Pi-Ramesses
Al Sharqia Governorate, Egypt | |
Region | Lower Egypt |
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Coordinates | 30°47′56″N 31°50′9″E / 30.79889°N 31.83583°E |
Type | Settlement |
Area | 18 km2 (6.9 sq mi) |
History | |
Builder | Ramesses II |
Founded | 13th century BCE |
Abandoned | Approximately 1060 BCE |
Periods | New Kingdom to Third Intermediate Period |
Pi-Ramesses (
Discovery
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pr-rꜥmssw[2] in hieroglyphs | ||||||
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In 1884,
In the 1960s, Manfred Bietak recognised that Pi-Ramesses was known to have been located on the then-easternmost branch of the Nile. He painstakingly mapped all the branches of the ancient Delta and established that the Pelusiac branch was the easternmost during Ramesses' reign while the Tanitic branch (i.e. the branch on which Tanis was located) did not exist at all. Excavations were therefore begun at the site of the highest Ramesside pottery location, Tell el-Dab'a and Qantir. Although there were no traces of any previous habitation visible on the surface, discoveries soon identified Tell el-Dab'a as the Hyksos capital Avaris. Qantir was recognized as the site of the Ramesside capital Pi-Ramesses.[4] Qantir/Pi-Ramesses lies some 30 km (19 mi) to the south of Tanis; Tell el-Dab´a, the site of Avaris, is situated about 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Qantir.[3]
In 2017, archaeologists from the Roemer and Pelizaeus Museum unearthed footprints of children at the bottom of a mortar part,[5] as well as pieces of painted wall, possibly fresco pending further study, believed to have served as decoration at the site of a palace or temple.[6]
History
Pi-Ramesses was built on the banks of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. With a population of over 300,000, it was one of the largest cities of ancient Egypt. Pi-Ramesses flourished for more than a century after Ramesses' death, and poems were written about its splendour. According to the latest estimates, the city was spread over about 18 km2 (6.9 sq mi) or around 6 km (3.7 mi) long by 3 km (1.9 mi) wide. Its layout, as shown by ground-penetrating radar, consisted of a huge central temple, a large precinct of mansions bordering the river in the west set in a rigid grid pattern of streets, and a disorderly collection of houses and workshops in the east. The palace of Ramesses is believed to lie beneath the modern village of Qantir. An Austrian team of archaeologists headed by Manfred Bietak, who discovered the site, found evidence of many canals and lakes and have described the city as the Venice of Egypt. A surprising discovery in the excavated stables were small cisterns located adjacent to each of the estimated 460 horse tether points. Using mules, which are the same size as the horses of Ramesses' day, it was found a double tethered horse would naturally use the cistern as a toilet leaving the stable floor clean and dry.[8]
It was originally thought the demise of Egyptian authority abroad during the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt made the city less significant, leading to its abandonment as a royal residence.[9] It is now known that the Pelusiac branch of the Nile began silting up c. 1060 BCE, leaving the city without water when the river eventually established a new course to the west now called the Tanitic branch. [10] The Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt moved the city to the new branch, establishing Djanet (Tanis) on its banks, 100 km (62 mi) to the north-west of Pi-Ramesses, as the new capital of Lower Egypt. The pharaohs of the Twenty-first Dynasty transported all the old Ramesside temples, obelisks, stelae, statues and sphinxes from Pi-Ramesses to the new site. The obelisks and statues, the largest weighing over 200 tons, were transported in one piece while major buildings were dismantled into sections and reassembled at Tanis. Stone from the less important buildings was reused and recycled for the creation of new temples and buildings.[8]
Biblical Raamses
Chapter 47 of the biblical
Ramesses II moved the capital of Egypt to Pi-Ramesses because of its military potential, thus he built storehouses, docks and military facilities in the city, which could explain why Exodus 1:11 calls the site a "treasure city".[16]
See also
Notes
- ISBN 978-0-14-028097-5.
- ^ Gauthier, Henri (1925). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 2. p. 101.
- ^ ISBN 9781841272573.
- ^ Nile Delta: a review of depositional environments and geological history. Geological Society of London, Special Publications; 1989; v. 41; p. 99-127
- ^ "New Discovery Shows Children Have Always Played in the Mud", Ginger Perales. New Historian. February 27, 2017. Retrieved 2 mar 2017
- ^ "Children’s footprints and painted murals preserved at site linked to Biblical exodus" Archived 2017-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Garry Shaw. The Art Newspaper. February 14, 2017. Retrieved 2 mar 2017
- ^ Manley, Bill (1995), "The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt" (Penguin, Harmondsworth)
- ^ ISBN 0-8028-4960-1.
- ^ Kitchen, pp.255–256
- ^ "遗失的法老城市16_在线英语听力室_免费在线英语听力学习网站".
- ^ Ramses II, king of Egypt in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 2 Dec 2021.
- ^ Raamses or Rameses at biblehub.com.
- ^ ISSN 1944-2815.
- Abraham Ibn Ezrasuggests that there may have actually been two distinct sites by the name of Rameses, based on the different Masoretic vowelization of "Rameses" in Exodus 1:11 and 12:37, one a store city and the other a district in or near Goshen, as implied by Genesis 47:11.
- ^ Sagrillo, Troy Leiland. 2015. “Shoshenq I and biblical Šîšaq: A philological defense of their traditional equation.” In Solomon and Shishak: Current perspectives from archaeology, epigraphy, history and chronology; proceedings of the third BICANE colloquium held at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge 26–27 March, 2011, edited by P. J. James, P. G. van der Veen, and R. M. Porter. British Archaeological Reports (International Series) 2732. Oxford: Archaeopress. 61–81.
- ^ "Per Ramessu | ancient city, Egypt | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
External links
- Tell el-Dabʿa Homepage - available in German and English
- Homepage of the Qantir-Piramesse-Project - available in German
- Walter Mattfeld. Map of Rameses (Ramses) from which the Exodus began, Egyptian: Pi-Ramesses or Per-Ramesses (Exodus 12:37)