Phocaea
Φώκαια (in Greek) Foça (in Turkish) | |
Izmir Province, Turkey | |
Region | Ionia |
---|---|
Coordinates | 38°40′03″N 26°45′29″E / 38.66750°N 26.75806°E |
Type | Settlement |
Phocaea or Phokaia (
Geography
Phocaea was the northernmost of the Ionian cities, on the boundary with Aeolis.[2] It was located near the mouth of the river Hermus (now Gediz), and situated on the coast of the peninsula separating the Gulf of Cyme to the north, named for the largest of the Aeolian cities, and the Gulf of Smyrna (now İzmir) to the south.
Phocaea had two natural harbours within close range of the settlement, both containing a number of small islands. Phocaea's harbours allowed it to develop a thriving seafaring economy, and to become a great naval power, which greatly influenced its culture.[citation needed]
Recent archaeological surveys have shown that the city of Phocaea was large for the archaic period. Herodotus gives an idea of the size of Phocaea by describing the walls of Phocaea as having a length of several stadia.[3]
A 4th century BC Persian tomb, known as Tas Kule (rock tower), stands (38°39′37″N 26°49′2″E / 38.66028°N 26.81722°E) 7 km (4.3 mi) east of Phocaea along a main road. This funerary monument was carved out of solid rock with a lower 2.7 meters (8 ft 10 in) high rectangular story (9 by 6 meters (30 ft × 20 ft)) surmounted by a second 1.9 meters (6 ft 3 in) high story (3 by 3 meters (9.8 ft × 9.8 ft)). Four steps between the two levels suggest strong Persian influence and most archaeologists believe this tomb was built for a Persian aristocrat or local leader serving the Persians.
History
The ancient Greek geographer Pausanias says that Phocaea was founded by Phocians under Athenian leadership, on land given to them by the Aeolian Cymaeans, and that they were admitted into the Ionian League after accepting as kings the line of Codrus.[5] Pottery remains indicate Aeolian presence as late as the 9th century BC, and Ionian presence as early as the end of the 9th century BC. From this an approximate date of settlement for Phocaea can be inferred.[6]
According to
Their sea travel was extensive. To the south they probably conducted trade with the Greek colony of
Phocaea remained independent until the reign of the Lydian king Croesus (circa 560–545 BC), when they, along with the rest of mainland Ionia, first, fell under Lydian control[8] and then, along with Lydia (who had allied itself with Sparta) were conquered by Cyrus the Great of Persia in 546 BC, in one of the opening skirmishes of the great Greco-Persian conflict.
Rather than submit to Persian rule, the Phocaeans abandoned their city. Some may have fled to
In 500 BC, Phocaea joined the Ionian Revolt against Persia. Indicative of its naval prowess, Dionysius, a Phocaean was chosen to command the Ionian fleet at the decisive Battle of Lade, in 494 BC.[10] However, indicative of its declining fortunes, Phocaea was only able to contribute three ships, out of a total of "three hundred and fifty three".[11] The Ionian fleet was defeated and the revolt ended shortly thereafter.
After the defeat of Xerxes I by the Greeks in 480 BC and the subsequent rise of Athenian power, Phocaea joined the Delian League, paying tribute to Athens of two talents.[6] In 412 BC, during the Peloponnesian War, with the help of Sparta, Phocaea rebelled along with the rest of Ionia. The Peace of Antalcidas, which ended the Corinthian War, returned nominal control to Persia in 387 BC.
In 343 BC, the Phocaeans unsuccessfully laid siege to Kydonia on the island of Crete.[12]
During the
It was later under the control of
In 1914, Phocaea was the location of a massacre against ethnic Greek civilians by Turkish irregular bands.[14][15][16][17]
Coinage
Probably following the Lydians, the Phocaeans were among the earliest in the world to make and use coins as money. Its earliest coins were made of electrum, a naturally occurring alloy of silver and gold. The British Museum has a Phocaean coin containing the image of a seal dating from 600 to 550 BC.[18]
See also
- Cyme (Aeolis)
- 25 Phocaea, an asteroid named after the city
- List of ancient Greek cities
Notes
- ^ Pliny, 3.5.
- ^ Strabo, 13.1.2.
- ^ Herodotus, 1.163 .
- ISBN 978-1478343585.
- ^ Pausanias, 7.3.10. See also, Herodotus, 1.146.1 which mentions "Phocian renegades" as being among the settlers of Ionia.
- ^ a b c Stillwell, "Phokaia".
- ^ Herodotus, 1.163.
- ^ Herodotus, 1.6.
- ^ For Herodotus' account of the flight of the Phocaeans, see: 1.164–168. See also Strabo, 6.1.1.
- ^ Herodotus, 6.11–12.
- ^ Herodotus, 6.8.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan, Cydonia, Modern Antiquarian, January 23, 2008
- ^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.. .
- The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 84.
- ^ Turks Slay 100 Greeks The New York Times, June 17, 1914.
- ^ Αγτζίδης, Β. (15 June 2014). "Η καταστροφή της Φώκαιας στην Ιωνία" (in Greek). Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ISBN 9781317990451. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
- ^ In Greek, "phoce" (Φώκη) means "seal", British Museum: "Electrum stater with a seal".
References
- Herodotus, The Persian Wars, Translated by ISBN 0-674-99134-6.
- ISBN 0-674-99104-4.
- Stillwell, Richard, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, (Editors: Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald and Marian Holland McAllister) (1976). ISBN 0-691-03542-3.
- ISBN 0-674-99246-6.
External links
- British Museum:
- Perseus Coin Catalog: "Dewing 2304", Phocaea, circa 477 BC–388 BC
- Catalog of Greek Coins of Ionia: