Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
Pittsburgh synagogue shooting | |
---|---|
Location | right-wing terrorism[1] |
Weapons |
|
Deaths | 11 |
Injured | 7 (including the perpetrator) |
Perpetrator | Robert Gregory Bowers |
Motive | Guilty on all counts |
Convictions | 63 federal criminal counts[a] |
Charges | 36 state criminal counts |
Sentence | Federal: Death[5] |
The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting was an
The perpetrator, identified as 46-year-old Robert Gregory Bowers,[9] was shot multiple times by police and arrested at the scene.[10] Bowers had earlier posted antisemitic comments against HIAS (formerly, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) on the online alt-tech social network Gab.[11][12][13] Dor Hadash[14] had participated in HIAS's National Refugee Shabbat the previous week. Referring to Central American migrant caravans and immigrants, Bowers posted a message on Gab in which he wrote that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[15][16] He was charged with 63 federal crimes, some of which are capital crimes.[10] He pleaded not guilty.[10] On June 16, 2023, he was found guilty on all federal counts, and on August 3, 2023, he was sentenced to death by lethal injection.[17][18][19][20] He separately faces 36 charges in Pennsylvania state court.[21]
Background
Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation is a
Originally founded as an Orthodox Jewish congregation in 1864 in downtown Pittsburgh, by an early group of Jewish immigrants, Tree of Life merged in 2010 with the recently founded Congregation Or L'Simcha.[27] The modern synagogue building, located at the intersection of Wilkins and Shady avenues in Squirrel Hill, was built in 1953. The congregation also rents space to Dor Hadash,[c] a Reconstructionist congregation; and New Light, another Conservative congregation.[28][29][30] The synagogue's main sanctuary has a capacity of 1,250 people.[31]
Squirrel Hill has a low crime rate and is not generally regarded as racially tense. However, local
This 2018 mass shooting took place soon after Columbia University and the Anti-Defamation League independently reported a spike in antisemitic activity online, especially on the popular social networking platforms Instagram and Twitter.[33][34][35][36] In addition, other antisemitic acts had been committed elsewhere.[37]
The immediate rise in the months of August to October 2018 was attributed to rising tensions associated with advertising for the
In August 2017, the widely publicized
Shooting
At 9:45 a.m. EDT (13:45 UTC), three religious services were underway in the Tree of Life synagogue, which housed three distinct congregations. Tree of Life and New Light had both begun independent Shabbat morning service in the Pervin Chapel[39] and basement, respectively. The Dor Hadash congregants were gathered near the front of the building, prior to their 10:00 a.m. Torah study session.[40]
Five minutes later, a gunman, identified as Robert Bowers and described as a "bearded heavy-set white male", entered the building, opened fire and was "shooting for about 20 minutes."
At 9:55,[47] Melvin Wax, the leader of New Light's services, hid in a pitch-black closet in the basement. He opened the door of the closet, and Bowers immediately shot him. The latter did not notice the other three congregants who remained in the closet. Two other members of New Light, Gottfried and Stein, were shot and killed in the basement kitchen.[39] Bowers also killed Jerry Rabinowitz of Dor Hadash, a physician who had gone toward the sound of gunshots to see if anyone had been hurt.[39] At 9:57,[47] Bowers left the basement and headed upstairs to the larger Tree of Life service. About 13 worshippers had gathered for the Shabbat service in an upstairs chapel. Myers helped four of them evacuate the chapel through a side door, but eight of the worshippers remained behind. Bowers killed seven of them and wounded the eighth.[39][48] Police sources said Bowers shouted at some point during the attack, "All Jews must die!"[44][49]
At 9:59, police arrived at the synagogue.[45][50] Bowers fired on police from the entryway while apparently departing, and police returned fire, forcing him to retreat into the building.[39][51] A half-hour later, tactical teams entered the building, and Bowers also fired upon them. When officers wounded him in return fire, he retreated to the third floor and hid in a room.[45] He had wounded two officers and two SWAT members, one of them critically.[51] At 11:08, Bowers crawled out of the room and surrendered, having been shot multiple times.[52] As he received medical care in police custody, he allegedly told a SWAT officer that he wanted Jews to die and that Jews were committing genocide against his people.[53]
Victims
Eleven people were killed,[54][15][55] including three on the ground level and four in the synagogue's basement.[56] Among the dead were two brothers and a married couple.[41][57] At least six others were injured, including four Pittsburgh Police officers.[58][44] Five people were transported to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, four requiring surgery, while one was treated and released by the afternoon. Another victim was transported to UPMC Mercy, while the accused was taken to Allegheny General Hospital.[59] Those killed were:
- Joyce Fienberg,
- Richard Gottfried,
- Rose Mallinger,
- Jerry Rabinowitz
- Cecil, & David Rosenthal,
- Bernice, & Sylvan Simon
- Daniel Stein,
- Melvin Wax,
- Irving Younger,
Seven others who were injured in the incident included three other congregants and four Pittsburgh officers (two patrol officers and two SWAT officers; three by ricocheted gunfire and another by glass fragments).[39]
Perpetrator
Robert Gregory Bowers (born September 4, 1972),[9][failed verification] a resident of Baldwin, Pennsylvania, was arrested as the shooter.[60][61][62] Bowers's parents divorced when he was about one year old.[63] His father, Randall Bowers, died by suicide in October 1979 at the age of 26 while he was awaiting trial on a rape charge,[64] when Bowers was 7 years old.[63][64][65] Bowers's mother remarried, with the family living in Florida before the couple separated one year later.[63]
Upon their return to Pennsylvania, Robert and his mother lived with his mother's parents in
According to accounts which were given by Bowers's coworkers, and analysis of his recent
Gab has been described as friendly to
Bowers was very active on social media, posting his own similar antisemitic and racist rants. He often re-posted content by other similarly minded users, such as Patrick Little, who expressed antisemitic, neo-Nazi, white nationalist/supremacist thoughts and
His posts on Gab mentioned that he was initially a supporter of US president Donald Trump.[77] Bowers felt that Trump was not extreme enough, and he criticized him as "globalist, not a nationalist"[83] and for supposedly being surrounded by and controlled by Jews.[84]
Bowers also denounced
A month before the attack, Bowers posted photos of results of his target practice. He also posted a photo of his three handguns, calling them his "glock family".
Bowers coordinated with Brad Griffin (aka Hunter Wallace) of Occidental Dissent, an alt-right associated blogger and member of
In the weeks before the shooting, Bowers made antisemitic posts directed at the
After the shooting, Gab suspended Bowers's profile and pledged to cooperate with the criminal investigation.
Criminal charges and proceedings
Federal criminal proceedings
Indictment and pretrial proceedings
Bowers was charged by the U.S. Department of Justice with 29 federal crimes.[21][93]
Bowers appeared in
On January 29, 2019, the grand jury indicted Bowers on an additional 19 counts, 13 of which were for hate crimes.[100] On February 11, 2019, Bowers was arraigned in federal court.[10]
Bowers's defense team includes two public defenders plus well-known
The trial date was not set until various pretrial motions were resolved.
After Judge Ambrose retired in February 2022, the case was randomly reassigned to U.S. District Judge Robert J. Colville.[107] In March 2022, Colville denied Bowers's motion for a change of venue.[108]
Trial
In September 2022, Judge Colville set the trial to begin in April 2023, rejecting a bid by the defense to delay the trial until December 2023.
The trial began May 30, 2023.
On June 16, 2023, 50-year-old Bowers was found guilty on all 63 federal charges, including 11 counts of obstructing the free exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death; the jury rendered its verdict after five hours of deliberation over two days.[118]
Sentencing phase
The sentencing phase began on June 16, 2023, with the jury hearing arguments to decide if Bowers should be sentenced to death or life without parole. Bowers's defense lawyers sought to persuade the jury that Bowers had significant brain damage[119] and was influenced by mental illness or delusions.[120][121] By contrast, prosecutors emphasized evidence showing that Bowers had extensively planned his attack and was motivated by antisemitism,[119][120] as shown in his numerous rants on social media and statements to police after the attack.[121]
Three
At the request of the defense, the sentencing phase was split into two parts (each with its own opening statements, closing arguments and jury decision): (1) whether Bowers was eligible to be sentenced to death and (2) the selection of the sentence. On July 13, 2023, after two hours of deliberation, the jury found that Bowers was eligible for a death sentence.[122] After making further deliberation on sentence for two days, the federal jury issued a unanimous decision to sentence Bowers to the death penalty on August 2.[123] Bowers was the first criminal to be sentenced to death by the US federal government during the presidency of Joe Biden.[124][125]
On August 3, 2023, Bowers was formally sentenced to death.[126] On August 26, 2023, Bowers was transferred to the custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons and placed on death row at United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute.[127]
State criminal proceedings
Bowers was also charged with 36
Reactions
United States
National
President Donald Trump, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf, Braddock Mayor John Fetterman, and Pittsburgh City Councilman Corey O'Connor released statements about the incident through Twitter. Trump called the shooting a wicked, antisemitic act of "pure evil."[58] He also opined that the shooting was preventable: "If there was an armed guard inside the temple, they would have been able to stop him".[128][129][130] Trump suggested cases such as this call for the death penalty.[130]
Cecilia Wang of the American Civil Liberties Union said the attack, along with other recent unrest, was inspired by elements of Trump's rhetoric.[131] Vice President Mike Pence denied any such connection in an NBC News interview that night.[132][133] Over 2,000 people, including many from the local Jewish community, protested against Trump's visit to the synagogue site, chanting "words have meaning", and carrying signs with such slogans as "We build bridges, not walls".[134]
From October 27 to 31, all U.S. flags on public and military grounds were flown at half-staff in memory of the victims.[135]
On the Friday following the shooting, David Shribman, executive editor of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, ran the opening of the Hebrew-Aramaic kaddish, often called the Jewish mourner's prayer, as a full-width front-page headline.[136]
Jewish security
The aftermath of the shooting included arguably the most ambitious and comprehensive effort ever taken to protect Jewish life in the United States, according to the
The next year, the
Local
Immediately after the shooting, the campus of Carnegie Mellon University was placed on lockdown and all university-sponsored activities were cancelled for the day.[30] At the same time residents were advised by police to remain in their homes and stay off the streets.[56]
An unusually large proportion of the Pittsburgh Jewish community from all denominations participated in local Jewish rituals related to death and mourning. Jewish tradition requires a person to guard a corpse until it is buried. Shomrim (volunteer guards) took one-hour shifts at the Pittsburgh morgue until the bodies were moved to funeral homes. The Atlantic reported that "most of the volunteers appeared to be Orthodox, but they felt strong solidarity with the liberal communities that were directly affected by the shooting."[141]
Members of the Pittsburgh Steelers attended the joint funeral service for the Rosenthal brothers on Tuesday, October 30, when NFL teams are traditionally off. The brothers, who were intellectually disabled, had a sister who is a former employee of the team.[142]
During the long wait for a trial, members of the Pittsburgh congregations received interfaith support and solidarity from black church and American Sikh communities targeted by violent hatred,[143] including members of the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina (targeted by a shooting attack in 2015)[143] and the Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin that had been targeted in a shooting attack in 2012.[144]
International
The Eiffel Tower in Paris darkened its lights in tribute to the victims of the shooting.[145]
Tel Aviv Municipality lit the city hall building with the colors of the American flag in solidarity with the victims of the Pittsburgh attack.[157][158] An image of the Israeli flag next to the American flag was projected onto Jerusalem's Western Wall.[159]
Pope Francis denounced the "inhuman act of violence" in his Sunday prayers in St. Peter's Square on October 28, and led prayers for the dead and wounded, as well as their families. He asked God "to help us to extinguish the flames of hatred that develop in our societies".[160]
Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs
Hamas offered condolences and condemned the attack.[162][163]
Media and organizations
The New York Times published an op-ed by Jonathan Greenblatt, CEO of the Anti-Defamation League, that urged readers to fight against antisemitism and hate.[165]
A CNN editorial described the shooting as one of three hate-incited acts that took place in the United States in the same week, along with a series of mail bombing attempts and a shooting at a Kroger grocery store in Jeffersontown, Kentucky.[166]
On October 28, the Empire State Building darkened its lights in honor of the victims. According to the building's Twitter account, the top of the spire was left aglow with "an orange halo shining a light on gun violence awareness".[167] In the wake of the shooting, the University of Pittsburgh darkened its traditional Victory Lights atop of the Cathedral of Learning,[168] and on November 2, the university altered the Victory Lights so the blue beam would shine for 11 seconds, one second for each fatality.[169]
Sports
Sports teams that observed a moment of silence for the shooting victims included the Pittsburgh Steelers at their home game against the Cleveland Browns,[170] the New Orleans Saints at the Minnesota Vikings,[171] the Pittsburgh Penguins at the Vancouver Canucks,[172] the Winnipeg Jets at the Toronto Maple Leafs,[173] the Philadelphia Eagles and the Jacksonville Jaguars playing in London,[174] and the Pittsburgh Panthers hosting Duke at Heinz Field.[175] A moment of silence was also observed before Game 4 of the World Series at Dodger Stadium on the night of October 27.[175]
The Pittsburgh Penguins wore jerseys with a patch that read "Stronger Than Hate" for their game against the New York Islanders on October 30. The team announced that, following the game, the team would auction off the jerseys on behalf of the synagogue.[176] Similarly, the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team displayed a "Stronger than Hate" decal on their helmets during the November 2 game visiting the University of Virginia.[177]
NFL player Terrell Suggs wore a Star of David on his cleats during a game in October 2019 to commemorate the one-year anniversary of the shooting.[178]
Vigils and rallies
On the evening of the shooting, over 3,000 people gathered at the intersection of Murray and Forbes avenues in Squirrel Hill for an interfaith candlelight vigil; it was organized by students from nearby Taylor Allderdice High School.[179] Two additional vigils were held in the neighborhood.[21]
The day after the shooting, an interfaith vigil organized by the regional
In the week following the attack, Jewish and interfaith communal
College students at more than one hundred campuses across the country held vigils in the days following the shootings in memory of the victims.[197]
The American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Federations of North America called for Jews and non-Jews to attend synagogue services on the Shabbat following the attack, under the hashtag #ShowUpForShabbat. NBC News reported thousands of people around the world attended services in local synagogues, community centers, and college campuses, including Mayor of London Sadiq Khan.[198] Additionally, many congregations recited the prayer for martyrs Av HaRachamim even though it would normally be omitted that Shabbat.[199][200]
Presidential visit
On October 30, Trump flew to Pittsburgh on Air Force One, accompanied by First Lady Melania Trump, daughter Ivanka Trump, son-in-law Jared Kushner, and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin. They went to the synagogue, where they met with Tree of Life spiritual leader Jeffrey Myers and Israeli ambassador to the US Ron Dermer. Trump lit candles for the victims inside and outside placed stones on each of the 11 Star-of-David markers of the memorial. The group went to UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, where Trump spoke with wounded victims, their families, law enforcement officials, and medical staff.[140]
Trump's visit was discouraged by some in the Pittsburgh community. Pittsburgh mayor Bill Peduto said Trump should not have come, as the wounds were raw and the community was just beginning to mourn and hold funerals.[201] Peduto, with agreement from Allegheny County executive Rich Fitzgerald, also urged Trump to consider "the wills of the families" of the deceased.[202] More than 70,000 people had signed an open letter written by Bend the Arc: Pittsburgh saying that Trump was not welcome until he "fully denounces white nationalism".[203] Former Tree of Life president Lynette Lederman opposed Trump's visit, saying she felt his words were "hypocritical" and that "We have people who stand by us who believe in values, not just Jewish values, but believe in values, and those are not the values of this president, and I do not welcome him to Pittsburgh".[204][205][206]
Before Trump's visit, Tree of Life rabbi Jeffrey Myers said,
"There is hate, and it isn't going away. It just seems to be getting worse. ... We've got to stop hate, and it can't just be to say we need to stop hate. We need to do, we need to act to tone down rhetoric," adding that he would welcome a visit from Trump.[204]
Aaron Bisno, the rabbi of Rodef Shalom Congregation, said he did not think Trump's presence was beneficial, saying that Trump had become a "symbol of division" for many.[207] During Trump's visit to the synagogue, an estimated 2,000 protesters were cordoned off a few blocks away.[208] Afterward, Rabbi Jeffrey Myers said, "The President was very warm, very consoling."[209]
Neo-Nazis and white supremacists
Among American
On August 10, 2023, Hardy Carroll Lloyd, a man from Follansbee, West Virginia, was arrested for allegedly making threats towards the jurors and witnesses in Bowers's federal trial on social media and in emails and online comments. According to prosecutors with the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of West Virginia, Lloyd was a "self-proclaimed 'reverend' of a White supremacy movement". He also allegedly expressed support for Bowers and the shooting and had encouraged similar attacks.[213][214] Lloyd was charged with "obstruction of the due administration of justice, transmitting threats in interstate and foreign commerce and witness tampering."[215] On September 19, 2023, he pleaded guilty and is expected to face more than six years in prison.[214]
Fundraising efforts
Numerous fundraising efforts were launched in order to assist the survivors of the shooting, pay for the burial of the victims, and pay for the repairs to the synagogue.[216] As of November 1, a GoFundMe campaign which was initiated by an Iranian graduate student in Washington, D.C., had exceeded US$1 million in donations,[217] and a new goal of US$1.2 million has also been surpassed. Muslim groups opened a LaunchGood crowdfunding campaign to help pay for the burial of the victims and survivors' medical bills, with the funds to be distributed by the Islamic Center of Pittsburgh.[218][219] As of November 1, that campaign had exceeded its goal of $150,000 with more than $225,000 in contributions.[217]
The organizers of the campaign announced that all excess funds would be "spent on projects that help foster Muslim-Jewish collaboration, dialogue, and solidarity".
A $6.3 million fund was raised for the survivors of the shooting, the families of the 11 dead, and police officers.[223]
Documentary
In 2022, A Tree of Life: The Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting documentary was released by HBO Documentary Films.[224][225]
See also
- Poway synagogue shooting, Occurred six months later and inspired by Bowers
- Alt-right#Violent incidents
- Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century
- Far-right politics#United States
- Geography of antisemitism#United States
- History of the Jews in Pennsylvania
- List of attacks on Jewish institutions in the United States
- List of death row inmates in the United States
- List of synagogue shootings
- Racism in the United States#Jewish Americans
- Right-wing terrorism
Notes
- ^
- Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death (11 counts)
- Hate crimes resulting in death(11 counts)
- Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving an bodily injury(2 counts)
- Hate crimes involving an attempt to kill (2 counts)
- Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving an attempt to kill and use of a dangerous weapon, and resulting in bodily injury to public safety officers (8 counts)
- Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving use of a dangerous weapon and resulting in bodily injury to public safety officers (4 counts)
- Discharge of a firearm during these crimes of violence (25 counts)[4]
- ^ Hebrew: עֵץ חַיִּים – אוֹר לְשִׂמְחָה[6]
- ^ Hebrew: דוֹר חָדָשׁ
- ^ These included Ann Arbor, Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Buffalo, Charleston, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Denver, Houston, Jacksonville, Knoxville, Los Angeles, Madison, Memphis, Middletown, New Haven, New Orleans, New York City, Philadelphia, Portland, Rochester, Salt Lake City, Seattle, St. Louis, Washington, Wilkes-Barre and Woodbridge.[186][188][189][190][191][192][193][194]
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First Trump came for the Charlottesville 4 but I kept supporting Trump because he is a better candidate than Hillary Clinton. Then Trump came for RAM but I kept supporting Trump because he is better than Hillary Clinton. Then Trump came for the Proud Boys but I kept supporting Trump because he is better than Hillary Clinton. Then Trump came for me and there was no one left to support
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