; Sheridan, Oregon; Sheridan, Indiana; and Sheridan, Illinois (LaSalle County).
The only equestrian Civil War statue in
Sheridan High School is located 5 miles (8 km) north of General Sheridan's home town of Somerset. The athletic team is nicknamed "The Generals".
Sheridan Glacier, located 15 miles (25 km) outside of Cordova, Alaska was named in his honor.
In Albany, New York, there is an equestrian statue of Sheridan in front of the New York State Capitol, near Sheridan Avenue.[83]
In World War II, the United States liberty ship, SS Philip H. Sheridan, was named in his honor.
Sheridan Road in Lawton, Oklahoma, leads to Fort Sill, where Sheridan supposedly uttered the words "The only good Indians I ever saw were dead."
Sheridan Drive in Arlington National Cemetery partially encircles the area that contains the general's gravesite.[83] The Sheridan Gate, constructed in 1879 and dismantled and placed in storage in 1971, was once the Cemetery's main entrance.[84]
A statue of Sheridan by Allen George Newman is sited in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
New York State Route 324 ("Sheridan Drive") in the northern suburbs of Buffalo, New York, is named for Sheridan Road in Chicago, and thus indirectly after Philip Sheridan. An equestrian statue of the general was planned to be built there in 1925[85]
John Philip Sousa wrote a descriptive piece for band memorializing Sheridan. Describing "Sheridan's Ride", published in 1891, as a "Scenes Historical", Sousa musically characterized Sheridan's famous ride back to his army in the Battle of Cedar Creek. The composition has six sections: Waiting for the Bugle, The Attack, The Death of Thoburn, The Coming of Sheridan, and The Apotheosis.
Sheridan Hall[86] on the Fort Hays State University campus in Hays, Kansas, is named in honor of Sheridan. The building commemorates Sheridan's time stationed at the Fort Hays military post.
The original site of the Phil Sheridan Elementary School in Chicago, which opened in 1888, was in the
In
In popular culture
In literature
- In the novel series The Brotherhood of War, the Parker family males are named after Philip Sheridan; the two most prominent are Philip Sheridan Parker III and Philip Sheridan Parker IV. The latter's great-great-grandfather supposedly fought with General Sheridan in the Indian Wars as a Master Sergeant in the 10th U.S. Cavalry Regiment, known as the Buffalo Soldiers.
- In Sherman Alexie's novel Reservation Blues, Sheridan is portrayed as a head hunter for a record label responsible for the downfall of the novel's protagonist's band Coyote Springs. The link between the real Sheridan and the character in the book is made explicit in a brutal dream experienced by one of the characters.
- Sheridan is featured, and interacts with the characters, in Michael Crichton's novel Dragon Teeth (2017).
Onscreen
Sheridan has been portrayed in films and television over the years:[90]
- Abraham Lincoln (1930), portrayed by Frank Campeau.
- In Old Chicago (1938), portrayed by Sidney Blackmer.
- Santa Fe Trail (1940), portrayed by David Bruce.
- They Died with Their Boots On (1941), portrayed by John Litel. The movie inaccurately portrays Sheridan as a colonel and the commandant of the U.S. Military Academy before the start of the Civil War.
- Rio Grande (1950), portrayed by J. Carrol Naish.
- Tales of Wells Fargo (1957) in the episode "The General" Paul Fix appears as an irascible General Philip Sheridan. Amazingly he appears much like the real General Sheridan right down to the handlebar mustache. The usually squimish Whit Bissell also appears in this episode and plays a hero, shooting down definitely 5(maybe more) bad guys, more than Sheridan or Hardy put together, and lives through to the end of the show!
- The Rifleman (1958) features Lawrence Dobkin as Sheridan in an episode "The Sheridan Story", wherein he befriends a wounded Confederate veteran who was severely wounded in the war (Royal Dano), who is staying temporarily on Lucas McCain's ranch n the New Mexico Territory. It is revealed that McCain, played by Chuck Connors, served under Sheridan during the war.
- The Rebel (1960) features Andrew J. Fenady in the role of Sheridan in the episode "Johnny Yuma at Appomattox".
- Death Valley Days (1961) features H. M. Wynant as Sheridan in the episode, "The Red Petticoat". In the story line, Sheridan's friendship with Indian scout Kahlu (Allen Jaffe) (1928–1989) is questioned after a number of ambushes result in dead troopers. Sheridan sticks to his instincts and defends his ally against the enraged residents of the fort. Stanley Andrews was the host.[91]
- Branded (TV series) (1966) featured John Pickard (American actor) as Sheridan in six episodes, including a three-part episode in which Jason McCord (Chuck Connors) assists President Grant in heading off a heedless attack on Indians by General Custer.
- How the West Was Won (1978), Season 2, Episode 2 and (1979), Season 3, Episode 6, portrayed by Ramon Bieri.
- North and South, Book II (1986), Episode 6, portrayed by Clu Gulager.
J. Michael Straczynski has stated that the character of Captain John Sheridan in the Babylon 5 television series is intended to be a direct descendant of General Sheridan.[92]
Sheridan is described in the PBS documentary The West (1996) as "a ruthless warrior" who "played a decisive role in the army's long campaign against the native peoples of the plains". And "at Petersburg he won an important victory that halted Robert E. Lee's retreat from Richmond and helped bring the war to an end.[93]
Dates of rank
Insignia | Rank | Component | Date |
---|---|---|---|
No insignia | Cadet, USMA | Regular Army | July 1, 1848 |
Brevet Second Lieutenant | Regular Army | July 1, 1853 | |
Second Lieutenant | Regular Army | November 22, 1854 | |
First Lieutenant | Regular Army | March 1, 1861 | |
Captain | Regular Army | May 14, 1861 | |
Colonel | Volunteers | May 25, 1862 | |
Brigadier General | Volunteers | July 1, 1862 | |
Major General | Volunteers | December 31, 1862 | |
Brigadier General | Regular Army | September 20, 1864 | |
Major General | Regular Army | November 8, 1864 | |
Lieutenant General | Regular Army | March 4, 1869 | |
General of the Army | Regular Army | June 1, 1888 |
See also
Notes/References
Footnotes
- ^ Morris writes that "on or about March 6" and that Sheridan himself claimed various dates and birthplaces on different occasions in his life.
- Boston, Massachusetts. Morris[1] points out that Sheridan harbored presidential ambitions from an early age and could have deliberately claimed a U.S. birthplace in order to claim natural born citizenship, a requirement for the office. Wittenberg[3] argues strongly for Ireland, citing a stone marker on the parents' former house and county parish records in County Cavan.
- ^ Morris and Frederksen claim that Sheridan lied about his age to enter the Academy.
- ^ Varney makes a strong case against other historians who had bought into the narrative that Rosecrans had abandoned his army.[20]
- ^ Sheridan's gravesite is in Section 2, Lot 1, of Arlington National Cemetery.[71] Coordinates of gravesite: 38°52′52″N 77°04′20″W / 38.881013°N 77.072300°W
- ^ Example notes are displayed on the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco website.[76]
- ^ Coordinates of Sheridan Circle, Washington, D.C.: 38°54′44″N 77°03′02″W / 38.912107°N 77.050638°W
- ^ Coordinates of Sheridan Street, Washington, D.C.: 38°57′58″N 77°01′18″W / 38.966083°N 77.021627°W
Citations
- ^ a b Morris (1992), pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b c Eicher & Eicher (2001), p. 482.
- ^ Wittenberg (2002), pp. 142–43.
- ^ Morris (1992), p. 1.
- ^ Fredriksen (2000), p. 1760; Morris (1992), p. 15.
- ^ Wittenberg (2002), p. 2.
- ^ a b c d e Eicher & Eicher (2001), pp. 482–483.
- ^ Gilliam & Lockley (1916), pp. 368–69.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 41–46; O'Connor (1953), pp. 54–56.
- ^ Fredriksen (2000), pp. 1760–1762.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 41–59; Shea & Hess (1997), p. 276; Wittenberg (2002), pp. 4–5.
- ^ U.S. NARA, Compiled Military Service Record of Colonel Philip H. Sheridan, 2nd Michigan Cavalry Regiment.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 67–70.
- ^ Sheridan (1888a), p. 166, Vol. 1.
- ^ Morris (1992), p. 76.
- ^ Noe (2019), pp. 144–159.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 104–111, 116.
- ^ Morris (1992), p. 120.
- ^ Varney (2013), pp. 219–228.
- ^ Cozzens (1992), pp. 376–90, 466–467; Morris (1992), pp. 127–136; Wittenberg (2002), p. 11.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 143–47.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 153, 155.
- ^ Wittenberg (2002), pp. 24–27.
- ^ Rhea (2000), pp. 60–64.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 172–181; Wittenberg (2002), pp. 33–41.
- ^ Wittenberg (2002), pp. 50–51.
- ^ Eicher & Eicher (2001), p. 482; Morris (1992), pp. 182–184; Wittenberg (2002), pp. 58–60.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 184–196.
- ^ Heatwole (1998), p. 94.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 196–209.
- ^ Wittenberg (2002), p. 75.
- ^ Eicher & Eicher (2001), p. 483; Morris (1992), pp. 210–221; Wittenberg (2002), pp. 75–79.
- ^ U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 43/2, p. 423.
- ^ Wheelan (2012), p. 170.
- ^ Macon & Macon (1911), pp. 110–111.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 222–37.
- ^ Morris (1992), p. 239.
- ^ Wittenberg (2002), pp. 159–160.
- ^ Wittenberg (2002), pp. 127–131..
- ^ Wittenberg (2002), p. 153.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 254–258.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 260–269.
- ^ Sheridan (1888a), p. 405, Vol. 1.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 273–274.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 286–296.
- ^ McClarey,Sheridan, Hell and Texas, April 30, 2010.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 349–354, 364–365.
- ^ Brooks,Fort Martin Scott, June 12, 2010.
- ^ Morris (1992), p. 299.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 297–300.
- ^ a b c Kansapedia, Philip Sheridan, April 12, 2012.
- ^ Flores (2016), pp. 122–124.
- ^ Jenkinson, Interview with Dan Flores, November 28, 2018.
- ^ Fredriksen (2000), p. 1762; Morris (1992), pp. 309–324, 342–349, 357–364, 368, 373–376.
- ^ Mieder (1993), p. 38–60.
- ^ Brown (1970), pp. 170–172.
- ^ Morris (1992), p. 328.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 329–330.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 335–338.
- ^ Underwood (1945), p. 149.
- ^ Whittlesey (1988), p. 107.
- ^ a b MacDonald (2002).
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 378–79.
- ^ Burns, The National Parks: America's Best Idea, Episode I, September 27, 2009.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 350, 384.
- ^ a b Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Two Notable Weddings of the Week. p. 13, April 12, 1913.
- ^ a b The Evening Star, Maj. Sheridan, Son of Noted Warrior, Dies Here. p. 7, February 18, 1918.
- ^ New York Times, DEATH OF GEN. SHERIDAN p. 1, August 6, 1888.
- ^ Morris (1992), p. 392.
- ^ Bigler (2005), p. 132.
- ^ U.S. NARA, Approved Pension File for Philip Sheridan's Widow.
- ^ Atkinson (2007), p. 30.
- ^ Morris (1992), pp. 388–393.
- ^ Antique Money, Who Is on Old Ten Dollar Bills, January 3, 2013.
- ^ San Francisco Fed, American Currency Exhibit, January 5, 2015.
- ^ APMEX Buy 1891 $10 Treasury Note Sheridan VF-25 PMG.
- ^ Gannett (1905), pp. 128–129.
- ^ RoadsideAmerica, Stuffed Civil War Hero Horse, Washington, DC (2023).
- ^ fortsheridan.com Fort Sheridan, (1999).
- ^ Lake Geneva Yacht Club, Club History, (2022).
- ^ Lincoln News Messenger, Sheridan Starts Life as Union Shed, p. 14, November 29, 1973.
- ^ a b NYOGS, Phillip Henry Sheridan Memorial, February 9, 2015.
- ^ Bigler (2005), p. 43.
- ^ Percy (1997), p. 80.
- ^ FHSU, Sheridan Hall, February 9, 2015.
- ^ Facebook, Phil Sheridan elementary school.
- ^ Sperling, Phil Sheridan School, January 7, 2015.
- ^ Chicago Public Schools Phil Sheridan School, 1980.
- ^ IMDb (2023).
- ^ IMDb, "Death Valley Days" The Red Petticoat (TV Episode 1961).
- ^ "Points of Departure," Welcome to Midwinter (1994).
- ^ PBS - THE WEST Philip Henry Sheridan (2001).
References
Sources
- OCLC 1322115863. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
- Bigler, Philip (2005). In Honored Glory: Arlington National Cemetery, The Final Post (PDF) (4th ed.). St. Petersburg, FL: Vandamere Press. p. 151. OCLC 63042404. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
- Brown, Dee (1970). Written at New York, NY. Bury my heart at Wounded Knee. New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt & Co. p. 487. OCLC 1043525255. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
- OCLC 25165083. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
- OCLC 45917117. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
- OCLC 928490311. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
- Fredriksen, John C (2000). Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T. & Coles, David J. (eds.). Philip Henry Sheridan (PDF). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 2773. OCLC 49681605. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
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{{cite web}}
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Further reading
Biographies
- Davies, Eugene. General Sheridan. New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1895. OCLC 557475145.
- Forsyth, George A. Thrilling Days in Army Life. New York and London, Harper & Bros., 1900. OCLC 166607232.
- Suppiger, Joseph E. "Sheridan, The Life of a General." Lincoln Herald (Sept 1984), 86#3 pp. 157–70 on prewar; 87#1 pp. 18–26 on 1862–63; 87#2 pp. 49–57, on 1863–64.
- Wheelan, Joseph. Terrible Swift Sword: The Life of General Philip H. Sheridan. New York: Da Capo Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-306-82027-4.
Civil War
- Bissland, James. Blood, Tears, and Glory: How Ohioans Won the Civil War. Wilmington, OH: Orange Frazer Press, 2007. ISBN 1-933197-05-6.
- Coffey, David. Sheridan's Lieutenants: Phil Sheridan, His Generals, and the Final Year of the Civil War. Wilmington, DE: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005. ISBN 0-7425-4306-4.
- Drake, William F. Little Phil: The Story of General Philip Henry Sheridan. Prospect, CT: Biographical Publishing Company, 2005. ISBN 978-1-929882-37-3.
- Feis, William B. "Neutralizing the Valley: The Role of Military Intelligence in the Defeat of Jubal Early's Army of the Valley, 1864–1865." Civil War History 39#3 (September 1993): 199–215.
- ISBN 978-0-8078-3005-5.
- Gallagher, Gary W., ed. Struggle for the Shenandoah: Essays on the 1864 Valley Campaign. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-87338-429-6.
- Miller, Samuel H. "Yellow Tavern." Civil War History 2#1 (March 1956): 57–81.
- Naroll, Raoul S. "Sheridan and Cedar Creek—A Reappraisal." Military Affairs 16#4 (Winter, 1952): 153–68.
- ISBN 978-0-585-28901-4.
- ISBN 0-671-67806-X.
Postwar
- Dawson, Joseph G. III. "General Phil Sheridan and Military Reconstruction in Louisiana," Civil War History 24#2 (June 1978): 133–51.
- Richter, William L. "General Phil Sheridan, The Historians, and Reconstruction, Civil War History 33#2 (June 1987): 131–54.
- Taylor, Morris F. "The Carr–Penrose Expedition: General Sheridan's Winter Campaign, 1868–1869." Chronicles of Oklahoma 51#2 (June 1973): 159–76.
External links
- Works by Philip Sheridan at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Philip Sheridan at Internet Archive
- PBS on Sheridan
- PBS National parks on Sheridan, including rare images
- Sheridan's Ride poem
- Pictures of US Treasury Notes featuring Philip Sheridan, provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
- Texts on Wikisource:
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Philip Henry Sheridan". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- "Sheridan, Philip Henry". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907.
- "Sheridan, Philip Henry". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
- Commentary on Sheridan's role at Chickamauga