Pieter Oud

His Excellency
Pieter Oud
His Excellency Pieter Oud
	Pieter Oud in 1956
Chairman of the People's Party ; for Freedom and Democracy
	In office; 8 April 1949 – 9 November 1963
Leader	Himself (1949–1963) ; Edzo Toxopeus (1963)
Preceded by	Dirk Stikker
Succeeded by	Kornelis van der Pols
Leader of the People's Party ; for Freedom and Democracy
	In office; 28 January 1948 – 16 May 1963
Deputy	See list Dirk Stikker (1948–1952) ; Henk Korthals (1952–1963) ; Roelof Zegering Hadders (1952–1963) ; Edzo Toxopeus (1959–1963);
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Minister of Finance
	In office; 26 May 1933 – 24 June 1937
Prime Minister	Hendrikus Colijn
Preceded by	Dirk Jan de Geer
Succeeded by	Jacob Adriaan de Wilde
Member of the House of Representatives
	In office; 27 July 1948 – 5 June 1963
	In office; 8 June 1937 – 8 November 1938
	In office; 28 June 1917 – 26 May 1933
Parliamentary group	People's Party for ; Freedom and Democracy ; (1948–1963) ; Free-thinking ; Democratic League ; (1917–1938)
Personal details
Born	Pieter Jacobus Oud; 5 December 1886; Purmerend, Netherlands
Died	12 August 1968 (aged 81); Rotterdam, Netherlands
Political party	People's Party for ; Freedom and Democracy ; (from 1948)
Other political; affiliations	Committee-Oud (1947–1948) ; Labour Party (1946–1947) ; Free-thinking ; Democratic League ; (1908–1946)
Spouse	Johanna Cornelia Fischer (m. 1912)
Children	Hendrik Cornelis Oud ; (1912–1998)
Relatives	Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences ; (Bachelor of Civil Law) ; University of Amsterdam ; (Master of Laws)
Occupation	Politician · civil servant · Jurist · Historian · Businessman · Tax advisor · Tax collector · Corporate director · Nonprofit director · Editor · Author · professor
Military service
Allegiance	Netherlands
Branch/service	Royal Netherlands Army
Years of service	1914–1916 (Conscription) ; 1916–1917 (Reserve)
Rank	Sergeant
Unit	Regiment Infanterie Oranje Gelderland
Battles/wars	World War I

Pieter Jacobus Oud (5 December 1886 – 12 August 1968) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB) party and later co-founder of the Labour Party (PvdA) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and historian. He was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 9 November 1963.^[1]

Oud attended the

Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences in June 1904, majoring in civil law notary and obtaining a Bachelor of Civil Law degree in July 1907. Oud took several curses in accounting from a certified teacher in Gorinchem from July 1907 until April 1909. Oud worked as civil servant for the Ministry of Finance from May 1909 until June 1917 for the department of Budgetary Affairs from May 1909 until September 1911 and as a tax collector for the Fiscal Information and Investigation Service (FIOD) on Texel from September 1911 until February 1914 and in Ommen from February 1914 until June 1917. Oud applied at the University of Amsterdam in April 1912 for a postgraduate education in Law, graduating with an Master of Laws degree in February 1914. After the Battle of the Frontiers, Oud was conscripted in the Regiment Infanterie Oranje Gelderland of the Royal Netherlands Army

, serving as a Sergeant from August 1914 until November 1916.

Oud was elected as a

Minister of Finance in the second Colijn cabinet, taking office on 26 May 1933. After the Leader of the Free-thinking Democratic League Henri Marchant retired after 19 years he endorsed Oud as his successor. Marchant stepping down on 18 May 1935 and was succeeded by Oud. The second Colijn cabinet fell on 23 July 1935 and was replaced by the third Colijn cabinet, with Oud continuing to serve as Minister of Finance, taking office on 31 July 1935. Following the 1937 election, Oud returned to the House of Representatives, taking office on 8 June 1937, but asked Dolf Joekes to remain as Parliamentary leader of the Free-thinking Democratic League in the House of Representatives until 20 September 1937. The third Colijn cabinet was replaced by the fourth Colijn cabinet on 24 June 1937. In October 1938 Oud was nominated as Mayor of Rotterdam, and he announced his resignation as Leader and Parliamentary leader, endorsing his long-serving deputy Dolf Joekes

as his successor. Oud resigned Leader and Parliamentary leader the day he was installed as Mayor, taking office on 15 October 1938.

On 14 May 1940 the

German invasion, leading the Dutch government to capitulate the next day. On 10 October 1941 Oud resigned in protest against the German occupation and was briefly detained in the Ilag Sint-Michielsgestel in the summer of 1942. During the rest of the German occupation Oud wrote dozens of books on history and politics. Following the end of World War II, Oud was again appointed as Mayor of Rotterdam, taking office on 7 May 1945. On 9 February 1946 the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB), the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) chose to merge to form the Labour Party (PvdA). Oud was one of its co-founders, but left the party a year later, after which he and several other former members of the Free-thinking Democratic League formed the rump party Committee-Oud in February 1947. On 24 January 1948 the Committee-Oud and the Freedom Party (PvdV) chose to merge to form the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Oud became the first Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy

.
For the

lijsttrekker (lead candidate) of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. The party had six seats in the House of House of Representatives previously held by the Freedom Party and won two additional seats, now having eight seats in the House of Representatives. Oud again returned as a Member of the House of Representatives and became the party's first Parliamentary leader on 27 July 1948. The following cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement between the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, the Catholic People's Party (KVP), the Labour Party and the Christian Historical Union (CHU) which formed the Drees–Van Schaik cabinet, with Oud opting to remain in the House of Representatives instead of filling a ministerial post. Oud also served as Chairman of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy from 8 April 1949 until 9 November 1963. Oud served continuously as Leader and Parliamentary leader for the next 15 years and was lijsttrekker for the elections of 1952, 1956 and 1959. In January 1963, Oud announced his retirement from national politics, stating that he would not stand for the 1963 election. Shortly after the election, on 16 May 1963, Oud stepped down as Leader and Parliamentary leader, and was succeeded as Leader by Edzo Toxopeus and as Parliamentary leader by Roelof Zegering Hadders until Edzo Toxopeus took over as Parliamentary leader on 2 July 1963 but retained his seat in the House of Representatives and continued to serve as a backbencher

until the end of the parliamentary term on 5 June 1963.

Following the end of his active political career, Oud occupied numerous seats as a corporate director and nonprofit director for supervisory boards in the business and industry world and for supervisory boards for several international non-governmental organisations and research institutes (

Van Lanschot, Netherlands Atlantic Association, Carnegie Foundation and the Royal Netherlands Historical Society) and served on several state commissions

on behalf of the government.

Life

Life before politics

Oud came from a middle-class family. His father traded in tobacco, wine, and later stocks, and served as

alderman in Purmerend. Oud attended HBS in Amsterdam, graduating in 1904. He continued to study to become notary between 1904 and 1907. During this time he had become member of the board of the League of Freethinking Propaganda Associations, the freethinking liberal youth organisation. He took a private courses in registration in Gorinchem between 1907 and 1909. Between 1909 and 1911 he was civil servant within the ministry of Finance responsible for registration and government possessions. In 1911 he became a tax collector on Texel. In 1912 he took his matriculation to study law at the University of Amsterdam. He combined his work as tax collector with his study of law. In the same year he married Johanna Cornelia Fischer, from this marriage they got one son. In 1914 he became tax collector in Ommen. Meanwhile, he was mobilised as Sergeant of the seventh regiment infantry, which was stationed near Amsterdam between 1914 and 1916. Between 1915 and 1919 he was member of the national board of the VDB. He graduated in 1917 on basis of a disputation

.

Political life

For the VDB

Oud was elected in 1917 election for the VDB, the last election with runoff voting. He defeated Staalman of the left-wing Christian Democratic Party in the second round in the district of Den Helder. He retained his legal position as tax collector, but was given a leave for undetermined time. He was even promoted to inspector of finances in 1921, while on leave. In the 1918 election Oud stood for elections again, and was elected with 5,000 preference votes, mainly from the former district of Den Helder. While MP, Oud also served as secretary of the VDB national board and editor of the De Vrijzinnige Democraat, the party's magazine. In parliament Oud took a particular interest in military matters and education, and served as the party's finance spokesperson. As MP he served as member of the Committee on the Navy between 1923 and 1933 and the Committee on the Army since 1925. He was chairman of the association for the promotion of public education "People's Education" for many years.

After the

led the VDB in the 1937 election and returned to the House of Representatives as chair of the parliamentary party

. He also served as chair for the committee on government expenditure.

In Rotterdam

He left the House of Representatives in 1938 to become

States-Provincial of South Holland. In August 1939 he was offered the position of Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Dirk Jan de Geer

, but declined.

Controversially, Oud did not resign after the

Frederik Ernst Müller. In the summer of 1942 he was briefly held in Sint-Michielsgestel, where many prominent Dutch politicians were held captive. During the war Oud kept far from the resistance movement

and instead committed himself to writing several books on parliamentary history. Meanwhile, he kept close contact with important people from the business and the political world of Rotterdam.

In 1945, after the

board of trustees of the banker Staal, he was member of the pension council of the Dutch Reformed Church since 1946 and he served as chair of the International Union of Municipalities and Local Governments

between 1948 and 1954.

For the VVD

On 3 October 1947, Oud sent a letter to the board of the PvdA announcing his resignation as a member. The reason he gave for the split was that the PvdA was moving too much into socialist waters, instead of being committed to progressive politics. The fact that he was refused a position on the party list for the Senate is generally seen as the political reason for Oud's split. Oud never felt at home in the new social democratic party.

He immediately founded the Committee of Preparation of the Foundation of a Democratic People's Party, which prepared the foundation of the VVD. He negotiated the merger of the remnants of the old VDB with the newly founded Freedom Party. On 24 January 1948 he became one of the founding members of the liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, together with Dirk Stikker and Henk Korthals, and served in its first national board as vice-chair. In 1948 he was elected to the House of Representatives for the VVD, and became chair of its parliamentary party, combining this position with the position of chair of the party's organisation.

In parliament he mainly spoke on issues of administrative and constitutional law. He was a very influential member of parliament. When the law concerning the decolonisation of

University of Rotterdam, which he remained until 1957. Between 1953 and 1963 he was chair of the Justice Committee of the House of Representatives. As such, he was heavily involved in the preparation of many laws, and served as chair on the committees preparing the laws on the provinces, the police, archives, patents and many more. In 1959 he came into conflict with Harm van Riel

, the chair of the VVD's parliamentary party in the Senate, because Van Riel wanted to become minister, but Oud denied him this.

In the last years of his period in the House of Representatives, Oud was the eldest member of the House and on many times functioned as Speaker, such as when a new Speaker was elected. Before the 1963 election Oud announced that he would not continue as MP; he was succeeded by the Minister of the Interior Edzo Toxopeus. In the same year, he was appointed as Minister of State, an honorary title.

Life after politics

After 1963, Oud retired from Dutch political life. He was only asked upon at times of great crisis. In 1966 he was member of the committee that advised the government on the ministerial responsibility towards members of the royal house, together with Willem Drees. In the same year, he co-authored a book on a new constitution.

When Oud died in 1968, his family wanted to announce his death after the burial. His general practitioner did not know this, and told a patient that evening that Oud had died that afternoon. The father of this patient happened to be a journalist for the socialist paper Het Vrije Volk, which published a large In Memoriam the next morning.

Trivia

Jacobus Oud
, a famous Dutch architect, was his brother.
Oud was a respected voice in parliament, not only because he spoke with a soft high pitched voice, but also because he was the House's conscience when it came to constitutional issues and administrative laws.
Oud was a lifelong member of the freethinking Protestant broadcasting organisation, VPRO.

Decorations

Ribbon bar	Honour	Country	Date	Comment
Honours
	Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown	Belgium	4 April 1936
	Commander of the Order of the Netherlands Lion	Netherlands	30 July 1937	Elevated from Knight (29 August 1925)
	Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange	Netherlands	10 December 1945
	Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown	Luxembourg	1 August 1950
	Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour	France	8 March 1957
	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau	Netherlands	21 June 1957
Honorific Titles
Ribbon bar	Honour	Country	Date	Comment
	Minister of State	Netherlands	9 November 1963	Style of Excellency

Bibliography

"Om de Democratie" (1929; "For Democracy")
"Het jongste verleden: Parlementaire geschiedenis van Nederland, 1918–1940" (1946; The recent past: parliamentary history of the Netherlands, 1918-194-)
"Honderd jaren: Hoofdzaken der Nederlandsche staatkundige geschiedenis, 1840–1940" (1946; One hundred years, Important matters of the Dutch political history 1840–1940)
"Het constitutionele recht van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden" (1947–1953; The constitutional law of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
"Proeve van een Grondwet (1966; Attempt at a constitution)

References

^ "Oud, Pieter Jacobus (1886–1968)" (in Dutch). Huygens ING. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2019.

External links

Official

(in Dutch) Mr. P.J. (Pieter) Oud Parlement & Politiek

Party political offices
Preceded by Henri Marchant	Leader of the Free-thinking Democratic League 1935–1938	Succeeded by Dolf Joekes
Preceded by Dolf Joekes	Parliamentary leader of the Free-thinking Democratic League in the House of Representatives 1937–1938	Succeeded by Dolf Joekes
New political party	Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy 1948–1963	Succeeded by Edzo Toxopeus
	Lijsttrekker of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy 1948, 1952, 1956, 1959	Succeeded by Edzo Toxopeus
	Parliamentary leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy in the House of Representatives 1948–1963	Succeeded by Roelof Zegering Hadders
	Vice Chairman of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy 1948–1949	Succeeded by Harm van Riel
Preceded by Dirk Stikker	Chairman of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy 1949–1963	Succeeded by Kornelis van der Pols
Political offices
Preceded by Dirk Jan de Geer	Minister of Finance 1933–1937	Succeeded by Jacob Adriaan de Wilde
Preceded by Pieter Droogleever Fortuyn	Mayor of Rotterdam 1938–1941 1945–1952	Succeeded by Arie de Zeeuw Ad interim
Preceded by Frederik Ernst Müller	Mayor of Rotterdam 1938–1941 1945–1952	Succeeded by Gerard van Walsum
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded by Unknown	Chairman of the Association of Municipalities 1946–1952	Succeeded by Unknown

[1] "Oud, Pieter Jacobus (1886–1968)" (in Dutch). Huygens ING. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2019.

[1]

v t e Third Colijn cabinet (1935–1937)
Preceded: Second Colijn cabinet Succeed: Fourth Colijn cabinet
Prime Minister	Colonial Affairs )
Ministers	Jacob Adriaan de Wilde (Interior) Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff (Foreign Affairs) Pieter Oud (Finance) Josef van Schaik (Justice) Economic Affairs ) (1935) Henri Gelissen ( Economic Affairs and Shipping ) (from 1935) Laurentius Nicolaas Deckers (Defence) (1935) Hendrikus Colijn (Defence) (from 1935) Marcus Slingenberg (Social Affairs) Jan Rudolph Slotemaker de Bruïne (Education, Arts and Sciences) Otto van Lidth de Jeude (Water Management) Laurentius Nicolaas Deckers (Agriculture and Fisheries) (from 1935)

v t e Second Colijn cabinet (1933–1935)
Preceded: Third Ruijs de Beerenbrouck cabinet Succeed: Third Colijn cabinet
Prime Minister	Colonial Affairs )
Ministers	Jacob Adriaan de Wilde (Interior) Andries Cornelis Dirk de Graeff (Foreign Affairs) Pieter Oud (Finance) Josef van Schaik (Justice) Economic Affairs and Labour ) (1933) Timotheus Verschuur ( Economic Affairs ) (1933–1934) Hendrikus Colijn ( Economic Affairs ) (Ad interim) Economic Affairs ) (1934–1935) Economic Affairs ) (from 1935) Laurentius Nicolaas Deckers (Defence) Jan Rudolph Slotemaker de Bruïne (Social Affairs) (from 1933) Henri Marchant (Education, Arts and Sciences) (1933–1935) Jan Rudolph Slotemaker de Bruïne (Education, Arts and Sciences) (from 1935) Jacob Kalff (Water Management) (1933–1935) (†) Hendrikus Colijn (Water Management) (Ad interim) Otto van Lidth de Jeude (Water Management) (from 1935)

Authority control databases
International	FAST ISNI VIAF
National	France BnF data Germany United States Netherlands
Academics	CiNii
People	Netherlands
Other	IdRef