Philippine languages
Philippine | |
---|---|
Philippinic | |
(proposed) | |
Geographic distribution |
|
Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
Proto-language | Proto-Philippine (disputed) |
Subdivisions | |
ISO 639-2 / 5 | phi |
Glottolog | None |
The Philippine languages, per Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005) |
The Philippine languages or Philippinic are a proposed group by
Classification
History and criticism
One of the first explicit classifications of a "Philippine" grouping based on genetic affiliation was in 1906 by Frank Blake, who placed them as a subdivision of the "Malay branch" within
The genetic unity of a Philippines group has been rejected particularly by
Internal classification
The Philippine group is proposed to have originated from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and ultimately from Proto-Austronesian. There have been several proposals as to the composition within the group, but the most widely accepted groupings today is the consensus classifications by Blust (1991; 2005) and Reid (2017); however, both disagree on the existence of a Philippine group as a single genetic unit.
Zorc (1979)
An earlier classification by Zorc (1979) is presented below. From approximately north to south, a Philippine group according to his analysis of previous reconstructions are divided into two main subgroups, Northern or "Cordilleran" and Southern or "Sulic".[22] Note that the groupings herein no longer reflect widely accepted classifications or naming conventions today. For example South Extension nowadays reflects the widely established Central Luzon, and North Mangyan within Cordilleran is not supported by later reconstructions; the group containing Yami, Ivatan and Itbayat is called "Bashiic" in Zorc (1977) and remains generally accepted.[23]
- Philippine
- Northern Philippines or Cordilleran
- PangasinicKallahan, Ibaloi, Pangasinan)
- Central Cordilleran (includes Isinai, Kalinga, Bontoc, Balangao, Ifugao)
- Ilokan (within Ilokanoalone)
- Isneg, Gaddang)
- Yami–Ivatan–Itbayatb
- South Extension (includes Sambal group, Kapampangan)
- North Mangyan
- Pangasinic
- Southern Philippines or Sulic
- Meso-Philippine
- Hanunuo)
- Palawan
- Subanon(dialect cluster)
- Visayan, Mansakan)
- Western Bukidnon, Cotabato Manobo)
- Danao (includes Maranao, Maguindanao)
- Celebes Extension (includes Mongondow group)
- Meso-Philippine
- Northern Philippines or Cordilleran
Blust (1991; 2005)
From approximately north to south, the Philippine languages are divided into 12 subgroups (including unclassified languages):
- Philippine
- Batanic languages (4 languages between Batanes and Lanyu Island, Taiwan)
- Northern Luzon languages (40 languages, including Ilokano and Pangasinan)
- Central Luzon languages (5 languages, including Sambal and Kapampangan)
- Northern Mindoro languages (or North Mangyan; 3 languages)
- Greater Central Philippine languages
- Southern Mindoro languages (or South Mangyan; 3 languages)
- Visayan languages)
- Palawan languages(3 languages)
- Subanen languages(6 languages; sometimes considered one dialect cluster)
- Danao languages (3 languages; Iranun language, Maguindanao and Maranao)
- Manobo languages (15 languages)
- Gorontalo–Mongondow languages (9 languages of Gorontalo and North Sulawesi)
- Ati language
- Manide–Alabat
- Kalamian languages (2 languages of northern Palawan)
- South Mindanao languages (5 languages)
- Talaud Islands)
- Minahasan languages (5 languages of North Sulawesi)
- Unclassified
Formerly classified as one of the South Mindanao languages, the Klata language is now considered to be a primary branch of the Southern Philippine languages by Zorc (2019).[24]
Vocabulary
Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages spoken from north to south with Proto-Austronesian first for comparison.
English | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (incl.) | what | fire | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Austronesian | *əsa *isa |
*duSa | *təlu | *Səpat | *lima | *Cau | *Rumaq | *asu | *niuR | *qaləjaw | *baqəRu | *i-kita | *n-anu | *Sapuy | |
Batanic (Bashiic) | Yami (Tao) | ása | dóa (raroa) | tílo (tatlo) | apat (ápat) | lima | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | vayo | yaten | ango | apoy |
Ivatan | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | lima | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango | apoy | |
Northern Luzon | Ilocano | maysa | dua | tallo | uppat | lima | tao | balay | aso | niog | aldaw | baro | sitayo | ania | apoy |
Ibanag | tadday | dua | tallu | appa' | lima | tolay | balay | kitu | niuk | aggaw | bagu | sittam | anni | afi | |
Gaddang | antet | addwa | tallo | appat | lima | tolay | balay | atu | ayog | aw | bawu | ikkanetam | sanenay | afuy | |
Pangasinan | sakey | dua duara |
talo talora |
apat apatira |
lima | too | abong | aso | niyog | ageo | balo | sikatayo | anto | pool | |
Central Luzon | Kapampangan | métung | adwá | atlú | ápat | limá | táu | balé | ásu | ngúngut | aldó | báyu | ítámu | nánu | apî |
Central Philippine | Tagalog | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | lima | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano | apoy |
Central Bikol
|
sarô | duwa | tulo | apát | lima | tawo | harong | ayam idò |
niyog | aldaw | bâgo | kitá | ano | kalayo | |
Rinconada Bikol | əsad | darwā | tolō | əpat | lima | tawō | baləy | ayam | noyog | aldəw | bāgo | kitā | onō | kalayō | |
Waray | usa sayo |
duha | tulo | upat | lima | tawo | balay | ayam ido |
lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
Hiligaynon | isa | duha | tatlo | apat | lima | tawo | balay | ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
Bantoanon (Asi) | usa | ruha | tuyo | upat | lima | tawo | bayay | iro | nidog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ni-o | kayado | |
Romblomanon | isa | duha | tuyo | upat | lima | tawo | bayay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
Onhan | isya | darwa | tatlo | ap-at | lima | tawo | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
Karay-a | sara | darwa | tatlo | apat | lima | taho | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita tatən |
ano | kalayo | |
Aklanon | isaea sambilog |
daywa | tatlo | ap-at | lima | tawo | baeay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kaeayo | |
Cebuano | usa | duha | tulo | upat | lima | tawo | balay | iro | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | unsa | kalayo | |
Tausug | isa hambuuk |
duwa | tu | upat | lima | tau | bay | iru' | niyug | adlaw | ba-gu | kitaniyu | unu | kayu | |
Danao | Maguindanao | isa | dua | telu | pat | lima | tau | walay | asu | niyug | gay | bagu | tanu | ngin | apuy |
Mëranaw | isa | dowa | t'lo | phat | lima | taw | walay | aso | neyog | gawi'e | bago | tano | tonaa | apoy | |
Iranun | isa | dua | telu | pa'at | lima | taw | walay | asu | niyug | gawi'i | bagu | tanu | antuna | apuy | |
South Mindanao (Bilic) | Tboli | sotu | lewu | tlu | fat | lima | tau | gunu | ohu | lefo | kdaw | lomi | tekuy | tedu | ofih |
Minahasan | Tombulu (Minahasa) | esa | zua rua |
telu | epat | lima | tou | walé | asu | po'po' | endo | weru | kai kita |
apa | api |
Sangiric | Sangirese
|
sembau esa' |
darua | tatelu | epa' | lima | tau | balé | kapuna' | bango' | elo | wuhu | kité | tawé | putung |
Gorontalo–Mongondow | Gorontalo | tuwewu | duluwo | totolu | opato | limo | tawu | bele | 'apula | bongo | dulahu | bohu | 'ito | wolo | tulu |
Mongondow | inta' | dua | tolu | opat | lima | intau | baloi | ungku' | bango' | singgai | mobagu | kita | onu, onda | tulu' |
See also
- Languages of the Philippines
- List of regional languages of the Philippines
- Philippine Negrito languages
- Philippine literature
- Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
- Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters
- Defunct language regulators
Notes
- 1. ^ Ambiguous relationship with other Northern Philippine groups
- 2. ^ Ambiguous relationship with other Northern Philippine groups and has possible relationship with South Extension; equivalent to the widely established Batanic or Bashiic branch.
References
- ISBN 0-85883-345-X.
- ^ JSTOR 3623084.
- ^ Blust, Robert A. (2005). "The Linguistic Macrohistory of the Philippines". In Liao, Hsiu-Chuan; Rubino, Carl R.Galvez (eds.). Current Issues in Philippine Linguistics Pangaral Kay Lawrence A. Reid. Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines. pp. 31–68.
- S2CID 216726665.
- ^ Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005)
- ^ JSTOR 3623084.
- – via Persée.
- JSTOR 3622751.
- JSTOR 23892050.
- ^ Llamzon, Teodoro; Martin, Teresita (1976). "A Subgrouping of 100 Philippine Languages" (PDF). South-East Asian Linguistic Studies. 2: 141–172.
- ^ Reid, Lawrence (1982). "The Demise of Proto-Philippines" (PDF). In Amran Halim; Carrington, Lois; Stephen A. (eds.). Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 75. Vol. 2: Tracking the Travellers. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 201–216.
- ^ Pawley, Andrew (1999). "Chasing Rainbows: Implications for the Rapid Dispersal of Austronesian Languages for Subgrouping and Reconstruction". In Zeitoun, Eilzabeth; Li, Paul Jen-kuei (eds.). Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 95–138.
- ^ a b Ross, Malcolm (2005). "The Batanic Languages in Relation to the Early History of the Malayo-Polynesian Subgroup of Austronesian" (PDF). Journal of Austronesian Studies. 1 (2): 1–24.
- ^ Spriggs, Matthew (2003). "Chronology of Neolithic Transition in Island Southeast Asia and The Western Pacific". The Review of Anthropology. 24: 57–80.
- ^ Spriggs, Matthew (2007). "The Neolithic and Austronesian Expansion Within Island Southeast Asia and Into the Pacific". In Chiu, Scarlett; Sand, Christophe (eds.). From Southeast Asia to the Pacific: Archeological Perspectives on the Austronesian Expansion and the Lapita Cultural Complex. Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 104–140.
- S2CID 162491927.
- S2CID 29838345.
- ^ Reid, Lawrence (2017). Revisiting the Position of Philippine Languages in the Austronesian Family (PDF). The Br. Andrew Gonzalez FSC (BAG) Distinguished Professorial Chair Lecture, 2017, De La Salle University, Manila.
- )
- S2CID 149377092., p. 479
- ^ Chen, Victoria, Kristina Gallego, Jonathan Kuo, Isaac Stead, & Benjamin van der Voorn. 2022. Contact or inheritance? New evidence on the Proto-Philippines debate. Presentation given at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS 31), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, May 18–20, 2022. (slides)
- ISBN 0-85883-177-5.
- ISBN 0-85883-157-0– via Archive.org.
- ^ Zorc, R. David (2019). "Klata / Giangan: A New Southern Philippine Subgroup" (PDF). The Archive: Special Publication. 16: 33–51.
Works cited
- Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P., eds. (2005). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
Further reading
- Reid, Lawrence A. (2013). "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 329–358. S2CID 8341240.
- Wouk, Fay (Ed.); Ross, Malcolm (Ed.) (2002). Wouk, Fay; Ross, Malcolm (eds.). The History and Typology of Western Austronesian Voice Systems. Pacific Linguistics 518. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. )
- Zorc, R. David (1972). "Sealang Zorc Papers".