Pinus ponderosa
Ponderosa pine | |
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Pinus ponderosa subsp. ponderosa | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Gymnospermae |
Division: | Pinophyta |
Class: | Pinopsida |
Order: | Pinales |
Family: | Pinaceae |
Genus: | Pinus |
Subgenus: | P. subg. Pinus
|
Section: | P. sect. Trifoliae
|
Subsection: | P. subsect. Ponderosae
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Species: | P. ponderosa
|
Binomial name | |
Pinus ponderosa | |
Natural range of Pinus ponderosa
green - P. ponderosa subsp. ponderosa
red - P. ponderosa subsp. benthamiana
blue - P. ponderosa subsp. scopulorum
yellow - P. ponderosa subsp. brachyptera
|
Pinus ponderosa, commonly known as the ponderosa pine,
Pinus ponderosa grows in various erect forms from British Columbia southward and eastward through 16 western U.S. states and has been introduced in temperate regions of Europe, and in New Zealand. It was first documented in modern science in 1826 in eastern Washington near present-day Spokane (of which it is the official city tree).[7][8] On that occasion, David Douglas misidentified it as Pinus resinosa (red pine). In 1829, Douglas concluded that he had a new pine among his specimens and coined the name Pinus ponderosa[9] for its heavy wood. In 1836, it was formally named and described by Charles Lawson, a Scottish nurseryman.[10] It was adopted as the official state tree of Montana[11] in 1949.[12]
Description
Pinus ponderosa is a large
The egg-shaped cones, which are often found in great number under trees, are 3–5 in (8–13 cm) long. They are purple when first chewed off by squirrels, but become more brown and spherical as they dry.[13] Each scale has a sharp point.[13]
Sources differ on the scent of P. ponderosa. Some state that the bark smells of turpentine, which could reflect the dominance of terpenes (alpha- and beta-pinenes, and delta-3-carene).[17] Others state that it has no distinctive scent,[18] while still others state that the bark smells like vanilla if sampled from a furrow of the bark.[19] Sources agree that the Jeffrey pine is more strongly scented than the ponderosa pine.[18][20] When carved into, pitch-filled stumps emit a scent of fresh pitch.[13]
Size
Taxonomy
Modern forestry research has identified five different
Subspecies and varieties
- Four corners transition zone including southern Colorado, southern Utah, northern and central New Mexico and Arizona, westernmost Texas, and a single disjunct population in the far northwestern Oklahoma panhandle.[27] The Gila Wilderness contains one of the world's largest and healthiest forests.[28] Hot with bimodal monsoonal rainfall; wet winters and summers contrast with dry springs and falls; mild winters.
- Pinus ponderosa subsp. critchfieldiana Robert Z. Callaham subsp. novo – Pacific ponderosa pine.
- Western coastal parts of Washington State; Oregon west of the Cascade Range except for the southward-extending Umpqua–Tahoe Transition Zone; California except for both that transition zone and the Transverse-Tehahchapi Mountains Transition zone in southern California and Critchfield's far Southern California Race. Mediterranean hot, dry summers in California; mild wet winters with heavy snow in mountains.
- 100–2,700 m (330–8,860 ft) on coastal-draining slopes of major mountain ranges in California, and in southwestern Oregon, Washington.[29]
- Pinus ponderosa subsp. ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson – Columbia ponderosa pine, North plateau ponderosa pine.[31]
- Southeast British Columbia, eastern Washington State and Oregon east of the Cascade Range, 1,200–1,900 m (3,900–6,200 ft) in northeastern California, northwestern Nevada, Idaho and west of the Helena, Montana, transition zone. Cool, relatively moist summers; very cold, snowy winters (except in the very hot and very dry summers of central Oregon, most notably near Bend, which also has very cold and generally dry winters).[32][33]
- Pinus ponderosa subsp. readiana Robert Z. Callaham subsp. novo – central High Plains ponderosa pine.
- Southern South Dakota and adjacent northern Nebraska and far eastern Colorado, but neither the northern and southern High Plains nor the Black Hills, which are in P. p. scopulorum. Hot, dry, very windy summers; continental cold, wet winters.
- Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum (Engelm. in S.Watson) E. Murray, Kalmia 12:23, 1982 – Rocky Mountains ponderosa pine.[34]
- East of the Helena, Montana, transition zone, North & South Dakota, but not the central high plains, Wyoming, Nebraska, northern and central Colorado and Utah, and eastern Nevada. Warm, relatively dry summers; very cold, fairly dry winters.
- Pinus ponderosa var. washoensis (H. Mason & Stockw.) J.R. Haller & Vivrette – Washoe pine.[35]
Distributions of the subspecies in the United States are shown in shadow on the map. Distribution of ponderosa pine is from Critchfield and Little.
Before the distinctions between the North Plateau race and the Pacific race were fully documented, most botanists assumed that ponderosa pines in both areas were the same. When a botanist and a geneticist from California found in 1948 a distinct tree on Mt. Rose in western Nevada with some marked differences from the ponderosa pine they knew in California, they described it as a new species, Washoe pine Pinus washoensis. Subsequent research determined this to be one of the southernmost outliers of the typical North Plateau race of ponderosa pine.[14]: 30–31 [39][40][41] Its current classification is Pinus ponderosa var. washoensis.[35][36][37]
An additional variety, tentatively named
Distinguishing subspecies
The subspecies of P. ponderosa can be distinguished by measurements along several dimensions:[14]: 23–24 [15]: 17
Common name | Pacific | Columbia | Rocky Mountains | Southwestern | Central High Plains |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scientific name | P. p. critchfieldiana | P. p. ponderosa | P. p. scopulorum | P. p. brachyptera | P. p. readiana |
Years needles remain green | 3.9±0.25, N=30 | 4.7±0.14, N=50 | 5.7±0.28, N=23 | 4.3±0.18, N=24 | 4.7±0.18, N=5 |
Foliage length on branch (cm) | 25.1±2.4, N=30 | 26.2±2.2, N=50 | 21.1±1.7, N=23 | 21.8±2.7, N=24 | 42.2±6.7, N=5 |
Needle length (cm) | 19.8±0.44, N=30 | 16.8±0.29, N=48 | 11.2±0.27, N=23 | 14.7±0.45, N=24 | 15.6±0.57, N=5 |
Needles per fascicle | 3.0±0.00, N=30 | 3.0±0.00, N=48 | 2.6±0.06, N=23 | 3.0±0.03, N=24 | 2.4±0.11, N=5 |
Needle thickness | 45.9±0.49, N=30 | 47.8±0.51, N=48 | 46.4±0.68, N=23 | 44.8±0.87, N=24 | 49.7±0.61, N=5 |
Branches per whorl | 4.4±0.13, N=30 | 3.7±0.11, N=50 | 3.0±0.17, N=23 | 3.4±0.25, N=23 | 2.3±0.11, N=5 |
Branch angle (° from vertical) | 56±1.8, N=30 | 51±1.7, N=50 | 50±2.3, N=23 | 48±3.1, N=24 | 36±1.9, N=5 |
Seed cones length (mm) | 101.4±2.48, N=25 | 88.7±1.24, N=36 | 70.7±2.20, N=22 | 74.9±2.51, N=20 | 71.1±2.46, N=5 |
Seed cones width (mm) | 77.1±1.35, N=25 | 71.6±0.73, N=36 | 61.5±1.08, N=22 | 62.6±1.77, N=20 | 63.3±2.18, N=5 |
Seed cone form W/L | 0.80±0.03, N=25 | 0.84±0.03, N=36 | 0.90±0.02, N=22 | 0.86±0.02, N=20 | 0.90±0.03, N=5 |
Seed length (mm) | 7.5±0.08, N=23 | 7.6±0.16, N=14 | 6.3±0.09, N=17 | 6.4±0.18, N=16 | 7.0±0.12, N=5 |
Seed width (mm) | 4.9±0.05, N=23 | 4.9±0.08, N=14 | 4.1±0.05, N=17 | 4.3±0.09, N=16 | 4.5±0.10, N=5 |
Seed + wing length (mm) | 32.3±0.58, N=23 | 24.8±0.62, N=14 | 22.9±0.63, N=17 | 23.3±0.68, N=15 | 23.1±0.78, N=5 |
Mature cone color[43] | apple green to yellow green | green & red-brown to dark purple | green & red-brown to dark purple | green & red-brown to dark purple |
Notes
Names of taxa and transition zones are on the map.
Numbers in columns were derived from multiple measurements of samples taken from 10 (infrequently fewer) trees on a varying number of geographically dispersed plots.
Numbers in each cell show calculated mean ± standard error and number of plots.
Distribution
Pinus ponderosa is a dominant tree in the
Ecology
The
Pinus ponderosa needles are the only known food of the
Various animals nest in the ponderosa pines, such as the
Pathology
Pinus ponderosa is affected by
As an invasive species
Pinus ponderosa is classed as a "wilding pine", and spreads as an invasive species throughout the high country of New Zealand, where it is beginning to take over, causing the native species of plants not to be able to grow in those locations.[54][55] It is also considered a "weed" in parts of Australia.[56]
Uses
Native Americans consumed the seeds and sweet inner bark. They chewed the dried pitch, which was also used as a salve. They used the limbs and branches as firewood and building material, and the trunks were carved into canoes. The needles and roots were made into baskets. The needles were also boiled into a solution to treat coughs and fevers.[13]
In the 19th and 20th centuries, old-growth trees were widely used by settlers as lumber, including for railroads. Younger trees are of poor quality for lumber due to the tendency to warp.[13]
Cultivation
Cultivated as a bonsai, Ponderosas are prized for their rough, flaky bark, contorted trunks, flexible limbs and dramatic deadwood. Collected specimens can be wildly sculpted by their environment, resulting in beautiful twisted trunks, limbs and deadwood. In the mountains they can be found growing in pockets in the rock, stunting their growth. The main challenge for this species in bonsai cultivation, is the natural long length of its needles, which takes years of training and care to reduce.[57]
This species is grown as an ornamental plant in parks and large gardens.[58]
In nuclear testing
During
Culture
Pinus ponderosa is the official state tree of Montana. In a 1908 poll to determine the state tree, Montana schoolchildren chose the tree over the Douglas fir, American larch, and cottonwood. However, the tree was not officially named the state tree until 1949.[60]
See also
- Southern yellow pine
References
- . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pinus ponderosa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 January 2016; with distribution map.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ Marcus, M, P (1969). United States Pines, Local Nomenclatures and Their Origins. Bonanza Books. pp. 420–422.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Safford, H.D. 2013. Natural Range of Variation (NRV) for yellow pine and mixed conifer forests in the bioregional assessment area, including the Sierra Nevada, southern Cascades, and Modoc and Inyo National Forests. Unpublished report. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Vallejo, CA, [1]
- ^ "Ponderosa pine named Spokane's official city tree | The Spokesman-Review". www.spokesman.com. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
- ^ Groover, Heidi. "Hey, Spokane, you now have a city tree". Inlander. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
- ^ Lauria, F. (1996). "The identity of Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson (Pinaceae)" (PDF). Linzer Biologische Beitraege.
- ^ The agriculturist's manual: being a familiar description of agricultural plants cultivated in Europe. Edinburgh U.K.: William Blackwood and Sons. 1836.
- ^ Dickson, Tom. "Ponderosa Pine". Montana Outdoors. Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
- ^ "American Profile". March 13, 2021.
- ^ OCLC 1141235469.
- ^ a b c d Callaham, Robert Z. (September 2013). "Pinus ponderosa: A Taxonomic Review with Five Subspecies in the United States" (PDF). USDA Forest Service. PSW RP-264.
- ^ a b c Callaham, Robert Z. (September 2013). "Pinus ponderosa: Geographic Races and Subspecies Based on Morphological Variation" (PDF). USDA Forest Service. PSW RP-265.
- ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4.
- ^ Smith, Richard H. (1977). Monoterpenes of ponderosa pine in Western United States. USDA Forest Service. Tech. Bull. 1532.
- ^ a b Schoenherr, Allan A. (1995). A Natural History of California. University of California Press. p. 111.
- ^ Kricher, John C (1998). A field guide to Rocky Mountain and southwest forests. Houghton Mifflin. p. 194.
- ^ Kricher, John C. (1998). A field guide to California and Pacific Northwest forests. Houghton Mifflin. p. 107.
- ^ "Pacific ponderosa pine". National Register of Big Trees. American Forests.
- ^ Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Pinus ponderosa subsp. benthamiana". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
- ^ Fattig, Paul (January 23, 2011). "Tallest of the tall". Mail Tribune. Medford, Oregon. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
- ^ "Pinus lambertiana". Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
- ^ Riggs, Keith. "Oregon Forest Home for World's Tallest Living Pine Tree". US Forest Service. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pinus ponderosa subsp. brachyptera". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team; with distribution map.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ "Pinus ponderosa, ponderosa pine". Catalog of the Woody Plants of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Biological Survey.
- ^ "Arizona Mountains forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ^ a b Jepson Flora Project (ed.). "Pinus ponderosa var. pacifica". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
- ^ "Pinus ponderosa var. pacifica". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
- ^ "Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
- ^ Jepson Flora Project (ed.). "Pinus ponderosa subsp. ponderosa". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
- ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team; with distribution map.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team; with distribution map.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b "Pinus ponderosa var. washoensis". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
- ^ a b Jepson Flora Project (ed.). "Pinus ponderosa var. washoensis". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
- ^ a b USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Pinus ponderosa var. washoensis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team; with distribution map.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Critchfield, WB; Little, EL (1966). Geographic distribution of the pines of the world. USDA Forest Service. Miscellaneous Publication 991, p. 16 (Map 47).
- ^ Haller, JR (1961). "Some recent observations on ponderosa, Jeffrey, and Washoe pines in northeastern California". Madroño. 16: 126–132.
- JSTOR 2440143.
- ^ Lauria, F (1997). "The taxonomic status of (Pinus washoensis) H. Mason & Stockw". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 99B: 655–671.
- ^ Ryan, Catherine (March 19, 2012). "Loggers give unique Oregon ponderosa pine a lifeline". High Country News. Paonia, Colorado. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
- ^ Smith, R. H. (1981). "Variation in cone color of immature ponderosa pine (Pinaceae) in northern California and southern Oregon". Madroño 28: 272–275.
- ^ Meierhenry, Mark (March 2008). "The Old Growth Pines". South Dakota Magazine.
- ^ Perry, JP Jr. (1991). Pines of Mexico and Central America. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
- ^ Muldavin, Esteban H.; DeVelice, Robert L.; Ronco, Frank (1996). "A classification of forest habitat types of the southern Arizona and portions of the Colorado Plateau". General Technical Report. Fort Collins, Colorado: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins: 26, 28. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ Oliver, William W; Ryker, Russell A (1990). "Pinus ponderosa". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2020-03-12 – via Southern Research Station.
- ^ "Rocky Mountain Ponderosa Pine, Interior Ponderosa PIne, Black Hills Ponderosa Pine, Ponderosa Pine". Texas Native Plants Database. Retrieved 2024-03-16.
- ^ Stecker, Tiffany; ClimateWire (March 22, 2013). "U.S. Starts Massive Forest-Thinning Project". Scientific American. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
- ^ Furniss, RL; Carolin, VM (1977). Western Forest Insects. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service. p. 177. Miscellaneous Publication 1339.
- ^ a b Patterson, Patricia A. (1985). Field Guide to the Forest Plants of Northern Idaho (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. p. 20.
- Bonanza Books. pp. 83–84, 86.
- JSTOR 3801036.
On the Stakey Experimental Forest in northeastern Oregon, piliated woodpeckers nested in dead ponderosa pine
- ^ "GISD". www.iucngisd.org. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
- ^ Wilding Pines, Quick ID (October 2018). "Wilding Conifer:Quick ID Guide" (PDF). wildingconifers.org.nz. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
- ^ Victorian Resources Online, Agriculture Victoria. "Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)". vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
- ^ "Ponderosa Pines (Pinus ponderosa) as a Bonsai – East Bay Bonsai Society".
- ^ "Ponderosa Pine - Pacific and Columbia sub species - Potted tree seedling - Landscape, Timber Tree, Bonsai".
- ^ Finkbeiner, Ann (May 31, 2013). "How Do We Know Nuclear Bombs Blow Down Forests?". Slate.com. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
- ^ "Ponderosa Pine: Montana State Tree". State Symbols USA. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
General references
- OCLC 3477527.
- Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus ponderosa". . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- Conkle, MT; Critchfield, WB (1988). "Genetic variation and hybridization of ponderosa pine". In Baumgartner, DM; Lotan, JE (eds.). Ponderosa pine the species and its management. Cooperative Extension, Washington State University. pp. 27–44.
- Critchfield, WB (1984). "Crossability and relationships of Washoe Pine". Madroño. 31: 144–170.
- Critchfield, WB; Allenbaugh, GL (1965). "Washoe pine on the Bald Mountain Range, California". Madroño. 18: 63–64.
- Farjon, A (2005). Pines (2nd ed.). Leiden & Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13916-8.
- Haller, JR (1962). Variation and hybridization in ponderosa and Jeffrey pines. University of California Publications in Botany. Vol. 34. pp. 123–166.
- Haller, JR (1965). "The role of 2-needle fascicles in the adaptation and evolution of ponderosa pine". Brittonia. 17 (4): 354–382. S2CID 32656015.
- Haller, JR; Vivrette, NJ (2011). "Ponderosa pine revisited". Aliso. 29 (1): 53–57. .
- Lauria, F (1991). "Taxonomy, systematics, and phylogeny of Pinus subsection Ponderosae Loudon (Pinaceae). Alternative concepts". Linzer Biol. Beitr. 23 (1): 129–202.
- Lauria, F (1996). "The identity of Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C.Lawson (Pinaceae)". Linzer Biol. Beitr. 28 (2): 999–1052.
- Lauria, F (1996). "Typification of Pinus benthamiana Hartw. (Pinaceae), a taxon deserving renewed botanical examination". Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien. 98 (B Suppl): 427–446.
- Mirov, NT (1929). "Chemical analysis of the oleoresins as a means of distinguishing Jeffrey pine and western yellow pine". Journal of Forestry. 27: 176–187.
- Van Haverbeke, DF (1986). Genetic variation in ponderosa pine: A 15-Year Test of provenances in the Great Plains. USDA Forest Service. Research Paper RM-265.
- Wagener, WW (1960). "A comment on cold susceptibility of ponderosa and Jeffrey pines". Madroño. 15: 217–219.
External links
- USDA Plants Profile for Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine)
- Gymnosperm Database: Pinus ponderosa
- Calflora Database: Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine, western yellow pine)
- Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Pinus ponderosa
- Pinus ponderosa in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley