Pierre Jean Robiquet
Pierre Robiquet | |
---|---|
Kingdom of France | |
Died | 29 April 1840 Paris, Kingdom of the French | (aged 60)
Occupation | Chemist |
Pierre Jean Robiquet (13 January 1780 – 29 April 1840) was a French chemist. He laid founding work in identifying amino acids, the fundamental building blocks of proteins. He did this through recognizing the first of them, asparagine, in 1806, in the industry's adoption of industrial dyes, with the identification of alizarin in 1826, and in the emergence of modern medications, through the identification of codeine in 1832, an opiate alkaloid substance of widespread use with analgesic and antidiarrheal properties.
Robiquet was born in Rennes. He was at first a pharmacist in the French armies during the French Revolution years, and became a professor at the École de pharmacie in Paris, where he died.
Notable scientific achievements were among other things his isolation and characterization of properties of
(1832). Some of these discoveries were made in collaboration with other scientists.Academic titles and distinctions
Registered Pharmacist (1808), lecturer in chemistry at the
Distinguished with the order of the
Discovery of asparagine, the first amino acid ever identified
In the fall of 1805, Robiquet, then a young help working in the laboratory of Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, started analyses, with what rudimentary methods were then available, with asparagus juice. After a number of operations he obtained a crystallized white matter, which he and Vauquelin tried to characterize in 1806 as day by day their attempts found it to be some kind of new "chemical principle" with hitherto unknown properties, nothing like well known mineral salts classically obtained in the 18th century. Duly convinced this is something completely new, they call this matter "asparagin", after the asparagus plant they extracted it from. Asparagine will turn out to be one of the 22 amino acids that build-up all living matter on earth, the first ever identified and understood as belonging to a new class of molecules. Progress in isolating the other amino acids was very slow, with less than a handful in total during the whole 19th century.
Discovery of various dyes
Even until the middle of 19th century, all dyes used for colouring cloth were natural substances, many of which were expensive and labour-intensive to extract. Furthermore, many lacked stability through washing or exposure to sunlight, or fastness.
For instance, the colour purple, which had been a mark of aristocracy and prestige since ancient times in Rome, the Middle East and Egypt, was especially expensive and difficult to produce—the dye used, known as Tyrian purple, was made from the glandular mucus of certain molluscs. Its extraction was variable and complicated, and dependent on the availability of the very specific type of shell (actually two types, now known the one as Bolinus brandaris, and the other as Hexaplex trunculus, nowadays classified within two different genders) from which it was extracted.
Another type of natural red dye used from times immemorial was obtained from
Robiquet obtained from madder root two distinct molecules with dye properties, the one producing a magnificent red, that he called alizarin, which proved as well extremely stable, and another, of less stable properties, that he called purpurin.
Some 30 years later in April 1856, William Henry Perkin, then a mere youngster working as assistant at the Royal College of Chemistry in London within a team intent on research over the synthesis of quinine, a potent drug, discovered a process that obtained a purple dye (which he called mauveine) from aniline, which in turn could be easily obtained from coal tar; over the next ten years Perkin set up the first industrial model of molecules obtained through synthesis from coal tar and his success had prompted intense research from numerous teams all over Europe on coal tar by-products, while he himself pursued such a work on top of his industrial activity.
Thus it came that in 1868, in turn alizarin was proved to be obtainable from
Discovery and industrialization of codeine
The isolation of codeine by Robiquet from opium's several active components while working on refined morphine extraction processes, opened the path to the elaboration of a new generation of specific antitussive and antidiarrheal potions of much safer use, based on codeine only, which became immediately extremely popular.
Codeine is nowadays by far the most widely used opiate in the world and very likely even the most commonly used drug overall according to numerous reports over the years by organizations such as the World Health Organization and its League of Nations predecessor agency and others. It is one of the most effective orally-administered opioid analgesics and has a wide safety margin. It is from 8 to 12 percent of the strength of morphine in most people; differences in metabolism can change this figure as can other medications, depending on its route of administration.
While codeine can still be directly extracted from opium, its original source, most codeine is nowadays synthesized from morphine through the process of O-methylation.
Sundry researches in pharmacology; missing by a hair's breadth the identification of the benzoyl radical in 1830
Robiquet has analysed the chemical byproducts that could be obtained from a variety of plants: asparagus, madder root, as already mentioned, with the important associated discoveries, and also others, which mostly helped in consolidating the existence of some molecules in a wide range of plants. Thus, in 1809, Robiquet extracts from
Robiquet likewise analysed a variety of animal tissues. Thus in 1810, he isolated from
In fact, even back into the days of the early classical period civilizations of the western Mediterranean, some types of flies from Spain had a reputation for inducing aphrodisiac effects when used in preparations after having been desiccated. Cantharidin has never been proven to provide such collateral benefits, whereas Robiquet demonstrated it had very definite toxic and poisonous properties comparable in degree to that of the most violent poisons known in the 19th century, such as strychnine.[2]
This particular study, that demonstrated, as early as in 1810, the possibility to separate, using "energetic" methods, a simple "principle" that was the actual effective fraction of a traditional natural compound obtained by "soft" methods has been exemplary for the burgeoning community of chemists in the early 19th century, and will prompt very rapidly a flurry of similar attempts that will yield within a few decades an incredible number of molecules from an ever growing number of research groups throughout Europe, and soon in the trail, in the US. In the frame of that same investigation, Robiquet in addition evidences the presence of uric acid within insects feeding on plant tissues.
Over a period of some fifteen years, Pierre Robiquet will also conduct a series of investigations on
In 1830, together with
Amygdalin and related molecules have been used throughout the 19th (promoted by
Main published works
- 1805 : Essai analytique des asperges Annales de chimie, 55 (1805), 152–171
- 1806 : La découverte d'un nouveau principe végétal dans le suc des asperges L.N.Vauquelin et P.J.Robiquet, Annales de Chimie, 57, p88–93.
- 1810 : Expériences sur les cantharides, Robiquet, Annales de Chimie, 1810, vol. 76, pp. 302–322.
- 1812 : Observations sur la nature du kermès, Robiquet, Annales de Chimie, 81 (1812), 317–331.
- 1816 : Recherches sur la nature de la matière huileuse des chimistes hollandais, Robiquet, Colin, Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 1816, vol. 1, pp. 337–45.
- 1817 : Observations sur le memoire de M. Sertuerner relatif à l’analyse de l’opium, Robiquet, Annales de Chimie et de Physique,5 (1817), 275–278;
- 1822 : Nouvelles experiences sur l’huile volatile d’amandes ameres, Robiquet, Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 21 (1822), 250–255.
- 1826 : De l'emploi du bicarbonate de soude dans le traitement médical des calculs urinaires
- 1826 : Sur un nouveau principe immédiat des végétaux (l’alizarine) obtenu de la garance Robiquet, Colin, Journal de pharmacie et des sciences accessories, 12 (1826), 407–412
- 1827 : Nouvelles recherches sur la matière colorante de la garance, Robiquet, Colin, Annales de chimie et de physique, 34 (1827), 225–253
- 1829 : Essai analytique des lichens de l’orseille, Robiquet, Annales de chimie et de physique, 42 (1829), 236–257
- 1830 : Nouvelles expériences sur les amandes amères et sur l'huile volatile qu'elles fournissent Robiquet, Boutron-Charlard, Annales de chimie et de physique, 44 (1830), 352–382
- 1831 : Nouvelles expériences sur la semence de moutarde
- 1832 : Nouvelles observations sur les principaux produits de l’opium, P.J.Robiquet, Annales de chimie et de physique, 51 (1832), 225–267
- 1832 : Notice historique sur André Laugier (suivie d'une autre notice sur Auguste-Arthur Plisson)
See also
- Joseph Bienaimé Caventou
- Theodore Nicolas Gobley
- Carl Gräbe
- Carl Theodore Liebermann
- William Henry Perkin
- Pierre Joseph Pelletier
- Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin
Notes
- ^ http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/kings/glycyrrhiza.html[dead link]
- ^ Expériences sur les cantharides, Robiquet, Annales de Chimie, 1810, vol. 76, pp. 302–322.
- ^ Recherches sur la nature de la matière huileuse des chimistes hollandais, Robiquet, Colin, Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 1816, vol. 1, pp. 337–45
References
- Baumann E (1884). "Über cystin und cystein". Z Physiol Chem. 8 (4): 299–305. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
- Braconnot HM (1820). "Sur la conversion des matières animales en nouvelles substances par le moyen de l'acide sulfurique". Annales de Chimie et de Physique. Série 2. 13: 113–125.
- Moertel CG, Ames MM, Kovach JS, Moyer TP, Rubin JR, Tinker JH (February 1981). "A pharmacologic and toxicological study of amygdalin". JAMA. 245 (6): 591–594. PMID 7005480.
- Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Rubin J (January 1982). "A clinical trial of amygdalin (Laetrile) in the treatment of human cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 306 (4): 201–206. PMID 7033783.
Sources
- "Pierre Jean Robiquet", in Louis-Gabriel Michaud, old and modern universal Biography: history alphabetically of the public and private life of all the men with the collaboration of more than 300 scientists and literary men French or foreign, 2e edition, 1843–1865
- Warolin, C (1999). "[Pierre-Jean Robiquet]". Rev Hist Pharm (Paris). 47 (321): 97–110. PMID 11625518. comprehensive document using the obituary by Antoine Bussyfor life details, and with modern insights into the researches of Robiquet, in French
- Pierre Jean Robiquet (1780–1840), dans "Figures pharmaceutiques françaises", 3 p, de Pierre Crété.
- Antoine Bussy Eloge de Pierre Robiquet. J. pharm., avril 1841 (Obituary)
External links
- [1] Origines de la "Société de Prévoyance des Pharmaciens"
- [2] La codéine : Pierre ROBIQUET (1780–1840)
- [3] La Création de l'Ecole de Pharmacie
- [4] Académie Nationale de Pharmacie
- Curiosity items about Pierre Robiquet at today's "École de Pharmacie" in Paris
The "Ecole de Pharmacie", nowadays the "Faculté de Pharmacie" (University of pharmaceutical sciences) of Paris, stands 4, avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris 5eme
- Portrait by Devouge, Salle des Actes; visit [5] and go to portrait n°48
- One of the many figurehead medallions that adorn the walls of the inner court of the building represents Pierre Robiquet (along with other famed pharmacists and chemists such as Chaptal, Houel, Fourcroy, Antoine de Jussieu, Caventou et Pelletier, Brongniart, Newton, Lavoisier, Berthollet, Dumas, Bernard...) (visit [6] Société d'Histoire de la Pharmacie and [7] Les médaillons de la Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris)