Physalis peruviana

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Physalis peruviana
Ripe orange fruits
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Physalis
Species:
P. peruviana
Binomial name
Physalis peruviana
Synonyms[1]
  • Alkekengi pubescens Moench
  • Boberella peruviana (L.) E.H.L. Krause
  • Physalis esculenta Salisb.
  • Physalis latifolia Lam.
  • Physalis tomentosa Medik.
  • Physalis edulis Sims

Physalis peruviana is a species of plant in the nightshade family (Solanaceae) native to Chile and Peru.[2] Within that region, it is called aguaymanto, uvilla or uchuva, in addition to numerous indigenous and regional names. In English, its common names include Cape gooseberry, goldenberry and Peruvian groundcherry.[2][3][4][5]

The history of P. peruviana cultivation in South America can be traced to the

tropical regions.[3]

Taxonomy and common names

Physalis peruviana was given a botanical

Quechua.[9] In neighboring Colombia, it is known as uchuva,[10] and as uvilla in Ecuador.[11]

It was grown in

Pacific islands.[2] Despite its common name, it is not botanically related to the true gooseberries of the genus Ribes
.

Description

P. peruviana is closely related to the tomatillo.[2] As a member of the plant family Solanaceae, it is also more distantly related to a large number of edible plants, including tomatoes, eggplants, and potatoes.[2]

P. peruviana is an

perennial in the tropics.[2] As a perennial, it develops into a diffusely branched shrub reaching 1–1.6 m (3 ft 3 in – 5 ft 3 in) in height, with spreading branches and velvety, heart-shaped leaves.[3] The hermaphrodite flowers are bell-shaped and drooping, 15–20 mm (5834 in) across, yellow with purple-brown spots internally. After the flower falls, the calyx expands, ultimately forming a beige husk fully enclosing the fruit.[2][3]

The fruit is a round, smooth berry, resembling a miniature yellow tomato 1.25–2 cm (1234 in) wide.[3] Removed from its calyx, it is bright yellow to orange in color, and sweet when ripe, with a characteristic, mildly tart grape-like flavor.[2]

A prominent feature is the inflated, papery

calyx enclosing each berry. The calyx is accrescent
until the fruit is fully grown; at first, it is of normal size, but after the petals fall, it continues to grow until it forms a protective cover around the growing fruit. If the fruit is left inside the intact calyx husks, its shelf life at room temperature is about 30–45 days. The calyx is inedible.

Groundcherries (cape-gooseberries or poha), raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy222 kJ (53 kcal)
11.2 g
0.7 g
1.9 g
Niacin (B3)
18%
2.8 mg
Vitamin C
12%
11 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV
Calcium
1%
9 mg
Iron
6%
1 mg
Phosphorus
3%
40 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water85.4 g

Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults.[14]

Nutrition

Raw cape gooseberries are 85% water, 11%

Daily Value) of thiamine, niacin, and vitamin C
.

Analyses of

Distribution and habitat

The center of genetic diversity for Physalis peruviana is in the

riparian areas.[3] It grows at high elevations of 500–3,000 m (1,600–9,800 ft) in its native region, but may also be found at sea level in Oceania and Pacific islands where it occurs widely in subtropical and warm, temperate conditions.[3] Its latitude range is about 45°S to 60°N, and its altitude range is generally from sea level to 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[3] The plant has become invasive in some natural habitats, forming thickets, particularly in Hawaii and on other Pacific islands.[3] There are believed to be dozens of ecotypes worldwide that differentiated by plant size, calyx shape, and the size, color, and flavor of the fruit. Wild forms are thought to be diploid with 2n = 24 chromosomes, while cultivated forms include varieties with increased ploidy and 32 or 48 chromosomes.[16]

Cultivation

It has been widely introduced into cultivation in tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas such as Australia, China, India, Malaysia, and the Philippines.

USDA hardiness zone 8, meaning it can be damaged by frost.[3] It grows well in rainfall amounts of 800–4,300 mm (31–169 in) if the soil is well drained, and prefers full sun or partial shade in well-drained soil, and grows vigorously in sandy loam.[2][3]

The plant is readily grown from seeds, which are abundant (100 to 300 in each fruit), but with low germination rates, requiring thousands of seeds to sow a hectare.[2] Plants grown from year-old stem cuttings will flower early and yield well, but are less vigorous than those grown from seed.[2]

Pests and diseases

In South Africa,

Hares damage young plants, and birds eat the fruits. Mites, whiteflies and flea beetles can also be problematic.[2] Powdery mildew, soft brown scale, root rot and viruses may affect plants.[2] In New Zealand, plants can be infected by Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum.[18]

Uses

Culinary

P. peruviana is an economically useful crop as an exotic exported fruit, and is favored in breeding and cultivation programs of many countries.[3] P. peruviana fruits are marketed in the United States as goldenberry and sometimes Pichuberry, named after Machu Picchu in order to associate the fruit with its cultivation in Peru.[19]

Cape gooseberries are made into fruit-based sauces, pies, puddings, chutneys, jams and ice cream, or eaten fresh in salads and fruit salads.[2] In Latin America, it is often consumed as a batido or smoothie,[20] and because of its showy husk, it is used in restaurants as a decorative garnish for desserts. To enhance its food uses, hot air drying improves qualities of dietary fiber content, texture and appearance.[21]

In basic research on fruit maturation, the content of polyphenols and vitamin C varied by cultivar, harvest time, and ripening stage.[22]

Potential for toxicity

Unripe raw fruits, flowers, leaves, and stems of the plant contain solanine and solanidine alkaloids that may cause poisoning if ingested by humans, cattle or horses.[23][24]

See also

  • Physalis pubescens (a closely related species with sprouts that are noticeably less hairy)

References

  1. ^ "Physalis peruviana L." The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden. 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Morton JF (1987). "Cape gooseberry, Physalis peruviana L. in Fruits of Warm Climates". Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plant Products.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry)". Invasive Species Compendium, CABI. 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  4. .
  5. ^ "Physalis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-05-21.
  6. ^ (Cailes 1952; Legge 1974a)
  7. Royal Society of New Zealand
    . 1986. p. 425.
  8. ^ "Physalis peruviana L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2: 1670 (1763)". ipni.org. International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  9. ^ "Discover the aguaymanto, one of the best foods produced in Peru". peru.info. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
  10. ^ "Uchuvas". flavorsofbogota.com. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 2020-08-09.
  11. ^ Carpio, Cristina Pettersen (2021-07-10). "Ecuadorian fruit: uvilla - Ecuador". Visit Ecuador and South America. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  12. ^ von Mueller, Ferdinand. Select Extra-Tropical Plants Readily Eligible For Industrial Culture Or Naturalization, With Indications Of Their Native Countries And Some Of Their Uses. Detroit, Michigan: G.S. Davis, 1884. Page 229. May be obtained from Amazon or downloaded from:https://archive.org/details/selectextratropi00muel
  13. ^ Loudon, Jane Wells. Botany for Ladies, Or, a Popular Introduction to the Natural System of Plants. Pub: J. Murray (1842)
  14. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  15. PMID 12568557
    .
  16. .
  17. ^ "Fr. Visminlu Vicente L. Chua, S.J., Philippine Fruits. Published online: 1 September 2015". Archived from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  18. PMID 30764458
    .
  19. ^ Galarza, Daniella (2013-06-18). "This Goose(berry) is Cooked: Let's Talk About the Pichuberry". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  20. ^ "Five amazing natural juices with Colombian fruit and vegetables". colombia.co. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 2020-08-09.
  21. PMID 25829613
    .
  22. .
  23. ^ "Physalis". North Carolina State University, Extension Gardener. 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  24. ^ "Ground cherry, Chinese lantern". Guide to Poisonous Plants, Colorado State University. 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.