Pipestone National Monument

Coordinates: 44°0′48″N 96°19′30″W / 44.01333°N 96.32500°W / 44.01333; -96.32500
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Pipestone National Monument
MPS
Pipestone County MRA (AD)
NRHP reference No.66000112[1]
Significant dates
Designated HDOctober 15, 1966
Designated NMONAugust 25, 1937

Pipestone National Monument is located in southwestern

burial mounds across a large geographic area.[4]

History

From the 15th to 18th centuries the

U.S Supreme Court. The court ruled in their favor in 1926 and ordered that they be compensated.[5] Afterwards, the land came under full control of the U.S. Government.[6] The Pipestone Indian Training School (PITS) closed in 1953 with the acreage remaining from the school transferred to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources to create the Pipestone Wildlife Management Area.[6] A boundary change occurred on June 18, 1956 with the original reservation reduced to just 108 acres.[7]

The

National Monument was established by an act of Congress on August 25, 1937, with the establishing legislation reaffirming the quarrying rights of the Native Americans.[3] Any enrolled member of a federally recognized American Indian tribe may apply for a free quarry permit to dig for the pipestone.[8] The National Park Service regularly consults with representatives from 23 affiliated tribal nations to discuss land management practices, historic preservation, exhibit design, and other facets of the park's management.[9] The historic area is listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the heading "Cannomok'e—Pipestone National Monument". Cannomok'e means "pipestone quarry" in the Dakota language.[10] The pipestone quarries within the monument are also designated as a Minnesota State Historic Site.[11]

Pipestone Indian Training School: PITS

Obverse: 1901 Bronze Award, Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York. The Pipestone Chippewa students received 12 Certificates of Award for these medals.[12]
Reverse: Bronze Award, 1901 Pan-American Exposition. The medals depicted Native Americans with a pipestone pipe, South America left, North America right.

The Pipestone Indian School was built on land taken from the Yankton reservation at the Pipestone Quarry. The Yankton people long contested that loss and won before the Supreme Court in 1926. The school was operated by the

boarding schools
and the last to be closed.

In 1894 the formation of the Pipestone Indian Training School was authorized on the uninhabited Yankton Pipestone reservation. At that time the majority of native Americans in Minnesota were

WWI, the Pipestone student body became more diverse, but White Earth remained the primary source of students until the school closed. Attendance was voluntary and students needed to apply for admission. The School superintendent made recruiting visits to the various reservations, besides Minnesota's, to gain or maintain student enrollment. The last year the school was open over 300 students wanted to attend, however due to budget reductions just 130 from Minnesota were accepted. Post WWII newspapers portray the school as also being an orphanage in it's last years of operation.[16][17] Leaders of the Chippewa were against closing Pipestone School until something could be done to place the kids in permanent situations.[18]

1895 The Superintendents of the Indian schools at Pipestone and Pierre S.D. both went to White Earth looking to enroll students. Pipestone got 8 or 9.[19]

1897

Detroit Lakes were enroute to the Pipestone school.[20][21]

1901 Pipestone's Chippewa students won 12 "individual' bronze medals in Agricultural Products at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York.[12][22] Winners of awards had to pay for the manufacture of their medal. The exhibition executive committee issued Certificates of Award that were needed to order the medal won.[23]

1902 School enrollment reported at 135 mostly Chippewa.[24][21]

1905 The White Earth Tomahawk newspaper was cited for reporting the Pipestone School matron, Miss Roy, returned for the new school year accompanied by many White Earth students.[25]

1905 White Earth Chief William Madison worked as the Boys Advisor at Pipestone.[26]

1906 The first 3 students to graduate at Pipestone were Clem Fairbanks, Willie Coffey, and Willie McIntosh from White Earth. In 1906 enrollment was 215.[27]

1912 the students began publishing a school newspaper making it the first indigenous newspaper in the country.[28]

1914 Two girls displaying a large example of Ojibwa beadwork at Pipestone.[29]

1914 The boys made the Tri-state Indian school championship.[30]

1916 The BIA allocated Indian schools $167/student while PITS was spending $224/student[31]

1918 School enrollment reported at 165: Chippewa 75, Sioux 55, Winnebago 19, Omaha 19.[21] During commencement PITS displayed a service banner with 35 stars for former students in uniform for WWI.[32]

1927 school enrollment was 340 the school's maximum, many applications were turned down[33]

1930 school enrollment was 315. In 1932 Pipestone had the largest enrollment, 375. The football team went 7-3 scoring 220 pts vs. their opponents 72. It was notable as almost all their opponents were High schools and Pipestone only went to the 9th grade. The team represented 11 tribes: Chippewa 5, Sioux 5,

Cheyenne The hardest fought contest was against the team from the Flandreau Indian School.[34]

1940 Applications for enrollment far exceeded school capacity with many turned down to get to the desired h8 number of 320.

1941 The boys basketball team made the news. It was reported that they had won a tournament two years running and were returning. They were noted for defeating the opposition routinely by 15-25 points. Because of this they had to travel over 100 miles to play teams they would or could compete with them.[35]

1948 the BIA proposed closing all Indian schools. The people of Pipestone said all the other schools could close except Pipestone. Because of the historical significance of the adjoining Reservation it should be exempted.

1948 The Minnesota Welfare Board insisted that the Pipestone Indian School reopen. The governor of Minnesota wrote numerous letters that "many of these children have no homes, family's, or places to go".[36]

1949 The school had nearly 400 applications but only 125 were accepted due to reduced funding. Most of those were year round residents. They did not have homes to return to during summer because they were

orphans.[37]

1949 Both the Minnesota Senate and House of Representatives sent letters to the President and Congress to provide for continual operation of the Pipestone school and the reopening of the School Hospital for Native Americans.[38]

  • 1949 The office of Minnesota U.S. Senator
    Hubert H. Humphrey sent letters on behalf of the PITS remaining open.[39]

1951 Pipestone Boys advisor was Roy Buffalo[40]

In 1952 $135,000 was authorized to fund Pipestone's last year of operations. That figure equals $1,582,819.32 in 2024 dollars or $12,662/student for 125 students. Last day was 1 July 1953.

The Present day National Monument

During the summer months, there are cultural demonstrations at the monument. The

Minnesota DNR at Blue Mounds State Park, 20 miles (32 km) to the south. The visitor center features exhibits about the natural and cultural history of the site, including a display of the petroglyphs
found around the quarry. There is also an orientation video about the history of the pipestone quarries.

  • Park entrance sign
    Park entrance sign
  • Historic pipestone quarry
    Historic pipestone quarry
  • 1872 Land plat of the Yankton Sioux Pipestone Reservation held by the National Park Service
    1872 Land plat of the Yankton Sioux Pipestone Reservation held by the National Park Service
  • Inlaid Pipe Bowl with Two Faces, collected at Fort Snelling 1833-36
    Inlaid Pipe Bowl with Two Faces, collected at Fort Snelling 1833-36
  • Pipestone crafting demonstration at Pipestone National Monument
    Pipestone crafting demonstration at Pipestone National Monument
  • Winnewissa falls
    Winnewissa falls
  • Ready for dinner, Indian Boarding School, Pipestone, MN. ca, 1910
    Ready for dinner, Indian Boarding School, Pipestone, MN. ca, 1910
  • Academic Building-Indian Boarding School-Pipestone, MN. ca. 1907
    Academic Building-Indian Boarding School-Pipestone, MN. ca. 1907
  • Girls quarters and academic building, Indian Boarding School, Pipestone, MN. ca. 1905
    Girls quarters and academic building, Indian Boarding School, Pipestone, MN. ca. 1905

See also

References

  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. ^ "Annual Visitation Report by Years: 2009 to 2019". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "Pipestone National Monument - People". National Park Service. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  4. ^ "Pipestone County Museum - History". Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
  5. ^ a b c "Pipestone: The Rock -- National Register of Historic Places Pipestone, Minnesota Travel Itinerary". NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service). April 16, 1928. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c "Pipestone Indian Reservation (U.S. National Park Service)". NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service). August 29, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  7. ^ The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.
  8. ^ Pipestone, Mailing Address: 36 Reservation Ave; Us, MN 56164 Phone: 507 825-5464 x214 Contact. "Quarry Permits - Pipestone National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved February 23, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Pipestone, Mailing Address: 36 Reservation Ave; Us, MN 56164 Phone: 507 825-5464 x214 Contact. "Affiliated Tribal Nations - Pipestone National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved February 23, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ISBN 978-0-87351-282-4
    .
  11. ^ "Minnesota Statute § 138.57, subd. 4". Minnesota Revisor of Statutes. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
  12. ^ a b Minnesota Wins Many Medals, The Minneapolis Tribune, Dec 06, 1901, p.4, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [1]
  13. ^ PITS girls basketball team 1908, Minnesota Digital Library Pipestone County Historical Society, 2024 [2]
  14. ^ Indian Girls' Basketball Team PITS, Seven unidentified girls, Milum, C. A., Minnesota digital Library, Pipestone Historical Society, 2024 [3]
  15. ^ Mandolin Club, Pipestone Indian Training School students, Pipestone, Minnesota, Pipestone County Historical Society, 2024 [4]
  16. ^ Pipestone Indian School Closing Remains Unsettled, Argus-Leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Jan 06, 1952, p.10, Newspapers.com 2024 [5]
  17. ^ Would Close School at Pipestone, The Albert Lea Tribune, Jan 09, 1952, p.6, Newspapers.com, 20024, [6]
  18. ^ Indian School at Pipestone May Continue, Argus-Leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Feb 05, 1953, p.15, Newspapers.com, 2024, [7]
  19. ^ White Earth News, The Thirteen Towns, Mar, 1, 1895, Fosston, Minnesota, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [8]
  20. ^ Enroute to Pipestone, The Saint Paul Globe Aug. 9, 1897, p.2, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [9]
  21. ^ a b c School News and Records, Pipestone County, Minnesota, Genealogy Trails History Group, 2024 [Chippewa Pipestone indian school genology trails]
  22. ^ Won at the Pan-American, The Saint Paul Globe, May 9, 1902, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [10]
  23. ^ Pan-American Medals, The Post and Record, Dec. 6, 1901, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [11]
  24. ^ The Minneapolis Journal, Nov. 7, 1902, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [12]
  25. ^ Miss Julia Roy, Little Falls Herald. Sept. 01, 1905, Image 1, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress [13]
  26. ^ Wife of Chippewa Chief dies here, Evening Star, Dec.9, 1934, Page A-9, Image 9, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress [14]
  27. ^ Minneapolis Journal, 16 June 1906, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress
  28. ^ History, Pipestone Indian Training School, Pipestone, Minnesota, 1893-1953, America's Lost Colleges, Paul Batesel, 2024 [15]
  29. ^ image 13/31, (5th row down), Pipestone, Minnesota Native American Training School Photo Archive of Chester E. Sogn, James E. Arsenault & Company, Rare Books, Manuscripts, Maps, Prints Photographs, 10 Old Stage Rd, Arrowsic, ME, 2024 [16]
  30. ^ Big Indian Game may Come to Willmar, Willmar Tribune, October 14, 1914, p.1, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [17]
  31. ^ Indian Schools in Danger of Closing, The Fargo Forum and Daily Republican, Aug.8, 1916, Image 2, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress [18]
  32. ^ The Tomahawk, White Earth Reservation, July 04, 1918, Image 3, Chronicling America, 2024, Library of Congress [19]
  33. ^ Enrollment in Pipestone Schools breaks record, Sioux City Journal, Sep 15, 1927, p.3, Newspapers.com 2024 [20]
  34. ^ the Indians Went on the Warpath, The Minneapolis Journal, Nov 30, 1930, p.31, Minnesota Digital Newspaper Hub, 2024, MNHS, 345 Kellogg Blvd, St. Paul MN [21]
  35. ^ Junior High Teams Meet Pipestone Indians, Sioux Center News, Sioux Center Iowa, Jan 23, 1941, p.1, Newspapers.com, 2024 [22]
  36. ^ Ask Reopening of Pipestone Indian School, The Daily Argus Leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Aug. 8, 1948, Newspapers.com, 2024 [23]
  37. ^ 350 Capacity, The Daily Argus leader, Sioux Falls, SD, Feb. 18, 1949, Newspapers.com 2024 [24]
  38. ^ Legislature Backs Plan, Argus-Leader, Sioux Falls, SD Feb 18, 1949, p.5, Newspapers.com, 2024, [25]
  39. ^ The Pipestone Indian School, St. Cloud Times, Mar 14, 1949, p.12, Newspapers.com [26]
  40. ^ Mrs. Roy Buffalo Visits, Browning Chief, Browning Montana, Feb. 23, 1951, Image 1, [27]
  41. ^ Catlinite Pipe, National Museum of the American Indian, 2021, National Mall, Fourth Street & Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20560 [28]
  42. ^ CATLINITE PIPES EAST OF THE ROCKIES: MIDDLE WOODLAND TO HISTORIC PERIOD, Peter A. Bostrom, June 30, 2009, LITHIC CASTING LAB, 577 Troy-O'Fallon Road, Troy, Illinois 62294 [29]
  43. ^ The Red Pipestone Quarry, The Topeka State Journal, May 08, 1899, p.7 Newspapers.com, 2024, [30]
  44. ^ Sioux Pipestones, The Chronicle, Wilksburo, North Carolina, Jun 21, 1899, p.2, Newspapers.com, 2024, [31]

External links

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