Pin Malakul
Mom Luang Pin Malakul | |
---|---|
ปิ่น มาลากุล | |
Minister of Education | |
In office 1957–1969 | |
Prime Minister | |
Preceded by | Munee Mahasanthana Vejayantarungsarit |
Succeeded by | Sukich Nimmanheminda |
Minister of Culture | |
In office 21 September 1957 – 20 October 1958 | |
Preceded by | Prayoon Yuthasastrkosol |
Succeeded by | Post terminated |
Personal details | |
Born | Siam | 24 October 1903
Died | 5 October 1995 Bangkok, Thailand | (aged 91)
Spouse |
Thanpuying Dussadee Malakul Na Ayutthaya
(m. 1932) |
National Artist in Literature (1987) | |
Signature | |
Mom Luang Pin Malakul
Personal life
Early life and education
Pin recalled in his autobiography[5] that although his mother was a kind and loving figure, his father was rather strict and acted more like a teacher than a father, and that he was often fearful of him. A loyal servant of the crown, Pia introduced Pin to King Vajiravudh when he was seven years old. Another often-recounted story from his childhood is that of how, before having learned to count, when his mother asked him to gather half a bunch of betel leaves for her, Pin set down to picking up one leaf with each hand at a time, separating them equally into two piles.[6]
At the age of four, Pin began receiving preliminary education from teachers who came to teach at the family home on Damrongrak Road, next to Varadis Palace. He enrolled at Suankularb Wittayalai School (then known as Wat Ratchaburana School) shortly before turning seven in 1910, and after half a year his examination results placed him at Mathayom 1 level. In 1914 he was accepted into the Royal Pages School (now Vajiravudh College). Half a year later, King Vajiravudh named him one of eight Royal Page Students (นักเรียนมหาดเล็กรับใช้) in the king's personal service.[7] Although he did not attend regular classes at the school afterwards, he passed exams at Mathayom 5 level (grade 11) at the end of the school year.[8]
As a Royal Page Student, Pin's duties included various tasks in the royal household as well as accompanying the King in his various activities. The Royal Page Students were involved in plays and sports games held in court and also in activities of the King's scouting-related paramilitary movement, the
Life in Europe
In 1922, when Pin was eighteen years old, the Ministry of Public Instruction, in accordance with the King's wishes, granted him a government scholarship for a tertiary education in ancient Eastern languages in the United Kingdom. He departed aboard the MS Jutlandia on 23 January 1922 and arrived in London on 7 March.[12]
During his first two years, Pin studied
In England Pin formed close friendships with fellow Thai students Prince Dulbhakara Worawan, Visuddhi Krairiksh, and Phanom Thephasdin, the first of which with whom he had been friends since their time as Royal Page Students. He also developed a taste for
Pin was accepted into
After finishing his studies, Pin accompanied Princess Kalyanga Sombati Kitiyakara on a one-month trip in Europe. Upon return to London, he attended the First World Conference on Adult Education on behalf of Siam, but during the same time his health deteriorated further, and he was diagnosed with tuberculosis.[22] Accordingly, his return trip to Siam had to be postponed in order for him to recover in Switzerland. There he spent almost two years in Davos and later Klosters, until September 1931 when he attended the League of Nations annual conference before returning to Siam via a Nippon Yusen ship departing from Naples, Italy. He finally arrived in Siam on 23 October 1931, after spending over nine years abroad.[23]
Marriage
Pin married Miss Dussadeemala Krairiksh,[nb 4] daughter of Chao Phraya Mahithon and Thanpuying Klip, on 7 March 1932.[24] They lived at the Krairiksh family home before building a house on the Damrongrak Road property, and finally settled at Soi Chaiyot on Sukhumvit Road in 1938.[25] They had no children.
Work
Early years
Upon Pin's return from Europe in 1931, Public Instruction Minister Prince Dhani Nivat appointed him as a government official under Krom Vichakan, a department of the ministry. He also served the Prince in a somewhat unofficial capacity, assisting the Prince's work and observing the ministry's various goings-on. Under the Prince's directions, Pin became an instructor in mathematics, Thai, and English at Chulalongkorn University, in addition to the various duties he performed for the ministry.[26] In 1934, he became head of the university's teacher-preparation programme and headmaster of the Horwang Secondary School of Chulalongkorn University, which served as the country's first demonstration (teacher training) school. He began developing projects for the school, although few of them were realised at the time. One such project was the creation of the country's first school workshop.[27]
In 1938,
As
In 1942, not long after the invasion, Prime Minister Pibulsonggram assumed the post of education minister himself, and appointed Pin as Director-General of the Department of General Education. Although resources were limited due to the war, Pin was able to manage the budget and personnel to allow a countrywide 12 baht salary for rural local schoolteachers. During his term, every province was provided with at least one upper-secondary school. He also became involved in frequent school migrations due to both the war and changing policy.[4][30]
One issue with which Pin was deeply concerned was that of the country's teacher-training system, an issue he stressed during an audience with King Ananda Mahidol after the war in 1946, and would later address during his term as Permanent Secretary of Education.[4][31]
As Permanent Secretary of Education
Pin became Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education in 1946. In this capacity, he oversaw the founding in 1949 of the Higher Teacher Training School at Prasanmit, now Srinakharinwirot University, and the drafting of the first national education plan.[4]
Administration-wise, Krom Vichakan (or the Department of Curriculum and Instruction Development) was re-created in 1952 and the Department of Teacher Education was created in 1954, along with the expansion of the Higher Teacher Training School to become the College of Education, of which Pin served as
Pin also pioneered the field of distance education via the "educational radio" broadcasting station, which was set up at Thung Maha Mek Technical College in 1954. Despite obstacles and limited support, the programme proved successful and continually developed, and is now under the authority of the Centre for Educational Technology.[33] He also continued to teach at Chulalongkorn University, where he was appointed an adjunct professor in education in 1954.[34]
As permanent secretary, Pin acted as the head delegate for Thailand to the third UNESCO General Conference in Beirut in 1948, where Thailand was an observer, and represented Thailand as the country filed for membership in 1949 and was accepted as the fifty-fifth member state. He served as director and coordinator for the Seminar on Rural Adult Education in Mysore, India, that year, and regularly represented Thailand in subsequent UNESCO meetings.[35]
He was elected to two terms on the UNESCO Executive Board from 1952 to 1956, during which he supported and helped advance UNESCO's programmes for promotion of universal compulsory education in Asian countries. His representation also lead to cooperative projects between the UNESCO and Thailand, including the Thailand UNESCO Rulral Teacher Education Project and the Thailand UNESCO Fundamental Education Center at Ubon Ratchathani Province, among others. Even after his term ended as permanent secretary, Pin was still involved in UNESCO activities in Thailand. He facilitated the establishment of UNESCO's regional office in Bangkok, which opened in 1961, and was among the founders of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization.[36][37]
As Minister of Education
In 1957 Army Commander
As Minister of Education, Pin established the Regional Education Development Project including higher education, which aimed to study the needs and limitations of education systems in the provinces. Spanning over two years, results of the project included the improvement of cooperation between government officials and
As part of the project, Pin made preparations for the founding of Chiang Mai University, planning the campus and beginning construction, but the authority over the project was ultimately transferred to the Office of the Educational Council. He served three terms as President of Silpakorn University from 1965 to 1971, during which he founded the university's Sanam Chandra Palace Campus. There he intended to established a collegiate university system following that used at Oxford, as advised when he was Permanent Secretary of Education by Prime Minister Pibulsonggram, and Thap Kaew College was opened in 1968. However, the college system turned out to be unsuccessful, lacking support from both the student body and the government, and was dissolved.[42]
At Thap Kaew, Pin also arranged for the construction of the Sound Library, a remotely accessible on-demand audio collection. King Bhumibol Adulyadej donated recordings of his speeches to the library, and later remote access via radio from Bangkok was developed, but the library was not maintained after Pin's presidency ended and thus fell into disuse.[43]
As minister, Pin also oversaw the construction of the Bangkok Planetarium, which opened in 1964, and of the new National Library building at Tha Vasukri, and the revival of the King's Scholarship, among other things. After his ministerial term ended in 1969, he served two terms as member of the Senate and another as a member of the National Legislation Assembly.[17][44][45]
Later life
Pin spent much of his retirement working on various tributes to King Vajiravudh, who had died while Pin was studying in England. In 1970 he began working with a few others with the intent to secure and catalogue the King's various literary works, some of which by then were at risk of disappearing. He and the group made records of Dusit Thani, obtaining old photographs and other documentation, and organised a "guided tour" of Dusit Thani of old in November that year, which was presented to Princess Bejaratana, among others.[46]
The group's work continued, and the Fine Arts Department established it into an official committee, with Pin as chairman, to make preparations for the 100th anniversary of the King's birth, which would be recognised by UNESCO. Pin lobbied for the construction of Vajiravudhanusorn Hall, a museum displaying the King's works and duties, at the National Library. The hall was opened in 1981, despite budget problems during construction, which Pin had to sell part of the property on Damrongrak Road to help fund.[47][48]
The committee also conducted research on the Wild Tiger Corps, and determined the location in
He was also a member of the Committee for the Renovation of Sanam Chandra Palace, but did not live to see the restoration completed.[50]
Mom Luang Pin Malakul died on 5 October 1995, at the age of ninety-one.[4]
Literary works
During his years as Royal Page Student, Pin closely served King Vajiravudh and became learned in Thai literature. He was a prolific writer and produced a great number of literary works, including 25 compilations of poetic works, 57 works on education, 58 plays, 8 travel writings, and 56 other works.[51] Among these are the following works in English:
- Writings on education
- Seminar on Rural Adult Education
- Education during the Time when H.H. Prince Dhani Was Minister of Public Instruction
- Plays
- School in the Village
- Somsak in Trouble
- Others
- Miscellaneous Problems (1960)
- Miscellaneous Problems or An Autobiography of a Would-be Mathematician (1972)
- The New Republic
- Dramatic Achievement of King Rama VI
- King Vajiravudh: Thailand's Prolific Writer
Awards and recognition
Pin was awarded the title of
Pin received various decorations and medals, including the Orders of
He received
Notes
- Mom luang is a Thai honorific hereditary title denoting a royal bloodline; the subject's personal namewas Pin Malakul.
- Mom rajawongsealso denotes a royal bloodline. Pia Malakul was also known by his noble title as Chao Phraya Phrasadet Surentharathibodi.
- dame. Sa-ngiam was her given name.
- ^ Later known as Thanpuying Dussadee Malakul Na Ayutthaya.
References
Footnotes
- ^ Watcharaphon 2002, pp. 253–4.
- ^ Malakul 1989, p. 4.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 11–13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Saengpassa, Chularat (July 2006), "ML Pin Malakul: Teacher with Vision" (PDF), 35 Most Influential Thais, Bangkok: The Nation, p. 111, retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Royal Gazette (3 October 1915), ประกาศอธิบดีกรมมหาดเล็ก รับพระบรมราชโองการให้แต่งตั้งนักเรียนมหาดเล็กรับใช้, Royal Gazette (in Thai), vol. 32, p. 300.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 5, 8.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 16–9.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 31–2.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 17, 20.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 41, 49–50.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 53–4.
- ^ Malakul 1989, p. 56.
- ^ Intasang, Surat (April 2001), นักคณิตศาสตร์ไทยที่ไม่ธรรมดานาม "ประดิสมิด" (PDF), IPST Magazine (in Thai) (113), Bangkok: IPST: 5, retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 70–1.
- ^ a b Office of the National Culture Commission (10 October 2003), 24 ตุลาคม 2546 ครบรอบ 100 ปีเกิด หม่อมหลวงปิ่น มาลากุล บุรุษ 5 แผ่นดิน (in Thai), Office of the National Culture Commission, retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 52, 82.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 56, 58, 64, 70.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 71–5.
- ^ The Times (16 October 1931), "University News: Degrees Conferred at Oxford", The Times, London.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 78, 90–3.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 105–6, 115, 118.
- ^ Malakul 1989, p. 124.
- ^ a b Malakul 1989, p. 129.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 121, 123.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 127–8.
- ^ Janehutthakarnkij et al. 2007, pp. 63–4.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 130–1.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 131–3.
- ^ Malakul 1989, p. 132.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 137, 163.
- ^ Watcharaphon 2002, pp. 256–8.
- ^ "ประกาศสำนักคณะรัฐมนตรี เรื่องแต่งตั้งศาสตราจารย์พิเศษ" [Proclamation of the Office of the Ministers regarding appointment of associate professors] (PDF). Royal Thai Government Gazette. 71 (79): 2664–5. 30 November 1954. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 140–50.
- ^ Ordoñez, Victor (16 October 1995), A Tribute to the Memory of Mom Luang Pin Malakul (PDF), UNESCO, p. 1, retrieved 16 September 2008.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 161–2.
- ^ Malakul 1989, p. 167.
- ^ Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2005), A History of Thailand, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 177–178.
- ^ Malakul 1989, p. 170.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 175–7.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 171–2, 182.
- ^ Malakul 1989, p. 173.
- ^ Watcharaphon 2002, pp. 259–61.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 179, 186.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 193–4.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 194–5.
- ^ Watcharaphon 2002, pp. 261–3.
- ^ Malakul 1989, pp. 201–3.
- ^ Malakul 1989, p. 229.
- ^ Watcharaphon 2002, pp. 247–53.
- ^ ONCC 1987, p. 11.
- ^ UNESCO (2002), Records of the General Conference, 31st Session, Paris, 15 October to 3 November 2001 (PDF), vol. Resolutions, Paris: UNESCO, pp. 83–4, retrieved 16 September 2008.
- ^ UNESCO (27 December 2002), Address by Mr Koïchiro Matsuura, Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), on the occasion of the re-dedication of the Mom Luang Pin Malakul Centenary Building (PDF), UNESCO, p. 1, retrieved 16 September 2008.
- ^ Janehutthakarnkij et al. 2007, pp. 275–6.
- ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (10 May 1967), แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ (PDF), Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai), vol. 84, no. 41 D, special ed, p. 21, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009, retrieved 26 November 2008.
- ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (17 December 1957), แจ้งความสำนักคณะรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานเครื่องขัตติยราชอิสริยาภรณ์ (PDF), Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai), vol. 74, no. 107 D, p. 2992, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009, retrieved 26 November 2008.
- ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (6 December 1949), แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ (PDF), Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai), vol. 66, no. 66 D, p. 5430, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009, retrieved 26 November 2008.
- ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (15 June 1988), ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์อันเป็นสิริยิ่งรามกีรติ ลูกเสือสดุดีชั้นพิเศษ (PDF), Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai), vol. 105, no. 95D, special ed, p. 2, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009, retrieved 26 November 2008.
- ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (22 July 1982), แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานเหรียญดุษฎีมาลา เข็มศิลปวิทยา (PDF), Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai), vol. 99, no. 101 D, special ed, p. 20, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009, retrieved 26 November 2008.
- ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (12 December 1952), แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ (PDF), Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai), vol. 69, no. 73 D, special ed, p. 214, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009, retrieved 26 November 2008.
- ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (12 March 1986), แจ้งความสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง พระราชทานเหรียญรัตนาภรณ์ (PDF), Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai), vol. 103, no. 40 D, special ed, p. 63, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009, retrieved 26 November 2008.
- ^ a b c ONCC 1987, p. 14.
- ^ West German Government (10 November 1962), Certificate, awarding to Mom Luang Pin Malakul das Grosse Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband, des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (in German).
- ^ Belgian Government (10 November 1962), Certificate, awarding to Mom Luang Pin Malakul grand corden de l'Ordre de Léopold (in French).
- ^ Japanese Government (11 December 1962), Certificate, awarding to Mom Luang Pin Malakul the Order of the Sacred Treasure (First Class) (in Japanese).
- ^ ROC Government (11 December 1962), Certificate, awarding to Mom Luang Pin Malakul the Order of the Brilliant Star (Grand Cordon) (in Chinese).
- ^ Chulalongkorn University (28 February 1962), Diploma, awarding to Prof. Mom Luang Pin Malakul the honorary degree of Doctor of Education (in Thai).
- ^ Indiana University (8 June 1964), Diploma, awarding to Mom Luang Pin Malakul the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.
- ^ Silpakorn University (23 September 1966), Diploma, awarding to Prof. Mom Luang Pin Malakul the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts (historical archaeology) (in Thai).
- ^ Silpakorn University (30 April 1974), Diploma, awarding to Prof. Mom Luang Pin Malakul the honorary degree of Doctor of Education (in Thai).
- ^ Silpakorn University (6 October 1987), Diploma, awarding to Mom Luang Pin Malakul the honorary degree of Doctor of Arts (Thai language and literature) (in Thai).
- ^ College of Education (1 September 1967), Diploma, awarding to Prof. Mom Luang Pin Malakul the honorary degree of Doctor of Education (in Thai).
- ^ Chiang Mai University (24 January 1973), Diploma, awarding to Mom Luang Pin Malakul the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy (education) (in Thai).
- ^ Ramkhamhaeng University (17 April 1984), Diploma, awarding to Mom Luang Pin Malakul the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Thai language (in Thai).
- ^ Royal Thai Government Gazette (1 March 1986), ประกาศสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี เรื่อง แต่งตั้งราชบัณฑิตกิตติมศักดิ์ (PDF), Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai), vol. 103, no. 34 D, special ed, p. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009, retrieved 26 November 2008.
- ^ Education Society of Thailand (22 August 1964), Certificate, awarding to Prof. Mom Luang Pin Malakul honorary membership (in Thai).
- ^ a b Malakul 1989.
Bibliography
- Janehutthakarnkij, Jongchai; Ratchaneekorn, Songsri; Siriwong, Komkrit; Trisonthi, Pattama; Poethong, Arunee; Getbenlittikul, Pranee (2007), 70 ปี เตรียมอุดมศึกษา (in Thai), Bangkok: Triam Udom Suksa School.
- Malakul, Pin (1989), อัตชีวประวัติของหม่อมหลวงปิ่น มาลากุล (in Thai) (2006 reprint ed.), Bangkok: Thepnimit Press (published 2006).
- Office of the National Culture Commission (1987), ศิลปินแห่งชาติ พ.ศ. 2530 (in Thai), Bangkok: Office of the National Culture Commission, pp. 11–16.
- Watcharaphon, Prakat (2002), คนไทย ดีเด่น ระดับโลก (in Thai), Bangkok: Dokya, pp. 243–263, ISBN 974-94320-7-X.
External links
- Media related to Pin Malakul at Wikimedia Commons