Pine grosbeak

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Pine grosbeak
Male
Female in Canada

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genus: Pinicola
Vieillot, 1808
Species:
P. enucleator
Binomial name
Pinicola enucleator
Breeding range of P. enucleator
  Resident
  Non-breeding
Synonyms

Loxia enucleator Linnaeus, 1758

The pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) is a large member of the true

Palearctic to Siberia. The species is a frugivore, especially in winter, favoring small fruits, such as rowans (mountain-ashes in the New World). With fruit-crop abundance varying from year to year, pine grosbeak is one of many subarctic-resident bird species that exhibit irruptive behavior. In irruption
years, individuals can move long distances in search of suitable food supplies, bringing them farther south and/or downslope than is typical of years with large fruit crops.

Taxonomy

The pine grosbeak was

type locality is Sweden.[3] It is now the only species placed in the genus Pinicola that was erected in 1808 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot.[4][5] The generic name Pinicola combines the Latin pinus meaning "pine tree" and colere meaning "to dwell"; the specific enucleator is from the Latin enucleare meaning "to remove the kernel".[6]

The pine grosbeak is a

mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences that were published in 2012 and 2013.[5][7][8]

Eight subspecies are recognised:[5]

  • P. e. enucleator (Linnaeus, 1758) – Scandinavia to central Siberia
  • P. e. kamtschatkensis (Dybowski, 1883) – northeastern Siberia
  • P. e. sakhalinensis Buturlin, 1915 – Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, northern Japan
  • P. e. flammula Homeyer, 1880 – coastal southern Alaska and western Canada
  • P. e. carlottae Brooks, AC, 1922 – the Queen Charlotte Islands (off western Canada)
  • P. e. montana Ridgway, 1898 – inland southwestern Canada to west-central U.S.
  • P. e. californica Price, 1897 – eastern California
  • P. e. leucura (Müller, PLS, 1776) – inland west, central Alaska to eastern Canada and northern New England (U.S.)

Description

This species is one of the largest species in the

moult
their colored head plumage.

Its voice is geographically variable, and includes a whistled pui pui pui or chii-vli. The song is a short musical warble.

Distribution and habitat

Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska

Pine grosbeaks breed in the boreal forests of northern Eurasia and North America, and typically either remain resident near their breeding grounds or migrate relatively short distances to the southern extent of boreal forests. During irruptive years, more travel to southern boreal forests and some move further south. In such years in the New World, they can occur well south of their typical winter distribution, which is the northern

temperate parts of Europe; in all of Germany, for example, not more than 4 individuals per year and often none at all have been recorded since 1980.[13]
The birds have also been known to live in coniferous forests, and other woodlands of the sort.

Behaviour and ecology

The breeding habitat of the pine grosbeak is coniferous forests. They nest on a horizontal branch or in a fork of a conifer. This bird is a permanent resident through most of its range; in the extreme north or when food sources are scarce, they may migrate farther south. When breeding both sexes develop gular pouches which they use to store seeds before feeding them to the young.[14]

Pine grosbeaks forage in trees and bushes. They mainly eat seeds, buds, berries, and insects. Outside of the nesting season, they often feed in flocks.

  • Immature male
    Immature male
  • Front view of female, notice forked tail, Gatineau Park, Quebec
    Front view of female, notice forked tail, Gatineau Park, Quebec
  • Eggs of Pinicola enucleator MHNT
    Eggs of Pinicola enucleator
    MHNT

References

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22720625A132141177.en
    . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 171.
  3. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 284.
  4. ^ Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1807). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale : contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Chez Desray. p. iv. The volume is dated 1807 on the title page but was not published until the following year.
  5. ^
    Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Finches, euphonias"
    . IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  6. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
    .
  7. ^
    PMID 22023825
    .
  8. doi:10.1111/zoj.12057
    .
  9. ^ "Pine Grosbeak Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  10. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5
    .
  11. ISBN 0-691-03424-9
    .
  12. ^ Adkisson, C. S. (1999). "Pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator)". In Poole, A. (ed.). The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
  13. ^ Töpfer, Till (2007). "Nachweise seltener Vogeltaxa (Aves) in Sachsen aus der ornithologischen Sammlung des Museums für Tierkunde Dresden" [Records of rare bird taxa (Aves) in Saxony from the ornithological collection of the Zoological Museum Dresden] (PDF). Faunistische Abhandlungen (in German). 26 (3): 63–101.[permanent dead link]
  14. JSTOR 1364663
    .


External links

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