History of Poland during the Piast dynasty

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Kingdom of Poland (
Piast)
960–1385
Banner of the Kingdom of Poland
Monarch(s)
(last)
Chronology
Civitas Schinesghe Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
Part of a series on the
History of Poland
Topics
Prehistory and protohistory
Middle Ages
Piast period10th century–1385
Jagiellonian period1385–1572
Early Modern
Early elective monarchy1572–1648
Deluge and decline1648–1764
Three partitions1764–1795
Modern
Partitioned Poland1795–1918
World War I1914–1918
Second Republic1918–1939
World War II1939–1945
Communist Poland1945–1989
Contemporary
Third Republic1989–present

Timeline of Polish history

The period of rule by the

Baptism of Poland in 966, which established a major cultural boundary in Europe based on religion. He also completed a unification of the Lechitic tribal lands that was fundamental to the existence of the new country of Poland.[2]

Following the emergence of the Polish state,

kingdom of Poland in 1025 and integrated Poland into the prevailing culture of Europe. Mieszko's son Bolesław I the Brave established a Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Gniezno, pursued territorial conquests and was officially crowned in 1025 as the first king of Poland. The first Piast monarchy collapsed with the death of Mieszko II Lambert in 1034, followed by its restoration under Casimir I in 1042. In the process, the royal dignity for Polish rulers was forfeited, and the state reverted to the status of a duchy. Duke Casimir's son Bolesław II the Bold revived the military assertiveness of Bolesław I, but became fatally involved in a conflict with Bishop Stanislaus of Szczepanów and was expelled from the country.[2]

divided among his sons
. The resulting internal fragmentation eroded the initial Piast monarchical structure in the 12th and 13th centuries and caused fundamental and lasting changes.

Teutonic Knights to help him fight the Baltic Prussian pagans, which led to centuries of Poland's warfare with the Knights and the German Prussian state.[2]

In 1320, the kingdom was restored under

kingdom of Poland that was to follow.[2]

10th–12th century

Mieszko I and the adoption of Christianity in Poland (ca. 960–992)

Poznań Cathedral is located on the right.[3]

The tribe of the

Res gestae saxonicae, a chronicle of events in Germany. Widukind reported that Mieszko's forces were twice defeated in 963 by the Veleti tribes acting in cooperation with the Saxon exile Wichmann the Younger.[5] Under Mieszko's rule (c. 960 to 992), his tribal state accepted Christianity and became the Polish state.[6]

The viability of the

Slavic tribes and first formed a tribal federation, then later a centralized state. After the addition of Lesser Poland, the country of the Vistulans, and of Silesia (both taken by Mieszko from the Czech state during the later part of the 10th century), Mieszko's state reached its mature form, including the main regions regarded as ethnically Polish.[7] The Piast lands totaled about 250,000 km2 (96,526 sq mi) in area,[8] with an approximate population of under one million.[9]

Polans territory under the Piast dynasty
in the 10th century

Initially a pagan, Mieszko I was the

Jordan, bishop of Poland. The action counteracted the intended eastern expansion of the Magdeburg Archdiocese, which was established at about the same time.[7][13][14]

Mieszko's state had a complex political relationship with the German

Dietrich, Margrave of the Northern March, ca. 980. When fighting the Czechs in 990, Mieszko was helped by the Holy Roman Empire. By about the year 990, when Mieszko I officially submitted his country to the authority of the Holy See (Dagome iudex), he had transformed Poland into one of the strongest powers in central-eastern Europe.[7][14]

The reign of Bolesław I and establishment of a Kingdom of Poland (992–1025)

An image on the Gniezno Doors at the entrance to Gniezno Cathedral depicts Bolesław buying Adalbert's body back from the Prussians

When Mieszko I died in 992, he was succeeded by his son Bolesław contrary to his wishes. In order to ascend the throne, Bolesław had to contest it with his widowed stepmother Oda, his father's second wife, and her minor sons. Bolesław was Mieszko's oldest son, born to his first wife Doubravka of Bohemia, who died in 977. His father intended to divide the duchy of Poland between his sons, but Bolesław succeeded in displacing his stepmother and stepbrothers to become the sole ruler of Poland. Consistent with the intrigues he pursued at the start of his reign to secure his throne, Bolesław I Chrobry ("the Brave") proved himself to be a man of high ambition and strong personality.

Mieszko I (992); dark red border comprises the area at the end of the reign of Bolesław I
(1025)

One of the most important concerns of Bolesław's early reign was building up the Polish church. Bolesław cultivated

Archbishop of Gniezno. In the year 1000, the young Emperor Otto III came as a pilgrim to visit St. Adalbert's grave and lent his support to Bolesław during the Congress of Gniezno; the Gniezno Archdiocese and several subordinate dioceses were established on this occasion. The Polish ecclesiastical province effectively served as an essential anchor and an institution to fall back on for the Piast state, helping it to survive in the troubled centuries ahead.[15][16]

Bolesław at first chose to continue his father's policy of cooperation with the

king of Poland.[15][16]

Bolesław's expansionist policies were costly to the Polish state and were not always successful. He lost, for example, the economically crucial Farther Pomerania in 1005 together with its new bishopric in Kołobrzeg; the region had previously been conquered with great effort by Mieszko.[15][16]

Mieszko II and the collapse of the Piast kingdom (1025–1039)

Mieszko II shown allegorically with Duchess Matilda of Swabia

King

Bretislaus I of Bohemia. The country suffered territorial losses, and the functioning of the Gniezno archdiocese was disrupted.[19][20]

Reunification of Poland under Casimir I (1039–1058)

St. Andrew's Church in Kraków (built in the 11th century)

Poland made a recovery under Mieszko's son, Duke

Masovia was taken back from Miecław, a Polish noble who tried to detach the region from the rule of the Polish monarch, and in 1054 Silesia was recovered from the Czechs. Casimir was aided by recent adversaries of Poland, the Holy Roman Empire and Kievan Rus', both of whom disliked the chaos in Poland left after the dismemberment of the country beginning in the reign of Mieszko II. Casimir introduced a more mature form of feudalism and relieved the burden of financing large army units from the duke's treasury by settling his warriors on feudal estates. Faced with the widespread destruction of Greater Poland after the Czech incursion, Casimir moved his court to Kraków and replaced the old Piast capitals of Poznań and Gniezno; Kraków would function as the capital of the realm for several centuries.[21][22]

Bolesław II and the conflict with Bishop Stanisław (1058–1079)

St. Leonard's Crypt is all that remains of the second Romanesque Wawel Cathedral of Władysław Herman

Casimir's son Bolesław II the Bold, also known as the Generous (r. 1058–1079), developed Polish military strength and waged several foreign campaigns between 1058 and 1077. As an active supporter of the papacy in its Investiture Controversy with the German emperor, Bolesław crowned himself king in 1076 with the blessing of Pope Gregory VII. In 1079, there was an anti-Bolesław conspiracy or conflict that involved the Bishop of Kraków. Bolesław had Bishop Stanisław of Szczepanów executed; subsequently Bolesław was forced to abdicate the Polish throne due to pressure from the Catholic Church and the pro-imperial faction of the nobility. Stanisław would become the second martyr and patron saint of Poland (known in English as St. Stanislav), canonized in 1253.[23]

Reign of Władysław I Herman (1079–1102)

Płock Cathedral is the burial place of Władysław I Herman and Bolesław III Wrymouth

After Bolesław's exile, the country found itself under the unstable rule of his younger brother

Count Palatine Sieciech, an advisor from the ranks of the Polish nobility who acted much as the power behind the throne. When Władysław's two sons, Zbigniew and Bolesław, finally forced Władysław to remove his hated protégé, Poland was divided among the three of them from 1098, and after the father's death, from 1102 to 1106, it was divided between the two brothers.[24]

Reign of Bolesław III (1102–1138)

Poland during the rule of Bolesław III Wrymouth

After a power struggle,

Griffin dynasty.[26]

At this time, Christianization of the region was initiated in earnest, an effort crowned by the establishment of the Pomeranian Wolin Diocese after Bolesław's death in 1140.[26]

Fragmentation of the realm (1138–1320)

Collegiate church in Tum

Before he died, Bolesław III Wrymouth divided the country, in a limited sense,

Mieszko III the Old and Casimir II the Just fought for power and territory in Poland, and in particular over the throne of Kraków.[27]

The external borders left by Bolesław III at his death closely resembled the borders left by

Mieszko I; this original early Piast monarchy configuration had not survived the fragmentation period.[28]

Culture

Mongol invasion of Poland (late 1240–1241) culminated in the Battle of Legnica

From the time of the conversion of Poland's ruling elite to Christianity in the 10th century, foreign churchmen had been arriving and the culture of early Medieval Poland was developing as a part of European Christendom. However, it would be a few generations from the time of Mieszko's conversion until significant numbers of native clergymen appeared. After the establishment of numerous monasteries in the 12th and 13th centuries, Christianization of the populace was accomplished on a larger scale.[29]

Intellectual and artistic activity was concentrated around the institutions of the Church, the courts of the kings and dukes, and emerged around the households of the rising hereditary elite. Written

Pre-Romanesque stone churches were built beginning in the 10th century, often accompanied by palatium ruler residencies; Romanesque buildings proper followed. The earliest coins were minted by Bolesław I around 995. The Gniezno Doors of Gniezno Cathedral
in bronze low relief, dating from the 1170s, are the finest examples of Romanesque sculpture in Poland.

13th century

State and society; German settlement

Ostsiedlung or German settlement in the east, miniature from Sachsenspiegel

The 13th century brought fundamental changes to the structure of Polish society and its political system. Because of constant internal conflicts, the Piast dukes were unable to stabilize Poland's external borders. Western

Rus', a territory that had changed hands on a number of occasions.[33]

The social status was becoming increasingly based on the size of feudal land possessions. Those included the lands controlled by the Piast princes, their rivals the great lay land owners and church entities, and the knightly class. The work force ranged from hired "free" people to serfs attached to the land, to slaves (either purchased, forced into slavery after capture in war or forced into slavery as prisoners). The upper layer of the feudal lords, first the Church and then others, was able to acquire economic and legal immunity, which it exempt to a significant degree from court jurisdiction and economic obligations such as taxation that had previously been imposed by the ruling dukes.[33]

Teutonic Knights became a member of the Hanseatic League

Civil strife and foreign invasions, such as the

Mongol invasions in 1240/1241, 1259/1260 and 1287/1288, weakened and depopulated many of the small Polish principalities, as the country was becoming progressively more subdivided. Depopulation and increasing demand for labor caused a massive immigration of West European peasants into Poland, mostly German settlers; the early waves from Germany and Flanders occurred in the 1220s.[34] The German, Polish and other new rural settlements represented a form of feudal tenancy with legal immunity and German town laws were often utilized as its legal bases. German immigrants were also important in the rise of the cities and the establishment of the Polish burgher (city dwelling merchants) class; they brought with them West European laws (Magdeburg rights) and customs that the Poles adopted. From that time, the Germans, who created early strong establishments (led by patriciates) especially in the urban centers of Silesia and other regions of western Poland, were an increasingly influential minority in Poland.[33][35][36]

In 1228, the Acts of Cienia were passed and signed into law by Władysław III Laskonogi. The titular Duke of Poland promised to provide a "just and noble law according to the council of bishops and barons." Such legal guarantees and privileges included the lower level land owners and knights, who were evolving into the lower and middle nobility class known later as szlachta. The period of fragmentation weakened the rulers and established a permanent trend in Polish history, whereby the rights and role of the nobility were expanded at the monarch's expense.[33]

Relations with the Teutonic Knights

Henry IV of Wrocław in the Codex Manesse
, about 1300

In 1226, Duke

fief and protected by the popes and Holy Roman Emperors.[37][38]

Reunification attempts and the reigns of Przemysł II and Václav II (1232–1305)

Archbishop Jakub Świnka

As the disadvantages of political division were becoming increasingly apparent in various segments of the society, some of the Piast dukes began to make serious efforts aimed at the reunification of the Polish state. Important among the earlier attempts were the activities of the

Przemysł's daughter Richeza and became King of Poland in 1300. Václav's heavy-handed policies soon caused him to lose whatever support he had earlier in his reign; he died in 1305.[39]

Gothic Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Wrocław

An important factor in the unification process was the Polish Church, which remained a single ecclesiastical province throughout the fragmentation period. Archbishop

Władysław I Łokietek at various stages of the duke's career.[39]

Culture

medieval science. The construction of churches and castles in the Gothic architecture style predominated in the 13th century; native elements in art forms were increasingly important, with significant advances taking place in agriculture, manufacturing and crafts.[40]

14th century

The reunited kingdom of the last Piast rulers; Jewish settlement

Władysław I the Elbow-high in Wawel Cathedral
, Kraków

Masovia was not to be fully incorporated into the Polish state in the near future. Casimir stabilized the western and northern borders, tried to regain some of the lost territories, and partially compensated the losses by new eastern expansion that placed within his kingdom regions that were East Slavic, thus ethnically non-Polish.[41][42]

Despite the territorial truncation, 14th-century Poland experienced a period of accelerated economic development and increasing prosperity. This included further expansion and modernization of agricultural settlements, the development of towns and their greater role in briskly growing trade, mining and metallurgy. A great monetary reform was implemented during the reign of Casimir III.[41][42]

Jewish settlement was taking place in Poland since very early times. In 1264, Duke Bolesław the Pious of Greater Poland granted the privileges of the Statute of Kalisz, which specified a broad range of freedoms of religious practices, movement, and trading for the Jews. It also created a legal precedent for the official protection of Jews from local harassment and exclusion. The act exempted the Jews from enslavement or serfdom and was the foundation of future Jewish prosperity in the Polish kingdom; it was later followed by many other comparable legal pronouncements.[43] Following a series of expulsions of Jews from Western Europe, Jewish communities were established in Kraków, Kalisz and elsewhere in western and southern Poland in the 13th century. Another series of communities were established at Lviv, Brest-Litovsk and Grodno further east in the 14th century.[44] King Casimir received Jewish refugees from Germany in 1349,[45] which assisted the acceleration of a Jewish expansion in Poland that was to continue until World War II. German urban and rural settlements were another long-lasting ethnic feature.

The reign of Władysław I the Elbow-high (1305–1333)

Sarcophagus of Casimir the Great at Wawel Cathedral

Władysław I the Elbow-high (r. 1305–1333), who began as an obscure Piast duke from Kuyavia, pursued a lifelong, persistently challenging struggle with powerful adversaries with persistence and determination. When he died as the king of a partially reunited Poland, he left the kingdom in a precarious situation. Although the area under King Władysław's control was limited and many unresolved issues remained, he may have saved Poland's existence as a state.[46]

Supported by his ally Charles I of Hungary, Władysław returned from exile and challenged Václav II and his successor Václav III in the period 1304–1306. Václav III's murder in 1306 terminated the Bohemian Přemyslid dynasty and its involvement in Poland. Afterwards, Władysław completed the takeover of Lesser Poland, entering Kraków, and took the lands north of there, through Kuyavia all the way to Gdańsk Pomerania. In 1308, Pomerania was conquered by the Brandenburg state. In a recovery effort, Władysław agreed to ask for help from the Teutonic Knights; the Knights brutally took over Gdańsk Pomerania and kept it for themselves.[46]

In 1311–1312, a

patrician leadership seeking rule by the House of Luxembourg was put down. This event may have had a limiting impact on the emerging political power of towns.[47]

In 1313–1314, Władysław conquered

Elizabeth was married to King Charles I in 1320) and Lithuania (in a pact of 1325 against the Teutonic State and the marriage of Władysław's son Casimir to Aldona, daughter of the Lithuanian ruler Gediminas).[48] After 1329, a peace agreement with Brandenburg also assisted his efforts. A lasting achievement of King John of Bohemia (and a great loss to Poland) was his success in forcing most of the Piast Silesian principalities, often ambivalent about their loyalties, into allegiance between 1327 and 1329.[46][49]

The reign of Casimir III the Great (1333–1370)

Casimir III
(1333-1370) is shown within the red line; Silesia (yellow) and Pomerania (purple) were lost, while the kingdom had expanded to the southeast

After the death of Władysław I, the old monarch's 23-year-old son became King Casimir III, later known as

Rus' Orthodox population. Supported by Hungary, the Polish king in 1338 promised the Hungarian ruling house the Polish throne in the event he dies without male heirs.[50][51]

Collegiate church in Wiślica by Casimir III the Great

Casimir, who formally gave up his rights to several Silesian principalities in 1339, unsuccessfully tried to recover the region by conducting military activities against the House of Luxembourg (the rulers of Bohemia) between 1343 and 1348, but then blocked the attempted separation of Silesia from the Gniezno Archdiocese by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV. Later, until his death, he pursued the Polish claim to Silesia legally by petitioning the pope; his successors did not continue his efforts.[51]

Allied with Denmark and Western Pomerania (Gdańsk Pomerania was granted to the Order as an "eternal charity"), Casimir was able to impose some corrections on the western border. In 1365,

fiefs, while the Wałcz district was taken outright in 1368. The latter action severed the land connection between Brandenburg and the Teutonic state and connected Poland with Farther Pomerania.[51]

Casimir the Great considerably solidified the country's position in both foreign and domestic affairs. Domestically, he integrated and centralized the reunited Polish state and helped develop what was considered the "

Crown of the Polish Kingdom": the state within its actual boundaries, as well as past or potential boundaries. Casimir established or strengthened kingdom-wide institutions (such as the powerful state treasury) independent of the regional, class, or royal court-related interests. Internationally, the Polish king was very active diplomatically; he cultivated close contacts with other European rulers and was a staunch defender of the interests of the Polish state. In 1364, he sponsored the Congress of Kraków, in which a number of monarchs participated, which was concerned with the promotion of peaceful cooperation and political balance in Central Europe.[51]

The reign of Louis I and Jadwiga (1370–1399)

Władysław I the Elbow-high

Immediately after Casimir's death in 1370, the heirless king's nephew

Elizabeth in Poland as regents.[52]

With the death of Casimir the Great, the period of hereditary (Piast) monarchy in Poland came to an end. The land owners and nobles did not want a strong monarchy; a constitutional monarchy was established between 1370 and 1493 that included the beginning of the

general sejm, the dominant bicameral parliament of the future.[52]

During the reign of Louis I, Poland formed a

Jagiełło (Jogaila) forcefully annexed the central Polish lands separating Lesser Poland from Greater Poland, previously granted by King Louis to his Silesian Piast ally Duke Władysław of Opole.[52][53]

St. Mary's Church in Kraków

The Hungarian-Polish union lasted for twelve years and ended in war. After Louis's death in 1382 and a power struggle that resulted in the

union of Lithuania and Poland.[52]

Culture

In the 14th century, many large scale

Polish language, along with the predominant Latin, became increasingly more common in written documents. The Holy Cross Sermons (ca. early 14th century) constitute possibly the oldest extant Polish prose manuscript.[54]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-83-7396-749-6
  2. ^
    ISBN 83-01-03732-6
  3. ^ "The history of Ostrów Tumski stronghold". Poznań.pl. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  4. ISBN 83-7023-954-4, Zofia Kurnatowska, pp. 147–149, Adam Żurek and Wojciech Mrozowicz
    , p. 226
  5. ISBN 83-08-02855-1
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  6. ^ Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek, U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038) (Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 144–159
  7. ^ a b c Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek, U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038) (Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 146–167, Zofia Kurnatowska
  8. ISBN 0-521-41239-0, Google Print, p. 47
  9. ISBN 0-521-55917-0, Google Print, p. 6
  10. ISBN 83-85719-38-5
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  13. ^ An interview with the historian Tomasz Jasiński, Piotr Bojarski, Polski mogło nie być (There could have been no Poland), Gazeta Wyborcza July 7, 2007
  14. ^ a b Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 80–88
  15. ^ a b c Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 88–93
  16. ^ a b c Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek, U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038) (Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 168–183, Andrzej Pleszczyński
  17. ISBN 963-04-2913-6
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  19. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 93–96
  20. ^ Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek, U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038) (Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 182–187, Andrzej Pleszczyński
  21. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), p. 96–98
  22. ISBN 978-83-08-04135-2
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  23. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 98–100
  24. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), p. 100–101
  25. ISBN 83-7000-016-9
    , PPWK Warszawa–Wrocław 1998, p. 5
  26. ^ a b Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 101–104
  27. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 104–111
  28. ^ Atlas historyczny Polski (Atlas of Polish History), 14th ed., pp. 4 & 5
  29. ISBN 0-521-61857-6
    , p. 9
  30. ^ Ed. Andrzej Chwalba, Kalendarium dziejów Polski (Chronology of Polish History), p. 37, Krzysztof Stopka
  31. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 111–115
  32. ^ Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam Żurek, U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038) (Foundations of Poland (until year 1038)), pp. 196–209
  33. ^ a b c d Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 116–128
  34. ISBN 1-56656-655-X
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  35. ^ Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, pp. 14–16
  36. ^ Norman Davies, Europe: A History , p. 366
  37. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 128–129
  38. ^ John Radzilowski, A Traveller's History of Poland, pp. 39–41
  39. ^ a b Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 129–141, 154–155
  40. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 141–144
  41. ^ a b Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, pp. 15–34
  42. ^ a b Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 145–154
  43. ISBN 978-0-231-12817-9
    , p. 66
  44. ISBN 978-0-00-788089-8
    .
  45. ^ Norman Davies, Europe: A History, p. 429
  46. ^ a b c Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 155–160
  47. ^ Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, pp. 23–24
  48. ^ Ed. Andrzej Chwalba, Kalendarium dziejów Polski (Chronology of Polish History), pp. 74–75, Krzysztof Stopka
  49. ^ Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, pp. 14–26
  50. ^ Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, pp. 26–34
  51. ^ a b c d Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 160–171
  52. ^ a b c d Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 169–173
  53. ^ Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, pp. 42–44
  54. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505 (History of Poland until 1505), pp. 173–177

Further reading

Main article: Bibliography of the history of Poland

External links
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