Pierre Bayle
Pierre Bayle | |
---|---|
17th-century philosophy | |
Region | Western philosophy |
School | Philosophical skepticism |
Main interests | Epistemology |
Notable ideas | Bayle's skeptical trilemma[1][2] |
Pierre Bayle (French:
A
Biography
Bayle was born at
Just before that event, Bayle had fled to the Dutch Republic, where he almost immediately was appointed professor of philosophy and history at the École Illustre in Rotterdam.[3] He taught for many years but became embroiled in a long, internal quarrel in the college that resulted in Bayle being deprived of his chair in 1693.
Bayle remained in Rotterdam until his death on 28 December 1706.[3] He was buried in Rotterdam in the "Walloon church", where Pierre Jurieu would also be buried seven years later. After the demolition of this church in 1922, the graves were relocated to the Crooswijk General Cemetery in Rotterdam. A memorial stone shows that Pierre Bayle is in these graves.
Writings
At Rotterdam, Bayle published his famous Reflections on the Comet in 1682, as well as his critique of Louis Maimbourg's work on the history of Calvinism. The reputation achieved by this critique stirred the envy of Pierre Jurieu, Bayle's Calvinist colleague of both Sedan and Rotterdam, who had written a book on the same subject.
Between 1684 and 1687, Bayle published his Nouvelles de la république des lettres, a journal of literary criticism. In 1686, Bayle published the first two volumes of Philosophical Commentary, an early plea for toleration in religious matters. This was followed by volumes three and four in 1687 and 1688.
In 1690 there appeared a work entitled
The remaining years of Bayle's life were devoted to miscellaneous writings; in many cases, he was responding to criticisms made of his Dictionary.
The Nouvelles de la république des lettres was the first thorough-going attempt to popularise literature, and it was eminently successful. His multi-volume Historical and Critical Dictionary constitutes Bayle's masterpiece. The English translation of The Dictionary, by Bayle's fellow Huguenot exile Pierre des Maizeaux, was identified by American President Thomas Jefferson to be among the one hundred foundational texts to form the first collection of the Library of Congress.
Views on toleration
Bayle advanced arguments for
"If the Multiplicity of Religions prejudices the State, it proceeds from their not bearing with one another but on the contrary endeavouring each to crush and destroy the other by methods of Persecution. In a word, all the Mischief arises not from Toleration, but from the want of it."[5]
Skepticism
Richard Popkin has advanced the view that Pierre Bayle was a skeptic who used the Historical and Critical Dictionary to criticise all prior known theories and philosophies. In Bayle's view, humans were inherently incapable of achieving true knowledge. Because of the limitations of human reason, men should adhere instead to their conscience alone. Bayle was critical of many influential rationalists, such as René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, Nicolas Malebranche and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, as well as empiricists such as John Locke and Isaac Newton.[6] Popkin quotes the following passage as an example of Bayle's skeptical viewpoint:
It [reason] is a guide that leads one astray; and philosophy can be compared to some powders that are so corrosive that, after they have eaten away the infected flesh of a wound, they then devour the living flesh, rot the bones, and penetrate to the very marrow. Philosophy at first refutes errors. But if it is not stopped at this point, it goes on to attack truths. And when it is left on its own, it goes so far that it no longer knows where it is and can find no stopping place.[6][7]
Legacy and honors
- In 1906 a statue in his honor was erected at Pamiers, la reparation d'un long oubli ("the reparation of a long neglect").
- In 1959 a street was named after him in Rotterdam.
- In 2012 a bench (By Paul Cox) in tribute to Bayle, to reflect on the (hypothetical) philosophical exchange of thought between Bayle and Erasmus. (concept of thought: JW van den Blink)
Selected works
- Pensées Diverses sur l'Occasion de la Comète, (1682) translated as Various Thoughts on the Occasion of a Comet (2000) by Robert C. Bartlett, SUNY Press.
- Dictionnaire Historique et Critique (1695–1697; 1702, enlarged; best that of P. des Maizeaux, 4 vols., 1740)
- Œuvres diverses, 5 vols., The Hague, 1727–31; anastatic reprint: Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1964–68.
- Selections in English: Pierre Bayle (Richard H. Popkin transl.), Historical and Critical Dictionary – Selections, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1991. ISBN 978-0-87220-103-3.
See also
References
Citations
- ^ Dale Jacquette, David Hume's Critique of Infinity, Brill, 2001, pp. 22–23, 25–28
- ^ "Bayle's trilemma". Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 557.
- ISBN 978-0-07-040826-5.
- ^ LoConte, Joseph (May 2009). "The Golden Rule of Toleration". Christianity Today. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-510767-8.
- ^ Bayle, Pierre (1820) [1697]. "Acosta". Dictionnaire historique et critique (in French). Paris: Desoer. p. 191.
Sources
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bayle, Pierre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 557. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- Sally Jenkinson, (dir.), Bayle: Political Writings, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- Sally Jenkinson, Reflections on Pierre Bayle and Elizabeth Labrousse, and their Huguenot critique of intolerance, Proc. Huguenot Soc., 27: 325–334, 2000.
- Elisabeth Labrousse, Pierre Bayle, La Haye: Martinus Nijhoff, 1963–4 (2 volumes). (in French)
- Elisabeth Labrousse, Bayle, translated by Denys Potts, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
- Thomas M. Lennon, Reading Bayle, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999.
- Todd Ryan, Pierre Bayle's Cartesian Metaphysics: Rediscovering Early Modern Philosophy, New York: Routledge, 2009.
External links
- Works by or about Pierre Bayle at Internet Archive
- Works by Pierre Bayle at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- See Dictionnaire Historique et Critique for links to digital facsimiles of that work
- The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
- Contains the exchanges between Bayle and Leibniz, slightly modified for easier reading
- The Correspondence of Pierre Bayle in EMLO