Philippe Buonarroti
- See also Filippo Buonarroti (1661–1733).
Philippe Buonarroti | |
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| Born | Filippo Giuseppe Maria Ludovico Buonarroti November 11, 1761 Pisa, Grand Duchy of Tuscany |
| Died | September 16, 1837 (aged 75) Paris, Kingdom of France |
| Occupation | Writer, philosopher, conspirator |
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Filippo Giuseppe Maria Ludovico Buonarroti, more usually referred to under the French version Philippe Buonarroti (11 November 1761 – 16 September 1837), was an Italian utopian socialist, writer, agitator, freemason, and conspirator; he was active in Corsica, France, and Geneva. His History of Babeuf’s Conspiracy of Equals (1828) became a quintessential text for revolutionaries, inspiring such socialists as Blanqui and Marx. He proposed a mutualist strategy that would revolutionize society by stages, starting from monarchy to liberalism, then to radicalism, and finally to communism.
Life
Early activism
Buonarroti was born in
It is thought that he joined a
Though under constant surveillance by the authorities, he expressed support for the
Under the Convention
Buonarroti was expelled from the island in June 1791 and returned to his native Tuscany whereupon he was arrested and imprisoned.
In 1793 he traveled to
In April 1794 he was nominated National Commissioner in
Babeuf conspiracy and later life
He was recalled to Paris in 1795, after the
Buonarotti was rearrested by the
He exiled himself to
He died suddenly in Paris.
Influence
Buonarroti's revolutionary principles were to prove important during the 1830s and early 1840s;
Later, the 1848 revolutionaries in France and elsewhere placed much emphasis on this work as a cornerstone.
Mikhail Bakunin praised Buonarroti as "the greatest conspirator of his age",[3] and was heavily influenced by the revolutionary practice of Buonarroti. The Bakunin scholar Arthur Lehning has written of Buonarroti: “He too built up on an international scale, though over a much longer period, an elaborate underground network, on a freemason pattern, sometimes using Masonic institutions, to work for his egalitarian creed of 1796, for a social revolution and for the republicanisation of Europe. For forty years the principles remained the same: the leadership was secret;[4] the existence of the higher grades was unknown to the lower; protean in character, this network took advantage of and used other societies.”[5] Some argue that these principles are clearly evident in Bakunin's writings.
Writings
- La Riforma dell'Alcorano (1786)
- Conspiration des égaux (1828)
- Histoire de la Conspiration pour l'Égalité dite de Babeuf (1828)
- Riflessi sul governo federativo applicato all'Italia (1831)
- Del governo d'un popolo in rivolta per conseguire la libertà (1833)
- Observations sur Maximilien Robespierre (1836)
See also
Notes
- ^ Elizabeth L. Einsenstein, The First Professional Revolutionist: Filippo Michele Buonarroti (1761–1837) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959)
- ^ Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–94.
- ^ Avrich, Bakunin and Nechaev, 22.
- ^ Villari, Luigi (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 898.
- ^ Arthur Lehning, “Bakunin’s Conceptions of Revolutionary Organisations and Their Role: A Study of His ‘Secret Societies’,” in Essays in Honour of E.H. Carr, ed. C. Abramsky (London: The Macmillan Press, 1974), 58.
References
- Alexander Philippe Andryane (1839). Mémoires d'un prisonnier d'état.
- Souvenirs de Genève (1839).
- ISBN 978-0-674-30400-0.
- Libero Federici (2007). L'egualitarismo di Filippo Buonarroti. Il Prato. Saonara, Padova.
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