Piri Reis

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Piri Reis
Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
NationalityTurkish
Known forDrawing the Piri Reis map
RelativesKemal Reis (uncle)
Bust of Piri Reis in Gallipoli
Bust of Piri Reis in Gallipoli

Ahmed Muhiddin Piri (c. 1465

Kitab-ı Bahriye [tr] (Book of Navigation), a book that contains detailed information on early navigational techniques as well as relatively accurate charts for their time, describing the important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea
.

He gained fame as a cartographer when a small part of his first world map, prepared in 1513, was discovered in 1929 at the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. His world map is the oldest known Turkish atlas showing the New World, and one of the oldest maps of America still existing anywhere (the oldest known surviving map of America is the map drawn by Juan de la Cosa in 1500). Piri Reis's map is centered on the Sahara at the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer.[3]

In 1528, Piri Reis drew a second world map, of which a small fragment (showing Greenland and North America from Labrador and Newfoundland in the north to Florida, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and parts of Central America in the south) still survives. According to his imprinting text, he had drawn his maps using about 20 foreign charts and mappae mundi (Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and Greek) including one by Christopher Columbus.[4] He was executed in 1553 in Cairo, having been found guilty of lifting the siege of Hormuz Island and abandoning the fleet, even though his reason for doing so was the lack of maintenance of his ships.[5]

Biography

Surviving fragment of the first World Map of Piri Reis (1513)

Very little background information is known about Piri Reis. Unconfirmed tradition holds that he was born around 1470 in Gallipoli on the Dardanelles which was at the time an important Ottoman naval base.[6] His father was Hacı Mehmed, originally from the Anatolian province of Karaman. His ancestry is disputed; some sources claim that he was born into a Turkish family,[7] while other sources indicate that he was born into a Greek family which converted from Christianity to Islam.[8][9][10] His full name was Hacı Ahmed Muhiddin Piri. Reis was a military rank equivalent to captain, so the name Piri Reis translates as Captain Piri.[11] The honorary and informal Islamic title Hadji (Turkish: Hacı) in Piri's and his father's names indicate that they both had completed the Hajj (Islamic pilgrimage) by going to Mecca during the dedicated annual period.[citation needed]

Piri began engaging in government-supported

Second Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Modon) in 1500. When his uncle Kemal Reis died in 1511 (his ship was wrecked by a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, while he was heading to Egypt), Piri returned to Gelibolu
, where he started working on his studies about navigation.

By 1516, he was again at sea as a ship captain in the Ottoman fleet. He took part in the

Pargalı İbrahim Pasha
to Egypt.

Surviving fragment of the second World Map of Piri Reis (1528)

In 1547, Piri had risen to the rank of

Arabian
coast.

He then returned to Egypt, an old man approaching the age of 90. When he refused to support the Ottoman

Vali (Governor) of Basra
, Kubad Pasha, in another campaign against the Portuguese in the northern Persian Gulf, Piri Reis was beheaded in 1553.

Several warships and submarines of the

Turkish Navy
have been named after Piri Reis.

Kitab-ı Bahriye

Bust of Piri Reis in the Istanbul Naval Museum

See also: Piri Reis map

Piri Reis is the author of the Kitāb-ı Baḥrīye, or "Book of the Sea", one of the most famous cartographical works of the period. The book gives seafarers information on the

Mediterranean
coast, islands, crossings, straits, and gulfs; where to take refuge in the event of a storm, how to approach the ports, and precise routes to the ports.

The work was first published in 1521, and it was revised in 1524–1525 with additional information and better-crafted charts in order to be presented as a gift to Sultan Suleiman I. The revised edition had a total of 434 pages containing 290 maps.

Sources

Although he was not an explorer and never sailed to the Atlantic, he compiled over twenty maps of Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and older Greek origins into a comprehensive representation of the known world of his era.[4] This work included the recently explored shores of both the African and American continents; on his first World Map of 1513, he imprinted the description "these lands and islands are drawn from the map of Columbus."[15] In his text, he also wrote that he used the "maps drawn in the time of Alexander the Great" as a source, but most likely he had mistakenly confused the 2nd-century Greek geographer Ptolemy with Alexander's general of the same name (of four and a half centuries before), since his map is similar with the Jan of Stobnica famous reproduction map of Ptolemy, printed in 1512. Ptolemy's Geographia had been translated in Turkish after a personal order of Mehmed II some decades before.[16] It can be seen that the Atlantic part of the map originates with Columbus because of the errors it contains (such as Columbus's belief that Cuba was a continental peninsula)[17] since at the time the manuscript was produced, the Spaniards had already been in Mexico for two years.

Contents

A late 16th century copy of the map of Europe from Kitab-ı Bahriye
Map of Alanya by Piri Reis

Apart from the maps, the book also contained detailed information on the major ports, bays, gulfs, capes, peninsulas, islands, straits and ideal shelters of the

legends around the world map, twenty-nine in Turkish and one in Arabic; the latter gives the date as the month Muharrem of AH 919 AH (i.e. the spring of 1513) but most studies have identified the more probable date of completion as 1521.[18] [19][20]

The Kitab-ı Bahriye has two main sections, with the first section dedicated to information about the types of storms; techniques of using a compass; portolan charts with detailed information on ports and coastlines; methods of finding direction using the stars; and characteristics of the major oceans and the lands around them. Special emphasis is given to the discoveries in the New World by Christopher Columbus and those of Vasco da Gama and the other Portuguese seamen on their way to India and the rest of Asia.

The second section is entirely composed of portolan charts and cruise guides. Each topic contains the map of an island or coastline. In the first book (1521), this section has a total of 132 portolan charts, while the second book (1525) has a total of 210 portolan charts. The second section starts with the description of the

River Nile, the Levant and the coastline of Anatolia
. This section also includes descriptions and drawings of the famous monuments and buildings in every city, as well as biographic information about Piri Reis who also explains the reasons why he preferred to collect these charts in a book instead of drawing a single map, which would not be able to contain so much information and detail.

A century after Piri's death and during the second half of the 17th century, a third version of his book was produced, which left the text of the second version unaffected while enriching the cartographical part of the manuscript. It included additional new large-scale maps, mostly copies of the Italian (from Battista Agnese and Jacopo Gastaldi) and Dutch (Abraham Ortelius) works of the previous century. These maps were much more accurate and depict the Black Sea, which was not included in the original.[21]

Manuscripts

Copies of the Kitab-ı Bahriye are found in various libraries in Istanbul and in some of the major libraries in Europe, besides one copy known to be held privately in the USA (Walters Art Museum).

Copies of the first edition (1521):

Copies of the second edition (1525):

  • Istanbul, Topkapı Palace, ms. Hazine 642.
  • Istanbul, Köprülü Library, ms. 171.
  • Istanbul, Süleymaniye Library, ms Aya Sofya 3161.
  • Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, suppl. Turc 956.

In popular culture

Piri Reis is mentioned in the 2010 video game

Templars
' expansion into the new lands. By Revelations, despite his earlier conflict with the Assassins, Piri joins the Ottoman Assassin Brotherhood in 1506 to serve as a scholar and technician, and even eventually progresses to the rank of Master Assassin.

In the 2021 Turkish TV series Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean, he is portrayed by actor Emir Benderlioğlu.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Piri Reis.
  • Geography and cartography in medieval Islam
  • Indian Ocean campaigns
  • Ottoman Navy

References

  1. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
    .
  2. ^ Arikan, Muzaffer; Toledo, Paulino. "VENEDİK'TEKİ PAPALIK SEFARETİ BELGELERİNE GÖRE TÜRKLER" (PDF). Ankara University (in Turkish).
  3. ^ Soucek 1992.
  4. ^ a b Brotton 1998, p. 108.
  5. ^ Çal, İsmail (21 October 2010). "Piri Reis neden idam edildi?". Dünya Bülteni. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  6. ^ Soucek 1992, p. 266.
  7. ^ Soucek 1992, p. 267.
  8. ISBN 978-3-642-55227-4
    . Piri Reis – the real name of Haci Ahmed Muhiddin Piri (between 1465 to 1470—c. 1553). The Turkish Fleet commander, geographer... He is thought to be of the Greek origin.
  9. ISBN 978-975-409-442-8
    . PİRİ MUJYI'L - DİN REIS, Osmanlı denizcisi (navigatör) ve kartograf, muhtemelen Hıristiyan (Yunan) kökenli idi.
  10. ^ Ιωάννου 'Αμαντος, Κωνσταντίνος (1955). Σχέσεις Ελλήνων & Τούρκων: από του ενδεκάτου αιώνος μέχρι του 1821. οι πόλεμοι των τούρκων προς κατάληψιν των Ελληνικών χωρών 1071-1571 (in Greek). Οργανισμός Εκδόσεως Σχολικών Βιβλίων. p. 167. Ὑπὸ τὸν Βαρβαρόσσα ὑπηρέτησε καὶ ὁ ἑλληνικῆς πιθανῶς καταγωγῆς ναύαρχος Piri Reis...
  11. ^ Brotton 1998, p. 193.
  12. ^ Khair 2006, p. 127: "Muhuddin Piri Reis was born at the naval base of Gelibolu (later known to "Westerners" as Gallipoli during the First World War) as a nephew of Kemal Reis, the most famous Turkish admiral and privateer or "corsair" of the period. He seems to have joined his uncle's ship at the age of 11 or 12...".
  13. ^ The Persian Gulf: A Political and Economic History of Five Port Cities, 1500-1730. Willem M. Floor. Mage Publishers
  14. ^ Osman's Dream. Caroline Finkel. Hachette UK
  15. ^ "Explore Istanbul: The Piri Reis Map". Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
  16. ^ Soucek 1996, p. 73.
  17. ^ Tekeli 1986.
  18. ^ Brotton 1998, p. 110.
  19. ^ Robinson 1998, p. 70.
  20. ^ Irzik & Güzeldere 2005, p. 286.
  21. ^ Loupis 2004.
  22. ^ Ritman, Alex (14 November 2011). "Assassin's Creed: Revelations is historically impressive". The National. Retrieved 29 April 2018.

Bibliography

Further reading

Editions of Kitab-ı Bahriye

1513 map:

  • McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000). The Piri Reis Map of 1513. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
  • İnan, Afet (1954). The Oldest Map of America. pp. 28–34 – via sacred-texts.com.
    • Reprinted as Life and works of Pirî Reis: the oldest map of America. Ankara. 1975.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Kahle, Paul (1933). Die verschollene Kolumbuskarte von 1498 in einer türkischen Weltkarte von 1513 (in German). Berlin: Leipzig.
  • Mesenburg, Peter (2001). "Kartometrische Untersuchung und Rekonstruktion der Weltkarte des Piri Re'is (1513)". Cartographica Helvetica (in German) (24): 3–7.

External links

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