Pichilemu

Coordinates: 34°23′31″S 72°00′50″W / 34.39194°S 72.01389°W / -34.39194; -72.01389
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"Pichilemo" redirects here. For other uses, see Pichilemo (disambiguation).

Pichilemu
Pichilemu city hall
, as seen in April 2011
Country
 Chile
RegionO'Higgins
ProvinceCardenal Caro
Settled24 January 1544[1]
Commune created22 December 1891
Government
 • MayorCristian Pozo Parraguez (2021-2024)
 • City Council
Councilors
Area
 • Total749.1 km2 (289.2 sq mi)
Elevation
27 m (89 ft)
Population
 (2012 census)
ZIP codes
3220478
Area code(+56) 72
Websitewww.pichilemu.cl

Pichilemu (

Santiago
. Pichilemu had over 13,000 residents as of 2012.

The Pichilemu area was long populated by the indigenous

Chileans
.

Pichilemu is home to five of the

Park; the wooden railway station, Estación Pichilemu; El Árbol tunnel; and the Caballo de Agua. Part of the city was declared a Zona Típica ("Traditional Area" or "Heritage Site") by the National Monuments Council
, in 2004.

The city is part of District No. 16 and is in the senatorial constituency of O'Higgins Region

funboarding
.

Tourism is the main industry of the city, but forestry and handicrafts are also important. Pichilemu has many expansive dark sand beaches. Several surf championships take place in the city each year at Punta de Lobos.

History

Main article: History of Pichilemu

Pichilemu was inhabited by

hispanicisation and mestisation after the conquest of Chile.[7]

petroglyphs, a stone cup from Nancagua, and pottery finds in Peralillo.[9]

historiographer, spent most of his life in Colchagua Province, and completed his first archeological investigations in Pichilemu. In 1908, he published Los Restos Indígenas de Pichilemu (English: The Indigenous Remains of Pichilemu),[1][9] in which he stated that the Indians that were inhabiting Pichilemu when the Spaniards arrived at Chile were Promaucaes, part of the Topocalma encomienda, given on 24 January 1544, by Pedro de Valdivia to Juan Gómez de Almagro, therefore establishing Pichilemu.[1]

During the

soles, tallow, and cordovan, as well as other products which would later be exported to Peru, or sold in Santiago and Valparaíso.[10]
San Antonio de Petrel was bordered by properties of Lauriano Gaete and Ninfa Vargas, and Pedro Pavez Polanco.

The area around Pichilemu was densely populated, especially in Cáhuil, where there are salt deposits that were exploited by natives. Pichilemu has had censuses taken since the 17th century.[11]

Daniel Ortúzar Avenue, in 1925.

In 1872,

Mapudungún words pichi (little) and lemu (forest).[16]

During the

Civil War of 1891, Daniel Ortúzar and the priest of Alcones were transferred as prisoners from Pichilemu to Valparaíso via the dock,[17][18] which was later burned.[13] The dock was later reconstructed and used until 1912, but it never reached "port" status.[11][13]

The inheritors of Lauriano Gaete and Ninfa Vargas, who were proprietors of the land which is currently Central Pichilemu, founded the town in late 1891 after conceiving the design of the city with engineer Emilio Nichón.[18] By decree of President Jorge Montt and his Interior Minister, Manuel José Irarrázabal, the city was officially established as an "autonomous commune" on 22 December 1891.[18][19] José María Caro Martínez became the first mayor of the city in 1894,[19] and regularised and improved the design of the city the same year.[15][18] Caro Martínez held the mayor office until 1905.[19]

A grey haired man with several small children
Agustín Ross, c. 1915

Member of Parliament, minister, and politician,[20][21][22] bought a 300-hectare (740-acre) tract of land, and named it La Posada, in 1885. At the time, it was merely a set of thick-walled barracks.[23]

Agustín Ross turned Pichilemu into a summer

Monumentos Históricos (Historic Monuments) by the National Monuments Council.[23]

After the creation of the Cardenal Caro Province, by decree of General Augusto Pinochet on 3 October 1979, Pichilemu became its capital.[26] The province is named after the first Chilean Catholic Cardinal, José María Caro Rodríguez, who was born in Pichilemu.[12][27][28]

Pichilemu was severely affected by the

6.9 earthquake occurred 15 kilometres (9 mi) northwest of Pichilemu,[30][31] killing one person.[32]

A panoramic view of Pichilemu beach shortly after the 2010 Chile earthquake.

Geography

Aerial view of Pichilemu. The urban area is located at the top, while Punta de Lobos can be seen at the bottom.

Pichilemu is located 126

Andes Mountains.[34] It is near the Cordillera de la Costa (Coastal Mountain Range) which rises to 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) in elevation.[35]

The city is bordered by Litueche to the north, Paredones to the south, and Marchigüe and Pumanque to the east. To the west lies the Pacific Ocean.[36] Pichilemu covers an area of 749.1 square kilometres (289.2 sq mi).[37]

Pichilemu is located close to a

March 2010 earthquake or if it was just reactivated.[39]

Although the majority of the forest areas around Pichilemu are covered with

quillayes, boldos, espinos, and peumos.[15]

The city consists of an urban centre and twenty-two rural villages:

Estación Larraín Alcalde, La Aguada, La Palmilla, La Villa, La Plaza, Las Comillas, Pueblo de Viudas, Quebrada del Nuevo Reino, Pañul, Rodeillo, San Antonio de Petrel,[41] and Tanumé.[11]

Nearby bodies of water (apart from the Pacific Ocean) include the Estero Nilahue, which flows to Laguna Cáhuil, Estero Petrel, which flows to Laguna Petrel, and El Barro, El Bajel, and El Ancho lagoons, the latter of which provides the city with drinking water.[11]

Pichilemu experiences a Mediterranean climate, with winter rains which reach 700 millimetres (28 in).[11][42] The rest of the year is dry, often windy, and sometimes with coastal fog. Occasionally the city receives winds as high as 150 kilometres per hour (93 mph).[43]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1777—17791,743—    
17871,687−3.2%
18135,705+238.2%
1875 5,569−2.4%
1885 6,957+24.9%
1895 6,930−0.4%
1907 7,787+12.4%
19207,424−4.7%
19306,929−6.7%
19406,570−5.2%
19527,150+8.8%
19608,015+12.1%
19708,042+0.3%
19828,844+10.0%
199210,510+18.8%
200212,392+17.9%
Source: Grez-Cañete (2017)[44]

By the 17th century, Pichilemu had 1,468 inhabitants.[45] In 1787, Pichilemu held 1,688 inhabitants,[45] and the population rose to 11,829 by 1895.[46][47] From there onward, the city's population progressively decreased: 7,787 inhabitants in 1907; 7,424 in 1920; 6,929 in 1930; and 6,570 in 1940.[48] In 1952, the city's population increased to 7,150 inhabitants; however, the 1960 census showed it decreased to 5,724 inhabitants,[49] and to 5,459 in 1970.[50] The number of people in Pichilemu reached 8,844 in 1982,[51] and in 1992, 10,510.[48] As of the 2002 census, the population comprised 12,392 people, and 6,228 households.[41]

The 2002 census classified 9,459 people (76.3%) as living in an urban area and 2,933 people (23.7%) as living in a rural area, with 6,440 men (52.0%) and 5,952 women (48.0%).[37] According to the 2002 Casen survey, 544 inhabitants (4.4%) of the population live in extreme poverty compared to the average in the greater O'Higgins Region of 4.5%, and 1,946 inhabitants (15.7%) live in mild poverty, compared to the regional average of 16.1%.[52]

The National Statistics Institute of Chile has estimated that, as of 2010, 78.96% of the inhabitants in the city were living in an urban area and 21.04% were living in a rural area, with 52.4% men and 47.5% women; the population density was estimated as 19.09 per square mile.[53] In the 2012 census, the population of Pichilemu was 13,916 inhabitants;[2] although earlier estimates put it higher.[54]

Most of the people from Pichilemu are Catholic, as of the 2002 census, 7,611 persons (83.44%), well above the national and regional average (69.96% and 79.08%, respectively); the evangelical population is considerably lower, at only 689 people (7.55%); 361 (3.96%) said they were Atheists or Agnostic individuals, while the remaining 460 (5.04%) are part of other religions. Based on information from the Casen survey, twenty-four persons living in Pichilemu declared themselves as Aymaras in 2006, and in 2009, 390 people said they were part of the Mapuche indigenous ethnic group; the survey revealed no one living in Pichilemu claimed to be either of the Atacameños or of the Rapa Nui indigenous peoples.[54]

Governance

Main article: Government of Pichilemu

Pichilemu, along with the communes of

Marchihue, and Paredones, is part of Electoral District No. 16 and belongs to the Senatorial Constituency (O'Higgins) of the electoral divisions of Chile.[55]

Pichilemu is governed by the mayor (alcalde), who manages the executive function. The City Council (concejo municipal) manages the legislative function. The mayors and the councilors are elected popularly every four years, with possibility of re-election.[56] The current mayor of Pichilemu is Cristian Pozo Parraguez (independent), elected in May 2021. The councilors are Danilo Robles Cáceres, Mario Morales Cárceles, Sofía Yávar Ramírez, José Luis Cabrera Jorquera, Tobías Acuña Csillag, and Hugo Toro Galaz. Both the mayor and the councilors took office on 28 June 2021, and their term will expire on 6 December 2024.

The Pichilemu Police, known in Spanish as Carabineros de Pichilemu, and officially Tercera Comisaría de Carabineros de Pichilemu, are commanded by Ítalo Roco Soto.

Pichilemu post office building, in Daniel Ortúzar avenue.[57]

Economy

Tourism is the main industry of Pichilemu, especially in the urban centre and some rural areas such as Cáhuil and Ciruelos. Forestry, mainly pine and eucalyptus, is another major industry. The area is also known for handicrafts.[11] Although fishing is not very important to O'Higgins Region, due to unsuitable coastlines, it is common in Pichilemu, Bucalemu, and Navidad.[9]

Pichilemu has a clay deposit in the Pañul area.[9] According to archaeological investigations, pottery was first manufactured in the area around 300 BCE. It is still a stalwart today — Ciruelos and El Copao are well known for the pottery created there.[58]

Landmarks

The Municipal Forest was donated by the Ross family in 1935

The Bosque Municipal (Municipal Forest) was donated by the Ross family in 1935. The main access to the forest is in front of Ross Casino, near Paseo el Sol; or by a road near the

palms, pines, and many other varieties of trees.[59]

Conchal Indígena (Indigenous Midden) is an archaeological site of pre-Hispanic times. It is located on the site of an ancient fishing village 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from Punta de Lobos and 0.3 kilometres (0.19 mi) south of Los Curas Lagoon.[60][61] Laguna Los Curas (Los Curas Lagoon) is a natural area used for eco-tourist activities such as fishing located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) south of Pichilemu. Another lagoon, the Laguna del Perro (The Dog's Lagoon) is located 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) south of Pichilemu. It is used for recreational activities.[60][61]

Laguna El Alto (El Alto Lagoon) is a small, rain-fed lagoon located at Chorrillos Beach that is often used for camping and picnics. The lagoon is an hour and a half drive from Pichilemu, traveling to the north by Chorrillos beach.[60] Poza del Encanto is a lagoon located 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Pichilemu. It is home to a large variety of native fauna.[62] The Estero Nilahue (Nilahue Lagoon) is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Pichilemu. It has several beaches, including El Bronce, El Maquí, and Laguna El Vado.[63]

St. Andrew Church is located in

feast day of St. Andrew is celebrated every 30 November at the church.[60][61]

The Museo del Niño Rural (the Rural Kid Museum) was created as an initiative of teacher Carlos Leyton and his students. It is a modern building that utilises traditional architecture. Three rooms contain a collection of stone tools, arrowheads, and clay tools made by the indigenous people of the region. Also on display are domestic tools from early colonists.[64]

El Copao is a hamlet located 14

Mapudungun means "medicinal herb." Pañul produces pottery made with locally obtained clay.[65] Cáhuil is a small settlement located 13 kilometres (8.1 mi)[60] south of Pichilemu. Its name in Mapudungun means "parrot place". Cahuil lagoon is used for fishing, swimming, and kayaking; kiteboarding lessons are offered on the lagoon. The Cáhuil Bridge is open to motor traffic, and has a view of the Cahuil zone. The bridge provides access to Curicó, Lolol, Bucalemu, and other nearby places.[62]

Pichilemu was declared a

Typical Zone by the National Monuments Council of Chile, by decree No. 1097 on 22 December 2004.[23]

The city is home to five other National Monuments: Ross Park,

Ross Casino, El Árbol Tunnel, the wooden railway station, Estación Pichilemu, and Caballo de Agua.[66]

Agustín Ross Cultural Centre

A building made out of stone blocks with a black roof
Agustín Ross Cultural Centre, in 2013.
Main article: Agustín Ross Cultural Centre

The current Cultural Centre, in front of Ross Park, is a three-floor casino constructed with imported materials in the early 1900s by Agustín Ross. It originally housed a mail and telegraph service, with a large store. The first casino in Chile was opened in this building on 20 January 1906.[25][67][68] It operated until 1932, when the Viña del Mar Casino was opened.[69]

The building was renovated and reopened in 2009 as a cultural arts center. It currently houses several gallery spaces and the public library. During its restoration, workers found many historical artifacts, including a copy of Las Últimas Noticias from February 1941 when Ross Casino served as a hotel; an American telephone battery dating from the period of 1909 to 1915; and a tile from the casino's ceiling signed by workers during the building's construction in 1914.[70]

Ross Park, created by Agustín Ross in 1885, contains hundred-year-old native Chilean palms (Phoenix canariensis) and many green spaces. It was restored in December 1987, and is now a popular walking destination.[60][71] The former casino was named National Monuments in 1988.[60][72]

Ross hotel was created by Agustín Ross in 1885, and originally named Great Hotel Pichilemu (Gran Hotel Pichilemu).[43] It is one of the oldest hotels in Chile. Although it is still partially open to guests, it is in a state of disrepair.[23]

Railway station

A low wooden building with large windows
The old wooden railway station, Estación Pichilemu, in December 2013
Main article: Estación Pichilemu

The old wooden railway station, Estación Pichilemu, constructed around 1925, is one of the

National Monuments of Chile.[67] In the O'Higgins Region, 357 kilometres (222 mi) of railway lines were constructed, but only 161 kilometres (100 mi) still exist.[73] The 119 kilometres (74 mi) San Fernando–Pichilemu section was constructed between 1869 and 1926.[67] Passenger services operated on the line until 1986 and freight services were operational until 1995.[73] In 2006, the Peralillo–Pichilemu section was removed completely.[73][74]

It remained in operation until the 1990s,[citation needed] and became a National Monument on 16 September 1994.[72] It has since become an arts and culture centre and tourism information office.[60] It exhibits decorative and practical objects from the 1920s, and features many old clothes.[60]

Beaches

Pichilemu's beaches are popular among local and international tourists.[75]

Pichilemu has several expansive dark sand beaches.[76] The water is cool all year-round, and many tourists choose to swim at the shore break during the summer months.[76] Common activities include bodyboarding, surfing, windsurfing, and kitesurfing.[77][78]

The northernmost of the beaches is Playa Las Terrazas or Playa Principal (The Terraces Beach or Main Beach), which is in front of Ross Park. It is popular for surfing. Near the beach and at Ross Park, there are balustrades and long stairs dating from the early 1900s. There is a balcony over the rocks at the southern end of the beach.[60] It is the busiest during the summer months. Several surf schools, such as La Ola Perfecta, and Lobos del Pacífico, are located nearby, as is the fish market at Fishermen Creek.[52]

Located south of the town and around the other side of the Puntilla, Playa Infiernillo (Little Hell Beach) is rocky and has tide-pools. This area is used for fishing.[52] South of Infiernillo is Playa Hermosa (Beautiful Beach), which is popular for walking and fishing.[60]

Further south, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Pichilemu, Punta de Lobos has a beach sheltered from the southern winds. It is an increasingly popular destination for tourists and surfers.[78] Several surf contests are held there every year.[79] The size of waves varies throughout the year. Large swells in fall and winter can reach heights of up to 15 metres (49 ft). It is widely considered one of the best beaches for surfing worldwide.[76] In 2012, it was named one of the "50 most thrilling surf destinations".[80]

Pichilemu is regarded as the prime location for surfing in Chile, particularly at Punta de Lobos.[81][82][83] Every October and December, an International Championship of Surf is held at La Puntilla Beach.[84] Punta de Lobos hosts the Campeonato Nacional de Surf (National Surfing Championship) every summer.[24][85][86]

Media

Sports Subsecretary of Chile Nicole Sáez during an interview on Radio Entreolas, in August 2015.

There is one local print newspaper in circulation: La Voz de la Región ("The Voice of the Region"), published every two weeks, first appeared on 2 January 2014, and is directed by Patricio Flores Retamales.[87] Two others have ceased publication in recent years: El Expreso de la Costa ("The Express of the Coast"), a monthly newspaper directed by Félix Calderón Vargas, published between 2000 and 2015;[88] and El Faro del Secano ("The Dryland's Lighthouse"), founded in November 2013 by local journalist Óscar Rojas Connell and distributed until 2015.[89][90][91]

Radio services come from

Canal 3 Pichilemu, also broadcasts in the area.[94]

Education

Secondary building of the Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre de Pichilemu

Education establishments in Pichilemu include

Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre (Precious Blood School), a primary and secondary school located near El Llano; Colegio Divino Maestro (Divine Master School), a primary school located near Cáhuil Avenue; Escuela Pueblo de Viudas (Pueblo de Viudas School), a primary school in Pueblo de Viudas; and Jardín Amanecer (Dawn Garden), a kindergarten school in El Llano.[95]

Governor of Cardenal Caro Province Julio Ibarra announced that an institute of higher education would be brought to the province,[100] whose name, Instituto Profesional IPG (IPG Professional Institute), was disclosed one month later.[99] During the inauguration of the 2012 school year in Pichilemu, Education Regional Secretary Minister (Seremi) Pedro Larraín said IPEGE would work in the dependencies of Colegio de la Preciosa Sangre of Pichilemu.[101]

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

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