Pinghua
Pinghua | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Native speakers | 7+ million (2016)[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hanyu Pinyin | Pínghuà | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pinghua ClassificationLanguage surveys in Guangxi during the 1950s recorded varieties of Chinese that had been included in the Yue dialect group but were different from those in Guangdong. Pinghua was designated as a separate dialect group from Yue by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the 1980s[3]: 15 and since then has been treated as a separate dialect in textbooks and surveys.[4] Since designation as a separate dialect group, Pinghua has been the focus of increased research. In 2008 a report by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences of research into Chinese varieties noted an increase in research papers and surveys of Pinghua, from 7 before the 1987 publication of the Language Atlas of China based on the revised classification, and about 156 between then and 2004.[5] In the 1980s the number of speakers was listed as over 2 million;[3]: 21 and by 2016 as 7 million.[6] DialectsPinghua is generally divided into two mutually unintelligible languages:[7]
The Zheyuan people of Funing County, Yunnan speak a form of Pinghua. They are located in Dongbo and Guichao, and they migrated from Nanning. Phonologyɬ] for Middle Chinese /s/ or /z/, for example in the numbers /ɬam/ "three" and /ɬi/ "four".[10][11] This is unlike Standard Cantonese but like some other Yue varieties such as Taishanese .
TonesSouthern Pinghua has six contrasting tones in open syllables, and four in checked syllables,[12] as found in neighbouring Yue varieties such as the Bobai dialect.
The split of the lower entering tone is determined by the initial consonant, with the low rising contour occurring after sonorant initials.[13] Genetic profileGenetically, Pinghua speakers have more in common with non-Han ethnic groups in southern China, as opposed to other Han groups.[2] Notes
References
Further reading
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Literary forms |
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- Chinese characters
- Simplified
- Traditional
- Punctuation