Piperazine

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Piperazine
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Piperazine[1]
Systematic IUPAC name
1,4-Diazacyclohexane
Other names
Hexahydropyrazine
Piperazidine
Diethylenediamine
1,4-Diazinane
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard
 100.003.463 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C4H10N2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h5-6H,1-4H2 ☒N
    Key: GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ☒N
  • InChI=1S/C4H10N2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h5-6H,1-4H2
  • C1CNCCN1
Properties
C4H10N2
Molar mass 86.138 g·mol−1
Appearance White crystalline solid
Melting point 106 °C (223 °F; 379 K)[2]
Boiling point 146 °C (295 °F; 419 K)[2] Sublimates
Freely soluble[2]
Acidity (pKa) 9.8
Basicity (pKb) 4.19[2]
-56.8·10−6 cm3/mol
Pharmacology
P02CB01 (WHO)
Pharmacokinetics:
60-70%
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuelInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
2
0
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Piperazine (

deliquescent crystals with a saline
taste.

The piperazines are a broad class of chemical compounds, many with important pharmacological properties, which contain a core piperazine functional group.[4]

Origin and naming

Piperazines were originally named because of their chemical similarity with

Piper genus
.

Chemistry

Piperazine is freely soluble in water and

ethylene diamine hydrochloride, or by reduction of pyrazine with sodium in ethanol
.

A form in which piperazine is commonly available industrially is as the hexahydrate, C4H10N2. 6H2O, which melts at 44 °C and boils at 125–130 °C.[6]

Two common salts in the form of which piperazine is usually prepared for pharmaceutical or veterinary purposes are the citrate, 3C4H10N2.2C6H8O7 (i.e. containing 3 molecules of piperazine to 2 molecules of citric acid), and the adipate, C4H10N2.C6H10O4 (containing 1 molecule each of piperazine and adipic acid).[6]

Industrial production

Piperazine is formed as a co-product in the ammoniation of

1,2-dichloroethane or ethanolamine. These are the only routes to the chemical used commercially.[7] The piperazine is separated from the product stream, which contains ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, aminoethylpiperazine
and other related linear and cyclic chemicals of this type.

As an anthelmintic

Piperazine was marketed by Bayer as an

GABA only in the CNS, and the GABA receptor of helminths is of a different isoform from that of vertebrates.[9]

Piperazine hydrate, piperazine adipate and piperazine citrate (used to treat

enterobiasis[10]
) are the most common anthelmintic piperazine compounds. These drugs are often referred to simply as "piperazine" which may cause confusion between the specific anthelmintic drugs, the entire class of piperazine-containing compounds, and the compound itself.

Diethylcarbamazine, a derivative of piperazine, is used to treat some types of filariasis.

Other uses

Piperazines are also used in the manufacture of plastics, resins, pesticides, brake fluid and other industrial materials. Piperazines, especially BZP and TFMPP were extremely common adulterants in the club and rave scene, often being passed off as MDMA, although they do not share many similarities in their effects.

Piperazine is also a fluid used for CO2 and H2S scrubbing in association with

methyl diethanolamine
(MDEA).

Carbon capture and storage

Simplified absorption column. Typical operating range: 35-50 °C and 5-205 atm of absolute pressure

Amine blends that are activated by concentrated piperazine are used extensively in commercial CO2 removal for

methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) and piperazine (PZ) are negligible, and PZ, unlike other metals, protect MDEA from oxidative degradation.[11]
This increased stability of the MDEA/PZ solvent blend over MDEA and other amine solvents provides for greater capacity for and requires less work to capture a given amount of CO2.

Piperazine's

MDEA due to its unmatched high rate and capacity efficiency. For example, a 5 m PZ/5 m MDEA blend yields an 11% larger difference in CO2 concentration than 8 m PZ between the lean (inlet absorbent) and rich (outlet absorbent) amine solvent streams, or in other words, more CO2 is removed from the sour (flue) gas stream per unit mass of solvent, and an almost 100% larger concentration difference than 7 m MEA.[12]

Given that typical amine-based absorption processes run at temperatures from 45 °C to 55 °C, the capabilities of piperazine are well within the bounds of and thus favored for carbon capture. Piperazine can be thermally regenerated through multi-stage flash distillation and other methods after being used in operating temperatures up to 150 °C and recycled back into the absorption process, providing for higher overall energy performance in amine gas treating processes.[13]

The advantages to using concentrated piperazine (CPZ) as an additive had been confirmed through, for example, three pilot plants in Australia that are operated by

CSIRO. This program was launched to explore remedies to the high costs of post-combustion carbon capture, and the results were positive. Using CPZ, which is more reactive and thermally stable than standard MEA solutions, capital and compression (energy) costs were lowered through size reductions in absorber columns and solvent regeneration at higher temperatures.[14]

Chemistry

The amine groups on piperazine react readily with carbon dioxide to produce PZ carbamate at a low loading (mol CO2/equiv PZ) range and PZ bicarbamate at an operating range of 0.31-0.41 mol CO2/equiv PZ, enhancing the rate of overall CO2 absorbed under operating conditions (refer to Figure 1 below). Due to these reactions, there is limited free piperazine present in the solvent, resulting in its low volatility and rates of precipitation as PZ-6H2O.[13]

Piperazine (PZ) reacts with carbon dioxide to produce PZ carbamate and PZ bicarbamate at low loading and operating range, respectively.

Piperazine derivatives as drugs

See also: Substituted piperazine

Many currently notable drugs contain a piperazine ring as part of their molecular structure. They may be used as antiparasitic drugs.[15] Other examples include:[16]

Antianginals

Antidepressants

Antihistamines

Antiserotonergics

Antipsychotics

Recreational Drugs

  • 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine
    (2C-B-BZP)
  • 1-Benzylpiperazine
    (BZP)
  • 2,3-Dichlorophenylpiperazine (DCPP)
  • 1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine
    (DBZP)
  • 4-Methyl-1-benzylpiperazine
    (MBZP)
  • 3-Chlorophenylpiperazine
    (mCPP)
  • 3,4-Methylenedioxy-1-benzylpiperazine
    (MDBZP)
  • 4-Methoxyphenylpiperazine
    (MeOPP)
  • Methoxypiperamide (MeOP or MEXP)
  • 4-Chlorophenylpiperazine
    (pCPP)
  • 4-Fluorophenylpiperazine
    (pFPP)
  • 3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine
    (TFMPP)

Urologicals

Others

Most of these agents can be classified as either

heterocyclic moiety via a side chain
).

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4
    .
  2. ^ a b c d Merck Index, 11th Edition, 7431
  3. ^ PubChem. "Piperazine". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
  4. ^ "Piperazine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  5. ISBN 978-0-444-52239-9
    .
  6. ^ a b The Merck index, 10th Ed. (1983), p. 1076, Rahway:Merck & Co.
  7. ^ Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, 3rd edition, 7332
  8. ^ Imgur. "imgur.com". Imgur. Retrieved 2021-03-04.
  9. PMID 9265850
    .
  10. WHO. 1995. Archived from the original
    on July 15, 2010. Retrieved 2015-08-29.
  11. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.01.177
    .
  12. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.121
    .
  13. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.cej.2011.02.011
    .
  14. ^ Cottrell, Aaron; Cousins, Ashleigh; Huang, Sanger; Dave, Narendra; Do, Thong; Feron, Paul H.M.; McHugh, Stephen; Sinclair, Michael (September 2013). Concentrated Piperazine based Post-Combustion Capture for Australian coal-fired power plants (Report). Australian National Low Emissions Coal Research & Development. pp. 9–31. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  15. ISBN 978-0-7020-2858-8
    , retrieved 2023-05-03
  16. ^ PubChem. "Piperazine". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-03.

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Piperazin".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piperazine&oldid=1212559684"