Pinochetism

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Official portrait of Augusto Pinochet during the military dictatorship of Chile.

Pinochetism (

neoliberal.[7]
Former and current supporters of the dictatorship are known as pinochetistas.

History

Military dictatorship

Upon assuming power, the dictatorship's first measure was to ban left-wing political parties and (forcibly) limit the political activity of their members. It also ordered the indefinite suspension of other political parties; however, many members of right-wing parties (and a few Christian Democrats and Radicals) actively collaborated with Pinochet's regime (but were unable to demonstrate their thoughts openly).[citation needed] Lucía Hiriart, who served as First Lady of Chile as Pinochet's wife, brought together Pinochetist women through CEMA Chile, an institution she directed from 1973 to 2016. CEMA Chile had more than 500,000 members and was granted a large budget to use for its operations.[8] The far-right Spanish politician Blas Piñar supported the Chilean dictatorship and declared himself an admirer of Pinochet's work, meeting him on several occasions in Chile and Spain.[9][10] During the 70s, all party political activity was prohibited. It was not until 1980, after the promulgation of the new constitution, that the organization of political groups was allowed.[citation needed]

Demonstration in support of the Pinochet regime, on September 11, 1976, in front of the Diego Portales building.

Between 1980 and 1987, various support groups for the dictatorship emerged, such as the National Action Movement, the

Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional Sindicalista and others that left power (after a power struggle within the liberal-conservative right), mainly after criticising the neoliberal leadership that the regime acquired.[16]

This power struggle was won by liberal-conservative political factions like the

In 1987, a new law concerning political parties was promulgated, according to which political parties could begin to formally operate, with the exception of the Communist Party and any organization following similar ideologies (a proscription justified by Article 8 of Chile's constitution).[citation needed] In that same year, the Great Front of Chile was formed, which brought together other organizations that supported Pinochet, such as the Acción Gremialista, the Civic Action Committees, and the Pinochetist Independent Movement.[15] The latter was founded on April 19, 1987, by Abraham Abrilot, and defined as nationalist and exclusively supporting the figure of Pinochet.[18] Its symbol consisted of a pedestal that contained the map of Chile horizontally, and on it the national coat of arms.[19] It defined itself not as a political collectivity, but as "an independent and apolitical body" that aspired to "unite the great mass of Chileans" unaffiliated with any ideology.[20]

Later, the Pinochetist Independent Movement canvassed in support of Pinochet in front of his headquarters—which led to it being fined by the Municipality of Santiago, and to protests led by anti-Pinochet parties and political groups.

the plebiscite on October 5, 1988, they called for a "Yes" vote, having previously indicated that it would call for a "No" vote in the event that the nominated candidate was not Pinochet.[18]
After the victory of the "No" option, the Pinochetist parties would decline.

1998-present

Supporters of Augusto Pinochet next to the Military Hospital, on December 9, 2006, the day before his death.

In 1998, after Pinochet's arrest in London, UDI senator Iván Moreira went on a hunger strike for five days, seeking his release. In 2013, he publicly regretted his actions and described them as "pathetic".[23] In 2001, Chilean director Marcela Said released her documentary I Love Pinochet, which included Pinochet's supporters after his arrest in London. Public figures such as Raul Hasbún, Fernando Barros, Cristián Labbé,[24] Patricia Maldonado, Francisco Javier Cuadra,[25] Joaquín Lavín, Hermógenes Pérez de Arce[26] appear in the film, as well as anonymous Pinochetists from different social classes.[24] Starting in 2004, part of the Chilean democratic right-wing gradually distanced itself from the figure of Pinochet, "when it was discovered that he had multimillion-dollar bank accounts abroad", which dismantled his austere image.[27]

In July 2007, Gonzalo Townsend Pinochet, the nephew of the late Augusto Pinochet, announced through Internet media the creation of a political party that would be born from the Unitary Pinochetist Action movement, which brought together Pinochet supporters and was led by Townsend. This party would have been called the National Liberation Party, because Townsend was not legally allowed to use his uncle's last name. Finally, the political community failed to register in the electoral registers.[28] In September of that same year, the intention on the part of retired soldiers to form a new Pinochetist political party came to light, which would be called the Metropolitan Military Party, because it was focused on the Santiago Metropolitan Region.[29]

In 2014, Augusto Pinochet Molina, using his grandfather Augusto Pinochet as a reference, founded and led a liberal right-wing movement with Pinochetist influences. In mid-April 2015, he registered it as a political party in formation under the name of Partido Orden Republicano Mi Patria, although the press would know it as Por mi Patria.[30] Former Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro openly declares himself an admirer of Pinochet and radical right-wing groups in the United States claim and defend his legacy on T-shirts.[31] During a UN meeting, former president of Chile Michelle Bachelet spoke about Brazilian "police violence", to which Bolsonaro responded by saying "Mrs. Michelle Bachelet: if it were not for the staff of (Augusto) Pinochet, who defeated the left in 1973, including your father, today Chile would be a Cuba".[32]

In the midst of a wave of right-wing politics, in 2018, Pinochetism re-emerged as a trend. This tendency is embodied by the conservative politician José Antonio Kast and his Republican Party.[27] Founded in 2019, the Republican Party is considered the main political group following "organic Pinochetism" today; it is consequently considered part of the new far-right in Chile, with the party receiving increasing support, as centre-left and centre-right parties began to reach a point of political convergence in the area, and as a result of increased (perceived) collusion in corruption scandals.[33][34]

The party's ideological doctrine is similar to the previously existing

human rights violations during the dictatorship.[35] The RN militant Camila Flores has openly recognized herself as a Pinochetist.[36] The same is the case with deputy Ignacio Urrutia, a member of the RN (1987-1997), UDI (2001-2018) and the Republican Party (since 2019).[37]

See also

References

  1. ^ Roush, Ty. "What To Know About 'Right Wing Death Squad'—Phrase Linked To Texas Shooter, Proud Boys". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  2. ^ "'We've finally left the dictatorship behind us'". www.ips-journal.eu. 2021-12-17. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  3. ^ Valdes 1995, p. 86The fight against communism would also be added to the style afterwards, not only as an addendum, but also as a central axis
  4. ^ Valdes 1995, p. 203.
  5. ^ Guy-Meakin, Amelia (2012-09-17). "Augusto Pinochet and the Support of Chilean Right-Wing Women". E-International Relations. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  6. ^ "Cuando despertó, el Pinochetismo todavía estaba ahí « Diario y Radio Universidad Chile". radio.uchile.cl (in European Spanish). 18 December 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  7. ^ Valdes 1995.
  8. ^ "CEMA Chile: La fundación pro mujeres que Lucía Hiriart convirtió en "inmobiliaria privada" « Diario y Radio Universidad Chile". radio.uchile.cl (in European Spanish). 17 December 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  9. ISSN 1134-6582
    . Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  10. ^ "Pinochet.- Blas Piñar ensalza la obra de Pinochet por haber liberado a Chile "de la miseria y de la amenaza comunista"". Europa Press. 2006-12-11. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  11. . Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  12. . Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  13. ^ "Partido Unión Demócrata Independiente - Reseñas Partidos Políticos". Historia Politica Legsilativa del Congreso Nacional de Chile (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  14. ^ Jilles, P (1987). El retorno de los nazis chilenos. Análisis. p. 36.
  15. ^ a b "La oposición tiene ganas". Apsi. 16 November 1987. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  16. ^ Álvarez Vallejos, Rolando (July–December 2010). "¿Represión o integración? La política sindical de la dictadura militar. 1973-1980". Historia. 2 (42): 325–355. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  17. ^ "Comisión de Asuntos Internacionales. Carpeta Nº 509 de 2010". Poder Ejecutivo de Uruguay. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  18. ^ a b "Análisis: no. 221-233, abril a junio de 1988 - Memoria Chilena". Memoria Chilena: Portal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  19. ^ "Movimiento Independiente Pinochetista de Chile". Archivo Fortín Mapocho. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  20. .
  21. ^ "Movimiento Pinochetista". Archivo Fortín Mapocho. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  22. ^ "Propaganda callejera: la otra protagonista de las elecciones". El Mercurio. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  23. ^ 24horas. ""Mi huelga de hambre fue patética"". www.24horas.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ a b "I Love Pinochet: Éxodo 11:9". Cinechile (in Spanish). 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  25. ^ Cooperativa.cl. "Documental "I Love Pinochet"; el entrevistado como protagonista". Cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  26. ^ "Otros documentales que TVN no quiso exhibir: fanáticos de Pinochet, pintores "muy viejos" para la TV y el dueño de El Mercurio". Interferencia (in Spanish). 2021-09-11. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  27. ^ a b Mostrador, El (19 September 2019). "Historiador español Mario Amorós alerta sobre un posible "pinochetismo" sin Pinochet". El Mostrador (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  28. ^ "Fenats convoca a paro de actividades para el próximo martes". Terra. 25 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-07-26. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  29. ^ "Soledad Alvear: "La Alianza no tiene idea de política social"". Terra. 11 August 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-08-12. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  30. ^ Chile, C. N. N. "Nieto de Pinochet lidera movimiento que iniciará trámites para ser partido político". CNN Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  31. ^ "Mario Amorós: "Hay un retorno del pinochetismo"". El Español (in Spanish). 12 September 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  32. ^ ""Si no fuera por Pinochet, que derrotó a la izquierda, entre ellos a su padre, Chile sería una Cuba": el ataque de Bolsonaro a Bachelet". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  33. ^ a b c "El Partido Republicano: el proyecto populista de la derecha radical chilena". Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política. 30 (1): 105–134. June 2021. In their ideological core, the radical populist rights are composed of the combination of three traits: nativism, authoritarianism and populism. ... This recap allows to identify dimensions of analysis applicable to the Republican Party.
  34. ^ a b Dávila, Mireya (January 2020). "La reemergencia del pinochetismo". Barómetro de política y equidad. 16: 49–69.
  35. ^ ""Fuerza Nacional": El partido que inscribirá el abogado de los reos de Punta Peuco con exmilitares y que tiene como referente a J.A. Kast" (in Spanish). La Tercera. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  36. ^ Chile, C. N. N. ""Yo soy pinochetista y lo digo sin problemas": La intervención de la diputada Flores durante consejo general de RN". CNN Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  37. ^ Mostrador, El (2020-08-05). "Lo volvió a hacer: diputado Urrutia interviene con cuadro de Pinochet de fondo provocando indignación en la Cámara de Diputados". El Mostrador (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-01-18.

Bibliography