Physcomitrella patens
Physcomitrella patens | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Division: | Bryophyta |
Class: | Bryopsida |
Subclass: | Funariidae |
Order: | Funariales |
Family: | Funariaceae |
Genus: | Physcomitrella |
Species: | P. patens
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Binomial name | |
Physcomitrella patens | |
Synonyms [1] | |
Physcomitrella patens is a synonym of Physcomitrium patens,[2][3] the spreading earthmoss.[4] It is a moss, a bryophyte used as a model organism for studies on plant evolution, development, and physiology.[3]
Distribution and ecology
Physcomitrella patens is an early colonist of exposed mud and earth around the edges of pools of water.
Model organism
Mosses share fundamental genetic and physiological processes with
P. patens is one of a few known
The targeted deletion or alteration of moss genes relies on the integration of a short DNA strand at a defined position in the
In addition, P. patens is increasingly used in
The genome of P. patens, with about 500
Physcomitrella
Lifecycle
Like all mosses, the lifecycle of P. patens is characterized by an alternation of two generations: a
A spore develops into a filamentous structure called
DNA repair and homologous recombination
P. patens is an excellent model in which to analyze repair of DNA damages in plants by the homologous recombination pathway. Failure to repair double-strand breaks and other DNA damages in somatic cells by homologous recombination can lead to cell dysfunction or death, and when failure occurs during meiosis, it can cause loss of gametes. The genome sequence of P. patens has revealed the presence of numerous genes that encode proteins necessary for repair of DNA damages by homologous recombination and by other pathways.[8] PpRAD51, a protein at the core of the homologous recombination repair reaction, is required to preserve genome integrity in P. patens.[20] Loss of PpRAD51 causes marked hypersensitivity to the double-strand break-inducing agent bleomycin, indicating that homologous recombination is used for repair of somatic cell DNA damages.[20] PpRAD51 is also essential for resistance to ionizing radiation.[21]
The DNA mismatch repair protein PpMSH2 is a central component of the P. patens mismatch repair pathway that targets base pair mismatches arising during homologous recombination. The PpMsh2 gene is necessary in P. patens to preserve genome integrity.[22] Genes Ppmre11 and Pprad50 of P. patens encode components of the MRN complex, the principal sensor of DNA double-strand breaks.[23] These genes are necessary for accurate homologous recombinational repair of DNA damages in P. patens. Mutant plants defective in either Ppmre11 or Pprad50 exhibit severely restricted growth and development (possibly reflecting accelerated senescence), and enhanced sensitivity to UV-B and bleomycin-induced DNA damage compared to wild-type plants.[23]
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Cleistocarpous sporophyte of the moss P. patens
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Moss bioreactor with P. patens
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Four different ecotypes of P. patens stored at the International Moss Stock Center
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Protonema cells of P. patens
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The polycomb gene FIE is expressed (blue) in unfertilised egg cells of the moss P. patens (right) and expression ceases after fertilisation in the developing diploid sporophyte (left). In situ GUS staining of two female sex organs (archegonia) of a transgenic plant expressing a translational fusion of FIE-uidA under control of the native FIE promoter.[24]
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Physcomitrella knockout mutants: Deviating phenotypes induced by transformation with a gene-disruption-library. Physcomitrella wild-type and transformed plants were grown on minimal Knop medium to induce differentiation and development of gametophores. For each plant, an overview (upper row; scale bar corresponds to 1 mm) and a close-up (bottom row; scale bar equals 0.5 mm) are shown. A: Haploid wild-type moss plant completely covered with leafy gametophores and close-up of wild-type leaf. B–E: Different mutants.[25]
Taxonomy
P. patens was first described by Johann Hedwig in his 1801 work Species Muscorum Frondosorum, under the name Phascum patens.[1] Physcomitrella is sometimes treated as a synonym of the genus Aphanorrhegma, in which case P. patens is known as Aphanorrhegma patens.[26] The generic name Physcomitrella implies a resemblance to Physcomitrium, which is named for its large calyptra, unlike that of Physcomitrella.[18] In 2019 it was proposed that the correct name for this moss is Physcomitrium patens.[2][3]
References
- ^ a b "!Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
- ^ ISSN 1759-6831.
- ^ PMC 7203925.
- ISSN 0268-8034.
- ^ a b Andrew Cuming (2011). "Molecular bryology: mosses in the genomic era" (PDF). Field Bryology. 103: 9–13.
- ISBN 978-0-9561310-1-0.
- ISBN 9781444316070. In: Knight et al. (2009).
- ^ S2CID 11115152.
- PMID 9225463.
- PMID 12221986.
- S2CID 45780217.
- PMID 9539743.
- PMID 15975264.
- PMID 17869503.
- PMID 17147624.
- S2CID 36669399.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - .
- ^ a b Bernard Goffinet (2005). "Physcomitrella". Bryophyte Flora of North America, Provisional Publication. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
- .
- ^ PMID 17921313.
- PMID 20189889.
- PMID 16397301.
- ^ PMID 22210882.
- S2CID 1757579.
- PMID 12123528.
- ISBN 9781444316070. In: Knight et al. (2009).
Further reading
- Celia Knight, Pierre-François Perroud & David Cove (2009). The Moss Physcomitrella patens. Annual Plant Reviews. Vol. 36. ISBN 978-1-4051-8189-1.
External links
- cosmoss.org - moss transcriptome and genome resource including genome browser
- The Japanese Physcomitrella transcriptome resource (Physcobase)
- The NCBI Physcomitrella patens genome project page
- JGI genome browser
- The moss Physcomitrella patens gives insights into RNA interference in plants
- A small moss turns professional
- Physcomitrella patens facts, developmental stages, organs at GeoChemBio