Physiologus
The Physiologus (
The book was translated into Armenian in 5th century,
Allegorical stories
The story is told of the lion whose cubs are born dead and receive life when the old lion breathes upon them, and of the
Some allegories set forth the deceptive enticements of the Devil and his defeat by Christ; others present qualities as examples to be imitated or avoided.[4]
Attributions
The conventional title Physiologus was because the author introduces his stories from natural history with the phrase: "the physiologus says", that is, "the naturalist says", "the natural philosophers, the authorities for natural history say",[4] a term derived from Greek φύσις (physis, "nature") and λόγος (logos, “word”).
In later centuries it was ascribed to various celebrated
The assertion that the method of the Physiologus presupposes the allegorical
Early history
About the year 400 the Physiologus was translated into
Translations
The Physiologus had an impact on neighboring literatures: medieval translations into
Translations and adaptations from the Latin introduced the "Physiologus" into almost all the languages of Western Europe. An
About the middle of the 13th century there appeared a Middle English metrical Bestiary, an adaptation of the Latin Physiologus Theobaldi; this has been edited by Wright and Halliwell in Reliquiæ antiquæ (I, 208-27), also by Morris in An Old English Miscellany (1-25).[4] There is an Icelandic Physiologus preserved in two fragmentary redactions from around 1200.[8][9]
In the 12th and 13th centuries there appeared the Bestiaires of
An adaptation is found in the old
The manuscript tradition
Modern study of Physiologus can be said to have begun with Francesco Sbordone's edition, 1936,
Contents
- We begin first of all by speaking of the Lion
- On the Antelope
- On Piroboli Rocks
- On the Swordfish
- On the Charadrius
- On the Pelican
- On the Owl
- On the Eagle
- On the Phoenix
- On the Hoopoe
- On the Donkey
- On the Viper
- On the Serpent
- On the Ant
- On the Siren and Onocentaur
- On the Hedgehog
- On the Ibis
- On the Fox
- On the Doves
- On the Elephant
- On Amos the Prophet
- On the Roe
- On the Agate-stone
- On the Oyster-stone and the Pearl
- On the Adamant-stone
- On the Other Nature of the Wild Ass and the Monkey
- On the Indian-stone
- On the Coot
- On the Fig Tree
- On the Panther
- On the Aspidoceleon
- On the Partridge
- On the Vulture
- On the Ant-lion
- On the Weasel
- On the Unicorn
- On the Beaver
- On the Hyena
- On the River Nile
- On the Echinemon
- On the Little Crow
- On the Ostrich
- On the Turtle-dove
- On the Swallow
- On the Stag
- On the Frog
- On the lizard, that is, the Salamander
- On the Magnet
- On the Adamant-stone
- On the Doves
- On the Eel
See also
Notes
- ^ Alan Scott, "The Date of the Physiologus" Vigiliae Christianae 52.4 (November 1998:430-441).
- ^ Gohar Muradyan, Physiologus: The Greek and Armenian Versions with a Study of Translation Technique, Peeters Publishers, 2005
- ISBN 0-292-76456-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Physiologus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Stracke, Richard. "The Pelican Symbol in Christian Iconography". www.christianiconography.info. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ "Dicta Iohanni Crisostomi de natura bestiarum", edited by G. Heider in Archiv für Kunde österreichischer Geschichtsquellen (5, 552–82, 1850).
- ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- ISBN 978-87-635-4264-7.
- ^ Verner Dahlerup: Physiologus i to islandske Bearbejdelser. In: Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie (ANOH) 1889, pp. 199-290.
- ^ Fr. Sbordone, ''Physiologus (Rome: Dante Albrighi) 1936.
- ^ Perry, "Physiologus" entry in Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Herausgegeben v. G. Wissowa, vol. 20, pp. 1074-1129. Stuttgart, 1941.
- ^ Morgan codex 397.
- ISSN 1468-2281.
References
- Cahier and Martin, Mélanges d'archaeologie, &c. ii. 85 seq (Paris, 1851), iii. 203 seq. (1853),iv. 55 seq. (r856);
- Cahier, Nouveaux mélanges (1874), p. 106 seq.
- J. Victor Carus, Gesch der Zoologie (Munich, 1872), p. 109 seq.
- Classici auctores I ed. Mai, vii. 585596 (Rome, 1835)
- Michael J. Curley, Introduction, Physiologus. Translated by Michael J. Curley. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979). ix-xliii.
- Dahlerup, Verner: "Physiologus i to islandske Bearbejdelser". In: Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie (ANOH) 1889, pp. 199–290.
- S. Epiphanius ad physiologum, ed. Ponce de Leon (with woodcuts) (Rome, 1587) another edition, with copper-plates (Antwerp, 1588);
- S. Eustathu ni hexahemeron commentarius, ed. Leo Allatius (Lyons, 1629; cf. I-F van Herwerden, Exerciti. Crstt., pp. 180182, Hague, 1862);
- G. Heider, in Archiv für Kunde österreichischer Geschichtsquellen" (5, 541–82, Vienna, 1850)
- A. Karneyev, Materialy i zametki po literaturnoj istorii Fiziologa (Sankt Peterburg, 1890).
- J. P. N. Land, Anecdote syriaca (Leiden, 1874), iv. 31 seq., 115 seq., and in Verslager en Mededeelingen der kon. Akad. van Wetenschappen, 2nd series vol. iv. (Amsterdam, 1874);
- Friedrich Lauchert, Geschichten des Physiologus (Strassburg, 1889)
- S. Lazaris, Le Physiologus grec, t. 1. La réécriture de l'histoire naturelle antique (Firenze, 2016, Micrologus Library 77) - pdf:[1]
- Stavros Lazaris: ″Quelques considérations sur l'illustration du Physiologus grec″, in: Bestiaires médiévaux : Nouvelles perspectives sur les manuscrits et les traditions textuelles. Actes du XVe colloque international de la Société Internationale Renardienne, Louvain-la-Neuve, 18-22 août 2003, B. Van den Abeele (ed.), Louvain-la-Neuve, 2005 (Textes, études, congrès 21), p. 141-167 |pdf : https://www.academia.edu/795328/_Quelques_considérations_sur_l_illustration_du_Physiologus_grec_
- Maetzner, Altengl. Sprachproben (Berlin, 1867), vol. i. pt. i. p. 55 seq.
- Guy R. Mermier, "The Romanian Bestiary: An English Translation and Commentary on the Ancient 'Physiologus' Tradition," Mediterranean Studies, Vol. 13 (Penn State University Press: 2004), pp. 17–55.
- Emil Peters: Der griechische Physiologus und seine orientalischen Übersetzungen (Festschriften der Gesellschaft für deutsche Philologie ; 15). Berlin, 1898.
- B. Pitra, Spicilegium solesmense Th xlvii. seq., 338 seq., 416, 535 (Paris, 1855)
- Meinolf Schumacher: "Der Biber – ein Asket? Zu einem metaphorischen Motiv aus Fabel und 'Physiologus'": Euphorion 86 (1992) pp. 347–353 (PDF)
- Ana Stoykova, The Slavic Physiologus of the Byzantine Recension: Electronic Text Edition and Comparative Study, 2011
- O. G. TychsenPhysiologus syrus, (Rostock, 1795)
Translations
- Francis Carmody. Physiologus, The Very Ancient Book of Beasts, Plants and Stones. San Francisco: The Book Club of California, 1953.
- A. S. Cook. The Old English Physiologus. Yale Studies in English, vol. 63. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1921.
- Michael J. Curley: Physiologus. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. First translation into English of the Latin versions of Physiologus as established by Francis Carmody.
- Emil Peters: Der Physiologus (aus dem griech. Orig., mit einem Nachw. vers. von Friedrich Würzbach). München: Musarionverl., 1921
- Christian Schröder: Der Millstätter Physiologus. Text, Übersetzung, Kommentar (Würzburger Beiträge zur deutschen Philologie ; 24; zugl.: Würzburg, Univ., Diss., 2004). Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2005
- T. H. White: The Bestiary: The Book of Beasts New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1954, 4/1960
- French translation : Arnaud Zucker, Physiologos. Le bestiaire des bestiaires. Texte traduit du grec, introduit et commenté par Arnaud Zucker, Jérôme Millon, 2005 (Series Atopia). https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8hwbgnpr-kC ISBN 9782841371716