Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh | |
|---|---|
|
City of Bridges, Steel City, City of Champions, The 'Burgh, The Paris of Appalachia | |
| Motto: Benigno Numine ("With the benevolent deity") | |
    | |
  Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh | |
| Coordinates: 40°26′23″N 79°58′35″W / 40.43972°N 79.97639°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Pennsylvania |
| County | Allegheny
|
| Historic empires | |
| Historic colonies | |
| Founded | November 27, 1758 (fort) |
Municipal incorporation |
|
| Founded by |
|
Mayor | Ed Gainey (D) |
| • City Council | List
|
| Area UTC−4 (Eastern Daylight Time) | |
| ZIP Code | 35 total ZIP codes:
|
FIPS code | 42-61000 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1213644 |
| Website | pittsburghpa |
| Designated | 1946[6] |
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Pittsburgh (
Pittsburgh is located in southwest Pennsylvania at the
After 1990, Pittsburgh has focused its energies on the healthcare, education, and technology industries.
Pittsburgh's rich industrial history left the area with renowned cultural institutions, including the
Etymology
Pittsburgh was named in 1758, by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. As Forbes was a Scotsman, he probably pronounced the name /ˈpɪtsbərə/ PITS-bər-ə (similar to Edinburgh).[19][20]
Pittsburgh was incorporated as a borough on April 22, 1794, with the following Act:[21] "Be it enacted by the Pennsylvania State Senate and Pennsylvania House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ... by the authority of the same, that the said town of Pittsburgh shall be ... erected into a borough, which shall be called the borough of Pittsburgh for ever."[22]
From 1891 to 1911, the city's name was federally recognized as "Pittsburg", though use of the final h was retained during this period by the city government and other local organizations.[23][19] After a public campaign, the federal decision to drop the h was reversed.[19] The Pittsburg Press continued spelling the city without an h until 1921.[24]
History
Kingdom of France 1690s–1763
Great Britain 1681–1781
United States 1776–present
Native Americans
The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the
18th century
The first known European to enter the region was the French explorer
In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite
During Pontiac's War, a loose confederation of Native American tribes laid siege to Fort Pitt in 1763; the siege was eventually lifted after Colonel Henry Bouquet defeated a portion of the besieging force at the Battle of Bushy Run. Bouquet strengthened the defenses of Fort Pitt the next year.[31][32][33][34]
During this period, the powerful nations of the
On April 16, 1771, the city's first civilian local government was created as Pitt Township.[36][37] William Teagarden was the first constable, and William Troop was the first clerk.[38]
Following the American Revolution, the village of Pittsburgh continued to grow. One of its earliest industries was boat building for settlers of the Ohio Country. In 1784, Thomas Viceroy completed a town plan which was approved by the Penn family attorney. Pittsburgh became a possession of Pennsylvania in 1785. The following year, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was started, and in 1787, the Pittsburgh Academy was chartered. Unrest during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 resulted in federal troops being sent to the area. By 1797, glass manufacture began, while the population grew to around 1,400. Settlers arrived after crossing the Appalachian Mountains or through the Great Lakes. Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh) at the source of the Ohio River became the main base for settlers moving into the Northwest Territory.
19th century
The federal government recognizes Pittsburgh as the starting point for the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[39] Preparations began in Pittsburgh in 1803 when Meriwether Lewis purchased a keelboat that would later be used to ascend the Missouri River.[40]
The War of 1812 cut off the supply of British goods, stimulating American industry. By 1815, Pittsburgh was producing significant quantities of iron, brass, tin, and glass. On March 18, 1816, the 46-year-old local government became a city. It was served by numerous river steamboats that increased trading traffic on the rivers.
In the 1830s, many
Because Pennsylvania had been established as a free state after the Revolution, enslaved African Americans sought freedom here through escape as refugees from the South, or occasionally fleeing from travelers they were serving who stayed in the city. There were active stations of the
The American Civil War boosted the city's economy with increased iron and armament demand by the Union. Andrew Carnegie began steel production in 1875 at the Edgar Thomson Steel Works in North Braddock, Pennsylvania, which evolved into the Carnegie Steel Company. He adopted the Bessemer process to increase production. Manufacturing was key to growth of Pittsburgh and the surrounding region. Railroad lines were built into the city along both rivers, increasing transportation access to important markets.
20th century
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In 1901,
The
The city suffered severe flooding in March 1936.
The city's population swelled to more than a half million, attracting numerous European immigrants to its industrial jobs. By 1940, non-Hispanic whites were 90.6% of the city's population.[45] Pittsburgh also became a main destination of the African-American Great Migration from the rural South during the first half of the 20th century.[46] Limited initially by discrimination, some 95% percent of the men became unskilled steel workers.[47]
During World War II, demand for steel increased and area mills operated 24 hours a day to produce 95 million tons of steel for the war effort.[30] This resulted in the highest levels of air pollution in the city's almost century of industry. The city's reputation as the "arsenal of democracy"[48][49] was being overshadowed by James Parton's 1868 observation of Pittsburgh being "hell with the lid off."[50]
Following World War II, the city launched a clean air and civic revitalization project known as the "Renaissance," cleaning up the air and the rivers. The "Renaissance II" project followed in 1977, focused on cultural and neighborhood development. The industrial base continued to expand through the 1970s, but beginning in the early 1980s both the area's steel and electronics industries imploded during national industrial restructuring. There were massive layoffs from mill and plant closures.[12]
In the later 20th century, the area shifted its economic base to education, tourism, and services, largely based on healthcare/medicine, finance, and high technology such as robotics. Although Pittsburgh successfully shifted its economy and remained viable, the city's population has never rebounded to its industrial-era highs. While 680,000 people lived in the city proper in 1950, a combination of suburbanization and economic turbulence resulted in a decrease in city population, even as the metropolitan area population increased again.
21st century
During the
In September 2009, the 2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit was held in Pittsburgh.[52]
Geography
Pittsburgh has an area of 58.3 square miles (151 km2), of which 55.6 square miles (144 km2) is land and 2.8 square miles (7.3 km2), or 4.75%, is water. The 80th meridian west passes directly through the city's downtown.
The city is on the Allegheny Plateau, within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau.[53] The Downtown area (also known as the Golden Triangle) sits where the Allegheny River flows from the northeast and the Monongahela River from the southeast to form the Ohio River. The convergence is at Point State Park and is referred to as "the Point." The city extends east to include the Oakland and Shadyside sections, which are home to the University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, Chatham University, Carnegie Museum and Library, and many other educational, medical, and cultural institutions. The southern, western, and northern areas of the city are primarily residential.
Many Pittsburgh neighborhoods are steeply sloped with two-lane roads. More than a quarter of neighborhood names make reference to "hills," "heights," or similar features.[a]
The steps of Pittsburgh consist of 800 sets of outdoor public stairways with 44,645 treads and 24,090 vertical feet. They include hundreds of streets composed entirely of stairs, and many other steep streets with stairs for sidewalks.[54] Many provide vistas of the Pittsburgh area while attracting hikers and fitness walkers.[55]
Bike and walking trails have been built to border many of the city's rivers and hollows. The Great Allegheny Passage and Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Towpath connect the city directly to downtown Washington, D.C. (some 335 miles [539 km] away) with a continuous bike/running trail.
Cityscape
Areas
The city consists of the Downtown area, called the Golden Triangle,[56] and four main areas surrounding it. These surrounding areas are subdivided into distinct neighborhoods (Pittsburgh has 90 neighborhoods).[57] Relative to downtown, these areas are known as the Central, North Side/North Hills, South Side/South Hills, East End, and West End.
Golden Triangle
North Side
The North Side is home to various neighborhoods in transition. The area was once known as
South Side
The South Side was once the site of railyards and associated dense, inexpensive housing for mill and railroad workers. Starting in the late 20th century, the city undertook a Main Street program in cooperation with the National Trust for Historic Preservation, encouraging design and landscape improvements on East Carson Street, and supporting new retail. The area has become a local Pittsburgher destination, and the value of homes in the South Side had increased in value by about 10% annually for the 10 years leading up to 2014.[61] East Carson Street has developed as one of the most vibrant areas of the city, packed with diverse shopping, ethnic eateries, vibrant nightlife, and live music venues.
In 1993, the
East End
The East End of Pittsburgh is home to the
West End
The West End includes
Ethnicities
 |
Many of Pittsburgh's patchwork of neighborhoods still retain
- German: East Allegheny(Deutschtown)
- Italian: Brookline, Bloomfield, Morningside, Oakland
- Hispanic/Latino: Beechview/Brookline
- Polish, Austrian, Belgian, Czech, Polish Hill
- Lithuanian: Uptown
- African American/Multiracial African American:
- Jewish (Squirrel Hill
- Irish: Mt. Washington, Carrick, Greenfield
- Ukrainian (Ruthenian): South Side
Population densities
Several neighborhoods on the edges of the city are less urban, featuring tree-lined streets, yards and garages, with a more suburban character. Oakland, the South Side, the North Side, and the Golden Triangle are characterized by more density of housing, walking neighborhoods, and a more diverse, urban feel.
Images
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Regional identity
Pittsburgh falls within the borders of the Northeastern United States as defined by multiple US Government agencies. Pittsburgh is the principal city of the
Pittsburgh falls within the borders of Appalachia as defined by the Appalachian Regional Commission, and has long been characterized as the "northern urban industrial anchor of Appalachia."[67] In its post-industrial state, Pittsburgh has been characterized as the "Paris of Appalachia",[68][69][70][71] recognizing the city's cultural, educational, healthcare, and technological resources, and is the largest city in Appalachia.
Climate
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Under the
The warmest month of the year in Pittsburgh is July, with a 24-hour average of 73.2 °F (22.9 °C). Conditions are often humid, and combined with highs reaching 90 °F (32 °C) on an average 9.5 days a year,[77] a considerable heat index arises. The coolest month is January, when the 24-hour average is 28.8 °F (−1.8 °C), and lows of 0 °F (−18 °C) or below can be expected on an average 2.6 nights per year.[77] Officially, record temperatures range from −22 °F (−30 °C), on January 19, 1994 to 103 °F (39 °C), which occurred three times, most recently on July 16, 1988; the record cold daily maximum is −3 °F (−19 °C), which occurred three times, most recently the day of the all-time record low, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 82 °F (28 °C) on July 1, 1901.[77][b] Due to elevation and location on the windward side of the Appalachian Mountains, 100 °F (38 °C)+ readings are very rare, and were last seen on July 15, 1995.[77]
Average annual precipitation is 39.61 inches (1,006 mm) and precipitation is greatest in May while least in October; annual precipitation has historically ranged from 22.65 in (575 mm) in 1930 to 57.83 in (1,469 mm) in 2018.[78] On average, December and January have the greatest number of precipitation days. Snowfall averages 44.1 inches (112 cm) per season, but has historically ranged from 8.8 in (22 cm) in 1918–19 to 80 in (200 cm) in 1950–51.[79] There is an average of 59 clear days and 103 partly cloudy days per year, while 203 days are cloudy.[80] In terms of annual percent-average possible sunshine received, Pittsburgh (45%) is similar to Seattle (49%).
| Climate data for Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh International Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[c] extremes 1874–present[d] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 75 (24) |
78 (26) |
84 (29) |
90 (32) |
95 (35) |
98 (37) |
103 (39) |
103 (39) |
102 (39) |
91 (33) |
82 (28) |
74 (23) |
103 (39) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 61.5 (16.4) |
63.2 (17.3) |
73.5 (23.1) |
81.5 (27.5) |
86.8 (30.4) |
90.4 (32.4) |
91.3 (32.9) |
90.3 (32.4) |
88.2 (31.2) |
79.9 (26.6) |
70.8 (21.6) |
62.6 (17.0) |
92.6 (33.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 36.3 (2.4) |
39.6 (4.2) |
49.1 (9.5) |
62.4 (16.9) |
71.9 (22.2) |
79.4 (26.3) |
82.9 (28.3) |
81.7 (27.6) |
75.1 (23.9) |
63.1 (17.3) |
50.9 (10.5) |
40.6 (4.8) |
61.1 (16.2) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 28.8 (−1.8) |
31.4 (−0.3) |
39.7 (4.3) |
51.5 (10.8) |
61.2 (16.2) |
69.4 (20.8) |
73.2 (22.9) |
71.8 (22.1) |
64.9 (18.3) |
53.4 (11.9) |
42.6 (5.9) |
33.7 (0.9) |
51.8 (11.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 21.4 (−5.9) |
23.2 (−4.9) |
30.3 (−0.9) |
40.7 (4.8) |
50.6 (10.3) |
59.3 (15.2) |
63.4 (17.4) |
62.0 (16.7) |
54.8 (12.7) |
43.7 (6.5) |
34.3 (1.3) |
26.7 (−2.9) |
42.5 (5.8) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 1.0 (−17.2) |
5.0 (−15.0) |
11.7 (−11.3) |
25.4 (−3.7) |
35.6 (2.0) |
45.2 (7.3) |
52.5 (11.4) |
51.1 (10.6) |
41.2 (5.1) |
29.5 (−1.4) |
19.3 (−7.1) |
9.7 (−12.4) |
−1.5 (−18.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −22 (−30) |
−20 (−29) |
−5 (−21) |
11 (−12) |
26 (−3) |
34 (1) |
42 (6) |
39 (4) |
31 (−1) |
16 (−9) |
−1 (−18) |
−12 (−24) |
−22 (−30) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.96 (75) |
2.62 (67) |
3.15 (80) |
3.32 (84) |
3.83 (97) |
4.12 (105) |
4.26 (108) |
3.52 (89) |
3.30 (84) |
2.83 (72) |
2.86 (73) |
2.84 (72) |
39.61 (1,006) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 13.3 (34) |
11.7 (30) |
7.6 (19) |
1.0 (2.5) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (1.0) |
2.4 (6.1) |
7.7 (20) |
44.1 (112) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 16.8 | 13.9 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 13.5 | 12.4 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 14.6 | 153.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 12.2 | 9.3 | 5.9 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 3.3 | 7.6 | 40.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%)
|
69.9 | 67.3 | 64.1 | 59.8 | 63.4 | 66.2 | 68.8 | 71.2 | 72.0 | 68.3 | 70.2 | 71.9 | 67.8 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 17.2 (−8.2) |
18.9 (−7.3) |
26.8 (−2.9) |
34.5 (1.4) |
45.9 (7.7) |
55.2 (12.9) |
60.1 (15.6) |
59.5 (15.3) |
53.4 (11.9) |
40.8 (4.9) |
32.4 (0.2) |
23.2 (−4.9) |
39.0 (3.9) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 93.9 | 108.5 | 155.4 | 182.8 | 217.4 | 242.2 | 254.9 | 228.4 | 196.7 | 167.3 | 99.4 | 74.4 | 2,021.3 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 31 | 36 | 42 | 46 | 49 | 54 | 56 | 54 | 53 | 48 | 33 | 26 | 45 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Source 1: | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[83] | |||||||||||||
Air quality
The American Lung Association's (ALA) 2023 “State of the Air” report (which included data from 2019 to 2021) showed air quality in Pittsburgh improving. The city received a passing grade for ozone pollution, going from an F to a C grade, and improving from the 46th to 54th most polluted by ozone smog.[84]
A report by Pittsburgh Works Together published in November 2023 utilizing United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) data showed continued air quality improvement as “the level of microscopic soot pollution (PM2.5) at the Liberty air monitor which is used by the EPA to measure Allegheny County’s compliance with the Clean Air Act standards declined 7% in 2022 compared to 2021 and has dropped 23.2% over the past decade."[85] The Pittsburgh Works report also disputes the ALA grade saying, “Data in the Lung Association’s own report shows that many of the counties in the region are among the best in the entire country for peak levels of tiny soot particles (PM2.5).”[86]
According to daily ozone air quality data provided by the EPA, from 2021 to 2024, Pittsburgh had good or moderate air quality most of the time.[87][88] Then-Allegheny County executive Rich Fitzgerald said in December 2023 that they’d seen an “80 % drop in hazardous air pollutants” and that they made EPA attainment at all eight county air monitors for the first time in 2020, and then also achieved that goal in 2021, 2022, and were on track for better results in 2023.[89]
A past 2019 "State of the Air" report from the American Lung Association (ALA) found that air quality in the Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton, PA-OH-WV metro area worsened compared to previous reports, not only for ozone (smog), but also for the second year in a row for both the daily and long-term measures of fine particle pollution. In 2019, outside of California, Allegheny County was the only county in the United States that recorded failing grades for all three.[90]
In a 2013 ranking of 277 metropolitan areas in the United States, the American Lung Association ranked only six U.S. metro areas as having higher amounts of short-term particle pollution, and only seven U.S. metro areas having higher amounts of year-round particle pollution than Pittsburgh. For ozone (smog) pollution, Pittsburgh was ranked 24th among U.S. metro areas.[91][92] The area has improved its air quality with every annual survey. The ALA's rankings have been disputed by the Allegheny County Health Department (ACHD), since data from only the worst of the region's 20 air quality monitors is considered by the ALA, without any context or averaging. The lone monitor used is immediately downwind and adjacent to U.S. Steel's Clairton Coke Works, the nation's largest coke mill, and several municipalities outside the city's jurisdiction of pollution controls, leading to possible confusion that Pittsburgh is the source or center of the emissions cited in the survey.[93] The region's readings also reflect pollution swept in from Ohio and West Virginia.[94]
Although the county was still below the "pass" threshold, the report showed substantial improvement over previous decades on every air quality measure. Fewer than 15 high ozone days were reported between 2007 and 2009, and just 10 between 2008 and 2010, compared to more than 40 between 1997 and 1999.[95] ACHD spokesman Guillermo Cole stated "It's the best it's been in the lifetime for virtually every resident in this county ... We've seen a steady decrease in pollution levels over the past decade and certainly over the past 20, 30, 40, 50 years, or more."[96]
As of 2005, the city includes 31,000 trees on 900 miles of streets. A 2011 analysis of Pittsburgh's tree cover, which involved sampling more than 200 small plots throughout the city, showed a value of between $10 and $13 million in annual benefits based on the urban forest contributions to aesthetics, energy use and air quality. Energy savings from shade, impact on city air and water quality, and the boost in property values were taken into account in the analysis. The city spends $850,000 annually on street tree planting and maintenance.[97]
Despite improvements, some studies still suggest that poor air quality in Pittsburgh is causing negative health effects. In a past study conducted between 2014 and 2016 researchers determined that children who lived in areas close to sources of pollution, such as industrial sites, experienced rates of asthma at almost 3 times the national average.[98] The study also found that 38% of students live in areas over USEPA's 12 micrograms per cubic meter standards, while 70% live in areas over the WHO's standard of 10 micrograms per cubic meter.[98] Several of the plants were located in or very near Pittsburgh.[98] The study also noted that most of the effected communities were minority communities.[98] This had led some residents in Pittsburgh to believe that the continuing effects of air pollution are a case of environmental racism.[99]
Groups such as Women for a Healthy Environment are working to address ongoing concerns surrounding air pollution in Pittsburgh.[100] WHE does work such as policy analysis, publishing reports, and community education.[100] In the summer of 2017, a crowd sourced air quality monitoring application, Smell PGH, was launched. As air quality is still a concern of many in the area, the app allows for users to report odd smells and informs local authorities.[101]
Water quality
The local rivers continue to have pollution levels exceeding EPA limits.
Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority (PWSA) is the city's agency required to replace pipes and charge water rates. They have come under fire from both city and state authorities due to alleged mismanagement.[109] In 2017, Mayor William Peduto advocated for a restructuring of the PWSA and a partially privatized water authority.[110] Governor Wolf subsequently assigned the PWSA to be under the oversight of the Public Utilities Commission (PUC).[109]
PWSA has also been subject to criticism due to findings released in 2016 showing high levels of lead in Pittsburgh's drinking water.[111] Although Pittsburgh's drinking water had been high in lead levels, and steadily rising, for many years, many residents blame PWSA administrative changes for the spike in lead levels.[112] In the years prior, PWSA had hired Veolia, a Paris-based company, for consultation to help with mounting administrative difficulties.[113] By 2015, PWSA in consultation with Veolia had laid off 23 people, including halving the laboratory staff that was responsible for testing water safety and quality.[113] Simultaneously, PWSA in consultation with Veolia had changed what chemicals they were using to prevent metal corrosion in 2014,[112] from soda ash to caustic soda, without consulting with Department of Environmental Protection.[114] Anti-corrosive chemicals were being used because many of Pittsburgh's water pipes were made of lead, and adding anti-corrosive chemicals helped prevent lead from seeping into drinking water.[114]
In 2016 lead levels were as high as 27 ppb in some cases. The legal limit is 15 ppb, although there is not safe amount of lead in drinking water.[114] Though lead levels had been rising in previous years, they had not exceeded the legal limit.[112] In late 2015 PWSA terminated its contracted with Veolia.[113] In response to the high lead levels PWSA began adding orthophosphate to the water.[115] Orthophosphate is meant to create a coating on the inside of pipes, creating a barrier to prevent lead from leaching into drinking water.[115] PWSA has also been working to replace lead pipes, and continuing to test water for lead.[115]
There remains concern among residents over the long-term effects of this lead, particularly for children, in whom lead causes permanent damage to the brain and nervous system.[116] Some people also believe that the high levels of lead reflect environmental racism, as black and Hispanic children in Pittsburgh experience elevated blood-lead levels at 4 times the rate of white children.[116] Water fountains in Langley k-8 school in Sheraden were found to have the highest levels of lead of any schools in the Pittsburgh area. These levels were about 11 times the legal limit. Some residents believe this is due to Langely being a predominantly black school, with 89% of the student body being eligible for the free lunch program.[117]
Demographics
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1800 | 1,565 | — | |
| 1810 | 4,768 | 204.7% | |
| 1820 | 7,248 | 52.0% | |
| 1830 | 12,568 | 73.4% | |
| 1840 | 21,115 | 68.0% | |
| 1850 | 46,601 | 120.7% | |
| 1860 | 49,221 | 5.6% | |
| 1870 | 86,076 | 74.9% | |
| 1880 | 156,389 | 81.7% | |
| 1890 | 238,617 | 52.6% | |
| 1900 | 321,616 | 34.8% | |
| 1910 | 533,905 | 66.0% | |
| 1920 | 588,343 | 10.2% | |
| 1930 | 669,817 | 13.8% | |
| 1940 | 671,659 | 0.3% | |
| 1950 | 676,806 | 0.8% | |
| 1960 | 604,332 | −10.7% | |
| 1970 | 520,117 | −13.9% | |
| 1980 | 423,938 | −18.5% | |
| 1990 | 369,879 | −12.8% | |
| 2000 | 334,563 | −9.5% | |
| 2010 | 305,704 | −8.6% | |
| 2020 | 302,971 | −0.9% | |
| 2022 (est.) | 302,898 | 0.0% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[118][119][2] | |||
| Historical Racial composition | 2020[120] | 2010[121] | 1990[122] | 1970[122] | 1950[122] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White
|
66.8% | 66.0% | 72.1% | 79.3% | 87.7% |
| – Non-Hispanic White | 64.7% | 64.8% | 71.6% | 78.7%[e] | n/a |
Black or African American
|
23.0% | 26.1% | 25.8% | 20.2% | 12.2% |
Asian
|
5.8% | 4.4% | 1.6% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
| Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 3.2% | 2.3% | 0.9% | 0.5%[e] | (X) |
2020 census
![[icon]](/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion with: examples with reliable citations. You can help by adding to it. (September 2021) |
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 1990[123] | Pop 2000[124] | Pop 2010[125] | Pop 2020[126] | % 1990 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
264,722 | 223,982 | 198,186 | 187,099 | 71.57% | 66.95% | 64.83% | 61.75% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
94,743 | 90,183 | 78,847 | 68,314 | 25.61% | 26.96% | 25.79% | 22.55% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
583 | 561 | 505 | 475 | 0.16% | 0.17% | 0.17% | 0.16% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 5,865 | 9,160 | 13,393 | 19,745 | 1.59% | 2.74% | 4.38% | 6.52% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | N/A | 100 | 76 | 96 | N/A | 0.03% | 0.02% | 0.03% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 498 | 1,217 | 843 | 2,081 | 0.13% | 0.36% | 0.28% | 0.69% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | N/A | 4,935 | 6,890 | 13,541 | N/A | 1.48% | 2.25% | 4.47% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 3,468 | 4,425 | 6,964 | 11,620 | 0.94% | 1.32% | 2.28% | 3.84% |
| Total | 369,879 | 334,563 | 305,704 | 302,971 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
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At the 2010 census, there were 305,704 people residing in Pittsburgh, a decrease of 8.6% since 2000; 66.0% of the population was White, 25.8% Black or African American, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 4.4% Asian, 0.3% Other, and 2.3% mixed; in 2020, 2.3% of Pittsburgh's population was of Hispanic or Latino American origin of any race.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the five largest European ethnic groups in Pittsburgh were German (19.7%), Irish (15.8%), Italian (11.8%), Polish (8.4%), and English (4.6%), while the metropolitan area is approximately 22% German-American, 15.4% Italian American and 11.6% Irish American. Pittsburgh has one of the largest Italian-American communities in the nation,[127] and the fifth-largest Ukrainian community per the 1990 census.[128] Pittsburgh has one of the most extensive Croatian communities in the United States.[129] Overall, the Pittsburgh metro area has one of the largest populations of Slavic Americans in the country.
Pittsburgh has a sizable Black and African American population, concentrated in various neighborhoods especially in the East End. There is also a small Asian community consisting of Indian immigrants, and a small Hispanic community consisting of Mexicans and Puerto Ricans.[130]
According to a 2010 Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) study, residents include 773,341 "Catholics"; 326,125 "Mainline Protestants"; 174,119 "Evangelical Protestants;" 20,976 "Black Protestants;" and 16,405 "Orthodox Christians," with 996,826 listed as "unclaimed" and 16,405 as "other" in the metro area.[130] A 2017 study by the Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies at Brandeis University estimated the Jewish population of Greater Pittsburgh was 49,200.[131] Pittsburgh is also cited as the location where the earliest precursor to Jehovah's Witnesses was founded by Charles Taze Russell; today the denomination makes up approximately 1% of the population based on data from the Pew Research Center.[132][133]
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 78% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 42% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered
In 2010, there were 143,739 households, out of which 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.2% were married couples living together, 16.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.4% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.9% under the age of 18, 14.8% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.
The
In a 2002 study, Pittsburgh ranked 22nd of 69 urban places in the U.S. in the number of residents 25 years or older who had completed a bachelor's degree, at 31%.[138] Pittsburgh ranked 15th of the 69 places in the number of residents 25 years or older who completed a high school degree, at 84.7%.[139]
The
As of 2018, much of Pittsburgh's population density was concentrated in the central, southern, and eastern areas. The city limits itself have a population density of 5,513 people per square mile; its most densely populated parts are North Oakland (at 21,200 per square mile) and Uptown Pittsburgh (at 19,869 per square mile). Outside of the city limits, Dormont and Mount Oliver are Pittsburgh's most densely-populated neighborhoods, with 11,167 and 9,902 people per square mile respectively.[141]
Most of Pittsburgh's immigrants are from China, India, Korea and Italy.[142]
Demographic changes
Since the 1940s, some demographic changes have sometimes been caused by city initiatives for redevelopment.
Throughout the 1950s Pittsburgh's Lower Hill District faced massive demographic changes when 1,551, majority black, residents and 413 businesses were forced to relocate when the city of Pittsburgh used eminent domain to make space for the construction of the Civic Arena.[11] This Civic Arena ultimately opened in 1961.[11] The Civic Arena was built as part of one of Pittsburgh's revitalization campaigns. An auditorium in this space was initially proposed in 1947 by the Regional Planning Association and Urban Redevelopment Authority. The idea of an auditorium with a retractable roof that would house the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera was more specifically proposed in 1953 by the Allegheny Conference on Community Redevelopment. The following year the Public Auditorium Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County was formed. The Lower Hill District had been approved by the City Planning Commission in 1950.[11] Partially as a result of the Civic arena, the whole Hill District is estimated to only have 12,000 residents now.[143] These governmental organizations caused demographic changes through creating a mass exodus from the lower hill district for the construction of the Civic Arena.[11]
In the 1960s the Urban Redevelopment Authority attempted to redevelop East Liberty with the goal of preserving its status as a market center. Penn Center Mall was the result of this effort. In the process of constructing this mall, approximately 3,800 people were forced to relocate. This proved to be another case of government intervention resulting in demographic changes.[144]
Later on, in the early 2000s, movement of businesses into East Liberty, such as Home Depot, Whole Foods, and Google, created another demographic shift. This era of redevelopment was led by private developers who catered to what one scholar described as “Florida’s creative class.” This change continued to be supported by the Urban Redevelopment Authority; particularly by the executive director Rob Stepney, who said of the redevelopment “We had an inspired and shared vision.” When describing the result of redevelopment he said “East Liberty went from blighted and ‘keep off the grass’ to the definition of what millennials are looking for.”[144]
The Pittsburgh government’s choices during redevelopment and the resulting demographic changes have resulted in criticism and led some residents to believe that displacement was purposeful. In one article published in Public Source, a resident explains their belief that redevelopment plans are part of “deconcentration,” an effort to spread out black and low-income residents in order to prevent them from being concentrated in one place.[143] Others worry that these demographic changes are part of government complicity in gentrification.[145] Gentrification is a process where wealthier residents move into an area, altering it by increasing housing / renting costs and changing the market for businesses in the area. This displaces current residents who are unable to afford living in the changed neighborhood. In East Liberty, for example, people frequently cite housing units being demolished and replaced by businesses as evidence of gentrification. For example, when the East Mall public housing unit was demolished in 2009, and a Target built in its place.[146]
Economy
Pittsburgh has adapted since the collapse of its century-long steel and electronics industries. The region has shifted to high technology, robotics, health care, nuclear engineering, tourism, biomedical technology, finance, education, and services. Annual payroll of the region's technology industries, when taken in aggregate, exceeded $10.8 billion in 2007,[147] and in 2010 there were 1,600 technology companies.[148] A National Bureau of Economic Research 2014 report named Pittsburgh the second-best U.S. city for intergenerational economic mobility[149] or the American Dream.[150] Reflecting the citywide shift from industry to technology, former factories have been renovated as modern office space. Google has research and technology offices in a refurbished 1918–1998 Nabisco factory, a complex known as Bakery Square.[151] Some of the factory's original equipment, such as a large dough mixer, were left standing in homage to the site's industrial roots.[152] Pittsburgh's transition from its industrial heritage has earned it praise as "the poster child for managing industrial transition".[153] Other major cities in the northeast and mid-west have increasingly borrowed from Pittsburgh's model in order to renew their industries and economic base.[154]
The largest employer in the city is the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, with 48,000 employees. All hospitals, outpatient clinics, and doctor's office positions combine for 116,000 jobs, approximately 10% of the jobs in the region. An analyst recently observed of the city's medical sector: "That's both more jobs and a higher share of the region's total employment than the steel industry represented in the 1970s."[155]
| Top publicly traded companies in the Pittsburgh region for 2022 (ranked by revenues) with metropolitan and U.S. ranks | |||||
| Metro | corporation | US | |||
| 1 | The Kraft Heinz Company | 139 | |||
| 2 | U.S. Steel | 172 | |||
| 3 | PNC Financial Services | 178 | |||
| 4 | Viatris | 204 | |||
| 5 | PPG Industries | 218 | |||
| 6 | Dick's Sporting Goods | 307 | |||
| 7 | Alcoa | 312 | |||
| 8 | WESCO International | 357 | |||
| 9 | Wabtec | 439 | |||
| 10 | Arconic | 452 | |||
Education is a major economic driver in the region. The largest single employer in education is the University of Pittsburgh, with 10,700 employees.[156]
Ten Fortune 500 companies call the Pittsburgh area home.[157] They are (in alphabetical order): Alcoa Corporation (NYSE: AA), Arconic Corporation (NYSE: ARNC), Dick's Sporting Goods (NYSE: DKS), The Kraft Heinz Company (NASDAQ: KHC), PNC Financial Services (NYSE: PNC), PPG Industries (NYSE: PPG), U.S. Steel Corporation (NYSE: X), Viatris (NASDAQ: VRTS), Wabtec Corporation (NYSE: WAB), and WESCO International (WYSE: WCC).[158]
The region is home to
The nonprofit arts and cultural industry in Allegheny County generates $341 million in economic activity that supports over 10,000 full-time equivalent jobs with nearly $34 million in local and state taxes raised.[160]
A leader in
Pittsburgh has hosted many conventions, including
In 2015, Pittsburgh was listed among the "eleven most livable cities in the world" by Metropolis magazine.[163][164] The Economist's Global Liveability Ranking placed Pittsburgh as the most or second-most livable city in the United States in 2005, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2018.[165][166]
Arts and culture
Entertainment
Pittsburgh has a rich history in arts and culture dating from 19th century industrialists commissioning and donating public works, such as
Pittsburgh has a number of small and mid-size arts organizations including the
Hundreds of major films have been shot partially or wholly in Pittsburgh. The Dark Knight Rises was largely filmed in Downtown, Oakland, and the North Shore. Pittsburgh is also considered as the birthplace of the modern zombie film genre after George A. Romero directed the 1968 film Night of the Living Dead.[167][168] Pittsburgh has also teamed up with a Los Angeles-based production company, and has built the largest and most advanced movie studio in the eastern United States.[161]
Pittsburgh's major art museums include the
The
Pittsburgh is home to the world's second-largest furry convention known as Anthrocon, which has been held annually at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center since 2006. In 2017, Anthrocon drew over 7,000 visitors and has had a cumulative economic impact of $53 million over the course of its 11 years of being hosted in Pittsburgh.[169]
Lifetime's reality show, Dance Moms, is filmed at Pittsburgh's Abby Lee Dance Company.
Music
Pittsburgh has a long tradition of jazz, blues, and bluegrass music. The National Negro Opera Company was founded in the city as the first all African-American opera company in the United States. This led to the prominence of African-American singers like Leontyne Price in the world of opera. One of the greatest American musicians and composers of the 20th century, Billy Strayhorn, grew up and was educated in Pittsburgh, as was pianist/composer-arranger Mary Lou Williams, who composed and recorded an eponymous tribute to her home town in 1966,[170] featuring vocalist Leon Thomas.[171]
Pittsburgh's Wiz Khalifa is a recent artist to have a number one record. His anthem "Black and Yellow" (a tribute to Pittsburgh's official colors) reached number one on Billboard's "Hot 100"[172] for the Week of February 19, 2011.[173] Perry Como and Christina Aguilera are from Pittsburgh suburbs. The city is also where the band Rusted Root was formed. Liz Berlin of Rusted Root owns Mr. Smalls, a popular music venue for touring national acts in Pittsburgh.[174] Hip hop artist Mac Miller was also a Pittsburgh native, with his debut album Blue Slide Park named after the local Frick Park.
Many
Pittsburgh has emerged as a leading city in the United States' heavy metal music scene. Ranking as the third 'most metal city' in a study conducted by MetalSucks,[175] Pittsburgh has earned a reputation for its heavy metal community. Pittsburgh is home to over six-hundred heavy metal bands,[175] as well as heavy metal coffee shops[176] and bars. The city is noted for its doom metal, metalcore, and death metal scenes.
Throughout the 1990s there was an
Since 2012, Pittsburgh has been the home of Hot Mass, an afterhours electronic music dance party which critics have compared favorably to European nightclubs and parties.[183][184] Electronic music artist and DJ Yaeji credits Hot Mass with her "indoctrination into nightlife"; she regularly attended the party while studying at Carnegie Mellon University.[185][186]
Theatre
The city's first play was produced at the
Pittsburgh is well known for being home to the late playwright August Wilson.[187] The August Wilson House now remains in Pittsburgh to celebrate the life and work of August Wilson, continue to produce his plays, and serve as an arts center for the Hill District, where Wilson was from.[187]
Literature
Pittsburgh is the birthplace of Gertrude Stein and Rachel Carson, a Chatham University graduate from the suburb of Springdale, Pennsylvania.[188] Modern writers include Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright August Wilson[189] and Michael Chabon with his Pittsburgh-focused commentary on student and college life. Two-time Pulitzer Prize winner and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, David McCullough was born and raised in Pittsburgh.[190] Annie Dillard, a Pulitzer Prize–winning writer, was born and raised in Pittsburgh. Much of her memoir An American Childhood takes place in post-World War II Pittsburgh. Award-winning author John Edgar Wideman grew up in Pittsburgh and has based several of his books, including the memoir Brothers and Keepers, in his hometown. Poet Terrance Hayes, winner of the 2010 National Book Award and a 2014 MacArthur Foundation Fellow, received his MFA from the University of Pittsburgh, where he is a faculty member. Poet Michael Simms, founder of Autumn House Press, resides in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Pittsburgh. Poet Samuel John Hazo, the first poet Laureate of Pennsylvania, resides in the city. New writers include Chris Kuzneski, who attended the University of Pittsburgh and mentions Pittsburgh in his works, and Pittsburgher Brian Celio, author of Catapult Soul, who captured the Pittsburgh 'Yinzer' dialect in his writing. Pittsburgh's unique literary style extends to playwrights,[191] as well as local graffiti and hip hop artists.
Pittsburgh's position as the birthplace for community owned television and networked commercial television helped spawn the modern children's show genres exemplified by
The
The modern fantasy, macabre and science fiction genre was popularized by director
Food
Pittsburgh is known for several specialties including
Pittsburgh is home to the annual pickle-themed festival Picklesburgh, which has been named the "best specialty food festival in America".[204]
Local dialect
The Pittsburgh English dialect, commonly called
Livability
Pittsburgh has five city parks and several parks managed by the
Residents living in extremely low-lying areas near the rivers or one of the 1,400 creeks and streams may have occasional floods,[209] such as those caused when the remnants of Hurricane Ivan hit rainfall records in 2004.[210] River flooding is relatively rare due to federal flood control efforts extensively managing locks, dams, and reservoirs.[209][211][212] Residents living near smaller tributary streams are less protected from occasional flooding. The cost of a comprehensive flood control program for the region has been estimated at a prohibitive $50 billion.[209]
Pittsburgh has the greatest number of bars per capita in the nation.[18]
Sports
Pittsburgh hosted the
Pittsburgh has a long history with its major professional sports teams—the
The
"
Professional
Major league
| Team | Founded | League | Sport | Venue | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pittsburgh Pirates | 1882 | Major League Baseball (MLB) | Baseball | PNC Park | 7[o 1] |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | 1933 | National Football League (NFL) | Football | Acrisure Stadium | 6[o 2] |
| Pittsburgh Penguins | 1967 | National Hockey League (NHL) | Hockey | PPG Paints Arena | 5[o 3] |
Minor league/other
| Team | Founded | League | Sport | Venue | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pittsburgh Riverhounds | 1999 | USL Championship (USLC) | Soccer | Highmark Stadium | |
| Steel City Yellow Jackets | 2014 | ABA
|
Basketball | CCAC Allegheny Arena | 1 |
**Pittsburgh's ABA franchise won the 1968 title, but the Steel City Yellow Jackets franchise is heir to it only in location.
College
Power 5
| School | Prominent sports | Venues | Conference | National Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Pittsburgh | Pitt Football (FBS) | Acrisure Stadium | ACC | 9[o 1] |
| Pitt Basketball | Petersen Events Center | 1927–28 1929–30 |
Other
| School | Prominent sports | Venues | Conference | National Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duquesne University | FCS )
|
Art Rooney Field | NEC | 1941, 1973, 2003 |
| Dukes Basketball | UPMC Cooper Fieldhouse | A10 | 1954–55 (NIT) | |
| Robert Morris University | Colonials Basketball | UPMC Events Center | NEC | |
| Colonials Hockey | Island Sports Center
|
AHA |
Baseball
[t]his is the perfect blend of location, history, design, comfort and baseball ... The best stadium in baseball is in Pittsburgh.
ESPN
The Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team, often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos (derived from buccaneer), is the city's oldest professional sports franchise, having been founded in 1881, and plays in the Central Division of the National League. The Pirates are nine-time Pennant winners and five-time World Series Champions, were in the first World Series (1903) and claim two pre-World Series titles in 1901 and 1902. The Pirates play in PNC Park.
Pittsburgh also has a rich
Since the late 20th century, the Pirates had three consecutive
Football
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2017) |
The city's professional team, NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers, is named after the distribution company the Pittsburgh Steeling company established in 1927. News of the team has preempted news of elections and other events and are important to the region and its diaspora. The Steelers have been owned by the Rooney family since the team's founding in 1933, show consistency in coaching (only three coaches since the 1960s all with the same basic philosophy) and are noted as one of sports' most respectable franchises.[222] The Steelers have a long waiting list for season tickets, and have sold out every home game since 1972.[223] The team won four Super Bowls in a six-year span in the 1970s, a fifth Super Bowl in 2006, and a league record sixth Super Bowl in 2009. Since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 they have qualified for the most NFL playoff berths (28) and have played in (15) and hosted (11) the most NFL conference championship games.[citation needed]
Acrisure Stadium serves as home for the Steelers, Panthers, and both the suburban and city high school championships. Playoff franchises
Hockey
| This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2015) |
The NHL's Pittsburgh Penguins have played in Pittsburgh since the team's founding in 1967. The team has won 6 Eastern Conference titles (1991, 1992, 2008, 2009, 2016 and 2017) and 5 Stanley Cup championships (1991, 1992, 2009, 2016 and 2017). Since 1999, Hall of Famer and back-to-back playoff MVP Mario Lemieux has served as Penguins owner. Until moving into the PPG Paints Arena in 2010 (when it was known as Consol Energy Center), the team played their home games at the world's first retractable domed stadium, the Civic Arena, or in local parlance "The Igloo".[227]
Ice hockey has had a regional fan base since the 1890s semi-pro Keystones. The city's first ice rink dates back to 1889, when there was an ice rink at the Casino in Schenley Park. From 1896 to 1956, the Exposition Building on the Allegheny River near The Point and Duquesne Gardens in Oakland offered indoor skating.[228]
The NHL awarded one of its first franchises to the city in 1924 on the strength of the back-to-back USAHA championship winning
Basketball
The Duquesne University Dukes and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers have played college basketball in the city since 1914 and 1905 respectively. Pitt and Duquesne have played the annual City Game since 1932. Duquesne was the city's first team to appear in a
The Panthers won two pre-tournament era
The suburban Robert Morris University's Colonials have competed in NCAA Division I basketball since the 1970s, qualifying for the NCAA tournament in each of the last four decades (8). In the 2013 National Invitation Tournament the Colonials notched an upset win over the defending national champions Kentucky Wildcats.
Pittsburgh Panthers women's basketball has qualified for 14 post season tournaments (including 4 NCAA tournaments) and boasts of 5 All-Americans selected 6 times with 3 WNBA players. Pitt women began play in 1914 before being reintroduced in 1970. Both Duquesne and Robert Morris also have competitive Division I women's basketball programs.
Pittsburgh launched the nation's first high school all-star game in 1965.[236] The Roundball Classic annually featured future NBA hall of famers at the Civic Arena with ESPN televising. The Civic Arena also hosted the championship tournament for the Eastern Eight Conference from 1978 until 1982.
Soccer
The
Golf
Golf legends
Local courses have sponsored annual major tournaments for 40 years:
- Pennsylvania Open Championship 1920–1940 (even years)
- Dapper Dan Open 1939–1949
- Pittsburgh Open (LPGA Tour) 1956
- Pittsburgh Senior Classic 1993–1998
- 84 Lumber Classic2001–2006
- Mylan Classic 2010–2013
Professional wrestling
Many notable
The
Annual sporting events
Pittsburgh hosts several annual major sporting events initiated in the late 20th century, including the:
- Three Rivers Regatta(since 1977)
- Pittsburgh Vintage Grand Prix (since 1983)
- Dirty Dozen Cycle Race (since 1983)
- Pittsburgh Marathon (since 1985)
- Great Race 10K(since 1985)
- Head of the Ohio Regatta (since 1987)
The city's vibrant rivers have attracted annual world-title fishing competitions of the
Annual events continue during the winter months at area ski resorts such as Boyce Park, Seven Springs, Hidden Valley Resort, Laurel Mountain, and Wisp. Ice skating rinks are enjoyed at PPG Place and North Park.
Government and politics
Government
The
The
Politics
Biden: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% 90–100%
Trump: 50–60% 60–70%
In 2006, Council President Luke Ravenstahl was sworn in as mayor at age 26, becoming the youngest mayor in the history of any major American city. His successor, Bill Peduto, was sworn in on January 6, 2014. In November 2021, Pittsburgh elected its first African-American mayor, Ed Gainey.
Prior to the
Pittsburgh is represented in the
Federally, Pittsburgh is part of Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district, represented by Democrat Summer Lee since 2023 and also by Democrat Chris Deluzio.
Law enforcement
The area's largest law enforcement agency is the
The county's lead law enforcement officer is Allegheny County District Attorney Stephen Zappala while the Allegheny County Medical Examiner heads forensics. Crimes of a federal nature are covered by the U.S. Attorney for Western Pennsylvania.
Crime
Pittsburgh annually ranks as one of America's safest big cities, in 2013 being named the 3rd "most secure" big city by Farmers Insurance. Per 100,000 persons stats (2012):
| Murder | Rape | Robbery | Assault | Burglary | Theft | Motor vehicle | Total violent | Total property | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City |
13.1 | 15.1 | 363.3 | 360.4 | 812.8 | 2,438.2 | 174.3 | 752.0 | 3,425.4 |
At the end of 2019, the Pittsburgh Bureau of Police reported 37 murders in the city that year.[245]
In Pittsburgh, the homicide rate for African Americans is seven times the national average.[246] Some people believe that over-reliance on law enforcement exacerbates homicide rates.[246] There is also concern regarding the effectiveness of law enforcement in solving these cases, as 97% of cases involving a black victim remain unsolved.[247] This has led certain residents to believe law enforcement to be ineffective or apathetic.[247] This is despite an increasing police budget. In 2023, members of the Pittsburgh City Council approved an increase to the police budget by $6 million.[248] About 6% of this money is expected to go to the Stop the Violence trust fund. This fund goes to improving parks and recreation, various non-profits, and to the office of Community Health and Safety, in effort to holistically improve the social pressures supposedly causing violence in Pittsburgh.[249]
Some people do not believe these efforts to be adequate. Certain studies, such as conducted by the Police Scorecard, rate the Pittsburgh Police Department at 37% quality (with 100% being the best). They rated Pittsburgh below the 50th percentile in the categories “police budget cost per person,” “fines / forefeitures,” “Police Presence/Over-Policing (Officers per Population),” “Force Used per Arrest,” “Racial Disparities in Deadly Force,” “Excessive Force Complaints Upheld,” “Discrimination Complaints Upheld,” “Criminal Misconduct Complaints Upheld,” “Arrest Rate for Low Level Offenses,” and “Racial Disparities in Drug Arrests.” This is 10 out of 15 categories.[250]
Education
Colleges and universities
Pittsburgh is home to many colleges, universities and research facilities, the most well-known of which are Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Pittsburgh, and Duquesne University. Also in the city are Carlow University, Chatham University, Point Park University, the Community College of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary, and the Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science.
The campuses of Carlow, Carnegie Mellon, and the University of Pittsburgh are near each other in the
The University of Pittsburgh, established in 1787 and popularly referred to as "Pitt", is a
Primary education
Pittsburgh Public Schools teachers are paid well relative to their peers, ranking 17th in 2000 among the 100 largest cities by population for the highest minimum salary. In 2018, the starting teacher salary offered to teachers with a BA was $46,920. The maximum annual salary for a teacher with a master's degree was $95,254.[257]
Local public schools include many charter and magnet schools, including City Charter High School (computer and technology focused), Pittsburgh Montessori School (formerly Homewood Montessori), Pittsburgh Gifted Center, Barack Obama Academy of International Studies 6-12, Pittsburgh Creative and Performing Arts 6–12, Pittsburgh Science and Technology Academy, the Western Pennsylvania School for Blind Children, and the Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf.
Private schools in Pittsburgh include
The city also has an extensive library system, both public and university. Most notable are the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh's University Library System, which rank as the ninth-largest public and 18th-largest academic libraries in the nation, respectively.[258]
Media
Newspapers
There are two major daily newspapers in Pittsburgh: the
Television
The Pittsburgh metro area is served by multiple local television and radio stations. The Pittsburgh
). KDKA-TV, WINP-TV, and WPCB are owned-and-operated by their respective networks.Radio
A wide variety of
Film
Pittsburgh's 116-year-old film industry accelerated after the 2006 passage of the
Film production in Pittsburgh has notably impacted the region's economy and job creation, largely due to the 25% tax credit incentive established in 2007.[267][268] The Pittsburgh Film Office states that the film and television industry provides employment to over 10,000 people and pays over $500 million in wages in southwestern Pennsylvania.[269] Furthermore, the industry supports over 345,000 local businesses and contributes over $41 billion to them.[268]
From 2017 to 2023, Pittsburgh has welcomed a series of major film and television productions like Fences, Mindhunter, Ma Rainey's Black Bottom, Sweet Girl, and I'm Your Woman.[270] These productions have significantly contributed to the local economy by hiring local personnel, leasing local facilities and equipment, purchasing local goods and services, and enhancing local tourism and visibility.[271]
In addition to a thriving film industry, Pittsburgh is home to several film festivals, film schools, and organizations that encourage and promote independent and diverse filmmakers. Notable film festivals include the Three Rivers Film Festival, the Pittsburgh Shorts Film Festival, the JFilm Festival, the ReelAbilities Film Festival, and the Black Bottom Film Festival.[272][273] The local film schools include Pittsburgh Filmmakers, Point Park University - Cinema & Digital Arts, and University of Pittsburgh - Film Studies.[274][275]
Moreover, Pittsburgh is developing a robust film studio infrastructure, with several sound stages and production facilities available for hire. Prominent film studios in Pittsburgh are 3 Rivers Studios, Cinelease Studios, Post Script Films, Deeplocal, and The Videohouse.
Utilities
The city is served by
Health care
The two largest area health care providers are the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) (since 1893) and Allegheny Health Network (since 1882). Both hospitals annually rank as among the best overall in the United States, with UPMC ranked among U.S. News & World Report's "Honor Roll" every year since 2000.[citation needed]
The first military hospital in U.S. history and the first west of the Atlantic Plain—General Edward Hand Hospital—served the area from 1777 to 1845.
In 1980, UPMC announced a $250 million ($1.05 billion today) expansion and also hired transplant pioneer Thomas Starzl.[288] In 1984, Allegheny General surgeons pioneered modern brain surgery. Starzl arranged the 1985 liver transplant of 5-year-old Amie Garrison as a UPMC surgery team flew to Baylor University, starting its transplant program.[289] Also in 1985, UPMC surgeons Drs. Griffith, Hardesty, and Trento revealed a new device after a heart-lung transplant. In 1986, UPMC announced a $230 million ($639 million today) modernization. In 1996, UPMC's planned Sicily ISMETT branch was approved by the Italian government as transplant surgeons to supervise and deliver the world's third (both earlier ones done at UPMC)--and first public—cross species marrow transplant at University of California, San Francisco.[290] UPMC's Thomas Detre founded the International Society for Bipolar Disorders at a world medical conference in Pittsburgh in 1999.[291]
The $80 million ($142 million today)
In 2009, the $600 million ($849 million today) UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh opened. The campus was featured in world news in 2012 for several unique approaches to patient care.[292] UPMC officially adopted in Erie, Pennsylvania's Hamot Medical Center in 2010. The Pittsburgh Penguins announced a state of the art training facility with UPMC in 2012.[293] UPMC announced in 2013 it had partnered with Nazarbayev University to help found its medical school.[294]
Health discoveries
While he was a professor at the University of Pittsburgh, American virologist Jonas Salk developed one of the first successful polio vaccines, which came into use in 1955.
UPMC has pioneered several world firsts including the first known cystic fibrosis heart-lung transplant (1983), the world's first simultaneous liver and heart transplant operation on a child (6-year-old Stormie Jones in 1984), the youngest heart-lung transplant (9 years old in 1985), the world's first heart-liver-kidney transplant (1989), the world's first heart-liver transplant on an infant (1997),[295] the first pediatric heart-double lung-liver transplant (1998), the nation's first double hand transplant (2009), and the first total forearm and hand transplant (2010), as well as the state's first heart transplant (1968).[296][297]
The Lancet published a 2012 UPMC study of two 9-year quadriplegics being able to move a robotic arm by thought, to pick up objects, shake hands, and even eat. Wiring the brain around spine damage to restore arm and leg muscle function was successful using robotic arms controlled via an embedded computer to translate signals near a small group of neurons with 200 needles.[298]
Transportation
Pittsburgh is a
Public transportation statistics
Pittsburgh is served by Pittsburgh Regional Transit, the 26th-largest transit agency in the country prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Pittsburgh, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 73 min. 23% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 minutes, while 33% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 3.9 mi (6.3 km), while 11% travel for over 7.5 mi (12 km) in a single direction.[302]
Expressways and highways
| Expressways | Other Highways | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Parkway North |  |
US 19 |  PA 88
|
   |
Parkway East & West |  |
Truck
US 19 |
 PA 121
|
 |
Crosstown |  |
PA 8 |  PA 130
|
 |
Allegheny Valley Expressway |  |
PA 50 |  PA 380
|
 |
Ohio River Boulevard |  |
PA 51 |  PA 837
|
 |
PA 60 |  PA 885
| ||
.JPG)
Locals refer to the interstates fanning out from
Airports
Other airports that have or have had scheduled commercial service include Morgantown Municipal Airport (79 miles (127 km) south of Pittsburgh), Youngstown–Warren Regional Airport (81 miles (130 km) northwest of Pittsburgh), Akron–Canton Airport (120 miles (190 km) northwest of Pittsburgh), Johnstown–Cambria County Airport (60 miles (97 km) east of Pittsburgh) and Erie International Airport (123 miles (198 km) north of Pittsburgh).
Intercity passenger rail and bus
Until declines in passenger travel in the 1950s and 1960s, several stations served Pittsburgh: Baltimore & Ohio Station, Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad Station, Wabash Pittsburgh Terminal and Pittsburgh Union Station.
Regional mass transit
The Bus System lines are labeled by number and letter. These are the largest portion of Pittsburgh Regional Transit and serve on streets and designated busways. Buses serve most of the county, extending as far as Pittsburgh International Airport, Monroeville, McCandless, and the borders of Westmoreland County and Beaver County, Pennsylvania. Meanwhile, the light rail system (commonly known as the "T") runs along both new tracks and those refurbished from the streetcar era. The light rail runs from Acrisure Stadium to South Hills Village and Library, taking commuters through one of two routes: one which serves Castle Shannon, Mt. Lebanon, and Beechview, and the other is an express line using railways through Overbrook.
Freight rail
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Pittsburgh's rail industry dates to 1851 when the Pennsylvania Railroad first opened service between the Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad entered the city in 1871. In 1865, Andrew Carnegie opened the Pittsburgh Locomotive and Car Works, which manufactured for the industry until 1919. Carnegie also founded the Union Railroad in 1894 for heavy freight services and it still serves the area's steel industry, while George Westinghouse's Wabtec has been a leader in rail engines and switching since 1869.
Pittsburgh is home to one of
Port
The
Notable people
Sister cities
Pittsburgh's sister cities are:[308]
Bilbao, Spain
Da Nang, Vietnam
Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
Gaziantep, Turkey
Glasgow, Scotland
Karmiel, Israel
Matanzas, Cuba- Misgav, Israel
Naucalpan, Mexico
Ostrava, Czech Republic
Prešov, Slovakia
Saarbrücken, Germany
Saitama, Japan- San Isidro, Nicaragua
Sheffield, England[g]
Skopje, North Macedonia
Sofia, Bulgaria
Wuhan, China
Zagreb, Croatia
See also
- Greater Pittsburgh Region
- List of fiction set in Pittsburgh
- List of municipalities in Pennsylvania
- List of people from Pittsburgh
Explanatory notes
- Upper Hill.
- ^ The warmest daily minimum at the current observation location, Pittsburgh Int'l, is only 77 °F (25 °C) on July 23, 2010, and July 16, 1980.[77]
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Records kept September 1874 to June 1935 at the Weather Bureau Office across the Allegheny River from downtown, at Allegheny County Airport from July 1935 to 14 September 1952, and at Pittsburgh Int'l (KPIT) since 15 September 1952. Due to its river valley and urban location as well as elevation, many of the summertime warm minima temperature records set at the WBO have not even come close to being matched at KPIT, which is at-elevation and located in the western suburbs. For more information, see Threadex
- ^ a b From 15% sample
- Arena Football League and the Pittsburgh Passion of the Independent Women's Football League(IWFL) use these colors as well.
- ^ Pittsburgh and Sheffield are both known as Steel City for their connections with the steel industry.
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Further reading
- Allen Dieterich-Ward, Beyond Rust: Metropolitan Pittsburgh and the Fate of Industrial America (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). viii, 347 pp.
- Kenneth J. Kobus, City of Steel: How Pittsburgh Became the World's Steelmaking Capital During the Carnegie Era. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015.
- Charles McCollester, The Point of Pittsburgh: Production and Struggle at the Forks of the Ohio. Pittsburgh, PA: Battle of Homestead Foundation, 2008.
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- Pittsburgh Daily Gazette, Google Newspaper archive. PDFs of 5,794 issues, dating primarily 1834–1841 and 1850–1863.
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