Places of worship in Bangalore
Places of worship in Bangalore | |
---|---|
Metropolis | |
UTC+5:30 (IST ) |
Hindus and temples
The thousand and odd number of Hindu temples in Bangalore mirrors the majority population of the city whose earliest traditional Hindu temple is traced to the
Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Halasuru
Halasuru Someshwara Temple in
Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple, Gavipura
Another ancient temple is the
Nandi Temple, Basavanagudi
A famous temple built in the 16th century during the rule of Kempegowdas, is the Bull temple or the
Shri Nimishamba Devi Temple, Rajarajeshwari Nagara
The Shri Nimishamba Devi temple is located at Rajarajeshwari Nagara. This shrine is built in the traditional Parashurama Kshetra architectural style, which is not found elsewhere in Bangalore or its surroundings. This temple was built with the help of a large number of devotees of Shri Nimishamba Devi. The temple has shrines of Devi Nimishamba, Moukthikeswara (Lord Shiva), Siddhi Vinayaka, Saraswathi and Lakshmi Narayana. Chandika Homa is performed every day in a specially designed Yagna Shala. The temple also has Annadana on most days.
Sri Radha Krishna Temple, Rajajinagara
Sri Radha Krishna Temple or ISKCON Temple
Other temples
Apart from the above famous temples, the other temples built between the 16th and 19th centuries are also numerous and some of the well known ones with interesting history are the
- Karanji Anjaneya Swamy Temple, Basavanagudi
- Sri Bande Mahakali Temple, Gavipura Guttahalli
- Sri Pralayakala Veerabadrar temple, Gavipura Guttahalli
- Sri Kalabhairaveshwara Temple, Chamarajapete
- Belli Basavanna Temple, Mamulpete
- Sri Yelahanka Gate Anjaneya Swamy Temple, Bangalore Fort, Avenue Road, Ballurupete
- Sri Dharmarayaswamy Temple, Thigalarpete, Nagarathpete
- Sri Sugreeva Venkataramana Swamy Temple, Balepete
- Malleswara
- Kote Venkataramana Swamy Temple, Tipu Sultan's Palace
- Kashi Vishveshwara Swamy Temple, Sowrashtrapete
- Sri Prasanna Krishna Swamy Temple, Tulasi Thota, Upparpete
- Sri Mookambika Bhakta Mandali, Mahalakshmi Layout
- Ragigudda Sri Prasanna Anjaneyaswamy Temple, Jayanagara
Many temples have been built by ordinary citizens and are also patronised by certain communities such as the
Muslims and mosques
The earliest recorded history of Islamic influence in Bangalore could be traced to 1638, when the old
Thus, over a period of 370 years from the earliest rule of the
Jamia Masjid
Jamia Masjid, situated near the City Market, is the most impressive mosque in Bangalore. Designed by Rayyaz Asifuddin of
The Jumma Masjid
The Jumma Masjid located on the Old Poor House Road in the Cantonment area of the city is also said to be one of the oldest mosques, built by Haji Abdul Quddus in the early 19th century. While the raised prayer hall of the mosque has granite pillars, the building as such is a brick and mortar structure with ornate jali work and floral motifs in plaster on the facade.[25][26] The granite pillars were bought from Tipu Sultan's palace in Srirangapatna.
The Sangian Jamia Masjid in Taramandalpet was built by the Mughal General Khasim Khan in 1687. It was demolished in the 80's and today a much larger modern mosque stands in its place.
Haji Sir Ismail Sait Mosque
Haji Sir Ismail Sait Mosque Hajee Sir Ismail Sait Masjid · Mosque Rd, Pulikeshi Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560005, India
Masjid-E-Khadria
Masjid-e-Khadriya is a very beautiful mosque in the heart of Bangalore city designed by Renowned Architect Sajjad Ali Khan in the southern state of Karnataka in India. It is situated on Millers Road in the city inside an Eidgah ground. The mosque is very close to the Bangalore Cantonment Railway station, The Eidgah ground where this mosque is housed is called Quddus Sahib Eidgah.
Masjid-e-Khadriya is made using Islamic architecture with geometric patterns and surrounded by gardens with fountains. One can see pointed arches and onion shaped domes with a grand arch in the opening gate of this masjid. This grand arch is rectangular in shape and adorned with calligraphy. On All 4 sides at the end of the masjid are high minars. Beautiful landscaping has been done on broad pathways that start from the grand arch leading up to the complex.
The prayer hall has a capacity of 2125 people who can offer prayers at the same time. There are three doors each being 16 feet wide in this hall on northern, southern, and eastern sides. There is capacity of 1980 musallis on the first floor also. There are three staircases, 2 on the eastern side and one on the southern side to allow for easy movement of the people.
The mosque is located at a distance of 5.5 km from Majestic (Bangalore city bus stand) and Bangalore City Railway Station.
Other mosques
Of the many other older masjids in the city, the important ones are the Ibrahim Shah Khan Shutari Masjid built in 1761 (at Kumbarpete) by Hyder Khilledar Ibrahim Khan and the Bademakan Masjid (Siddiah Road) built during
Masjid-E-Quba, Yarabnagar one of the beautiful Mosque (330). The mosque has the highest minaret in Bangalore.
Christianity and churches
Bangalore with recorded number of 40 churches (thus also called the city of churches), represents diverse Christian communities, such as the
It was in the year 1648 that Christianity made its first mark in Srirangapatna, the capital city of the then Kingdom of Mysore. Bangalore was not a big city in those days. Even though the first church in Bangalore was dated to the years 1724–1725, the spread of Christianity suffered a decline during Tipu Sultan's rule. However, the history of revival of Christianity in Bangalore is traced to the year 1799 when the French priest Abbé du Bois came to Bangalore, at a time when the British seized Srirangapatna from Tipu Sultan. He restored the Christian religion in the city by building confidence of the Christians living in and around Bangalore in Somanahalli, Kamanahalli, Begur, Gunjam, Palahalli, Doranahalli, Garenahalli, Shettyhalli and other villages and by extending them spiritual solace. His acts of service to the people also involved introduction of vaccination in India.
Roman Catholic Churches
St. Mary's Basilica
St Patrick's Church
St Patrick's Church located on
Infant Jesus Church
Infant Jesus Church at Vivek Nagar, which is now the biggest church in Karnataka and a popular pilgrimage centre, has a long history of sacrifice and devotion. The Church was first conceived by Paul Kinatukara in the sixties and the foundation was laid in April 1970 by Lourduswamy, the then Archbishop of Bangalore. The missionary zeal (in spite of daunting hurdles) of L. Peter established the church on a firm footing and the church was opened to devotees in the year 1979, to honour and glorify the divine Infant Jesus of Prague. Designed by the Architects of Thomas Associates, the church with a fan shaped hall can accommodate about 2500 people. It has 9 faces and openings running all round the church. People seated anywhere in the interior of the church feel that the altar is facing them. The podium is raised above road level with steps and ramp on either side. The replica of the nativity scene in the nativity church of Jerusalem is the main mural of size 6 mi (9.7 km)x 9 mi (14.5 km). The remarkable feature of the church is the secular nature of the devotees who throng seeking blessings, particularly on Thursdays and Saturdays. St Mary's Feast is celebrated in September every year when devotees gather at the Church dressed in saffron colour.[22][40][41]
Shelter House Church
Shelter House Church is located in Arekere main road,
Other prominent Churches built in Bangalore under the overall directions of the parish were the St. Francis Xavier's Cathedral (1851), St. Joseph's Church (1867) and the Sacred Heart Church, Ashokanagara (1867) and many others.[22]
The other old churches in Bangalore are the St. Luke's (Fort, 1830), the St. Joseph's (Briand Square, 1857), the St. Patrick's (Brigade Road, 1844), the Sacred Heart's (Richmond Road, 1874) and many others.
Anglican / Wesleyan / CSI Churches
The old
St. Mark's Cathedral
St. Mark's CathedralSt. Mark's Cathedral · Shanthala Nagar, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560001 is named after Saint Mark (believed to be the first gospel writer) and is located at the west end of Mahatma Gandhi Road, MacIver Town, Bangalore. Its architecture is inspired by the 17th century St Paul's Cathedral. The church serves as the cathedral (Ecclesia Matar) of the Church of South India, Karnataka Central Diocese. Found in 1808, the cathedral celebrated its 200 years bicentenary in 2007–8.[46][47][48]
Holy Trinity Church
St. Andrew's Church, Cubbon Road
St. Andrew's Kirk, the only Scottish kirk in Bangalore, is located on the Cubbon Road. The stained glass windows in the Church depict Lord Jesus and his eight apostles. The walls are adorned with polished brass plaques and a pipe organ installed in 1881 is also seen in the Church.[22]
St. John's Church, Cleveland Town
St. Paul's Church, Old Poor House Road
Pentecostal Churches
Life Church, Bannerghatta Road
Life Church is an affiliate of Church of God (full Gospel) in India. Situated at Arekere off the famed Bannerghetta road is a source of hope and blessing for many. Pradip Mathew a qualified physician, Christian thinker and Apologist is the Pastor of this church. Web address- www.lifechurch.co.in[39]
Malankara Syrian Orthodox Churches
Jainism and Jain derasars
Jainism, traditionally known as Jainadharma, is an Indian religion and philosophy originating in Ancient India. The Jains follow the teachings of the 24 Tirthankaras and Mahavira, accepted as the founder of the faith, was the 24th and lived in the 6th century BCE. Jains have significantly influenced the religious, ethical, political and economic spheres in India for over two millennia. They are best described by the adage that "Business is in their blood. Peace is their badge."[51] The combination makes them an extraordinary community in India and so is their case in Bangalore. Of the 40 odd Jain temples in Bangalore,
Shri Mahavira Digambara Jain temple
Shri Mahavira Digambara Jain temple is located in the Dewan's lane of Chickpet area (of the
Shri Adinath Digambar Jain temple
Shri Adinath Digambar Jain temple is a new temple built in Jayanagar, a suburb of Bangalore. The construction of this temple started in the early part of this decade and was completed in 2007. The temple is built in white marble with colourful shades. The entrance gate is a nicely sculpted. Two white marble elephants are at the foot steps of stairs to reach the main temple (pictured - Sri Rajasthan Jain Svetambara Murtipujaka Sangha and not the Shri Adinath Digambar Jain temple).[54] Well-known Svetambara derasars are located in Gandhinagar and Sajjan Rao Circle, and Jaya Nagar in Bangalore.[55]
Shri Parshwa Sushil Dham
Shri Parshwa Sushil Dham is a magnificent Jain Temple built on National Highway 7.[56] It is beautifully carved white marble temple. Here the mulnayak or the main God is "Shankeshwar Parshwanath" and a Dadavadi of "Sushil Suriji" marasaheb. Idols of Ghantakarna Mahaveer, Padmavati mata, Nakoda bhairav is also present here. This tirth has got Dharamshala, Bhojanshala, Playground for Children recreation with all modern amenities.[57]
Sikhism and Gurudwara
he halted at Bangalore. Kempegowda met him and sought his blessings. Gurunanak not only blessed Kempegowda but also told him to develop the place. [58] But it took many more years for a Sikh Gurudwara to be built in Bangalore. There are now three Gurudwaras in Bangalore. The first Sikh Gurudwara and the largest in Bangalore near the Ulsoor Lake on the Kensington Road, is an elegant and white structure (pictured), which was opened on 13 April 1946. It has been renovated recently with marble floors. The large prayer hall accommodates about 500 devotees at a time. Special prayers are offered every Sunday. The temple wears a colourful look as special prayers are offered and more than a thousand people from all religions come here to worship. The Sri Guru Singh Sabha which manages the Gurudwara also runs a school, a medical centre and a function hall also provides accommodation (a day's stay) to the tourists.[22]Buddhism and Viharas
While under the
The Maha Bodhi Society (MBS) was established by Acharya Buddharakkhita in 1956 at Bangalore with the objective of propagating the teachings of the Buddha and to provide the inspiration and facilities for putting that teaching into practice through spiritual, social, educational activities. The first act of the Acharya was to plant a sapling of the holy Bodhi Tree from Bodh Gaya at the premises of the proposed Society. This tree has grown with the Society and is venerated. The Maha Bodhi Society Temple, a relatively new structure, was then built with the main shrine replicating the historic tower at Bodh Gaya. Temple as built is a brick structure with a central tower of 55 m (180.4 ft) height. The Stupa that represents a basic factor in the teaching of the Buddha has also been built at the entrance to the Temple which is made of granite and it enshrines a relic of the Buddha. The temple, the stupa and the Bodhi tree in the temple complex now form a unique landmark in Bangalore. It is a place of worship and meditation, a center of pilgrimage for people from all over India and other countries.[60][61][62]
Choe Khor Sum Ling Centre, located in Domlur Layout, is a centre for the study and practice of Tibetan Mahayana tradition of Buddhism. This centre was set up in 2003 at the initiative of Dalai Lama by Lama Zopa Rinpoche. The name of the center means 'The Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma'. Buddhist meditation techniques and teachings on the various aspects of the ‘Graduated Path to Enlightenment' are taught here. In addition to regular teachings, every few weeks the centre also invites senior Lamas to give talks on important aspects of the Buddhist path, which are followed by instructions into different meditation practices.[63] Ahimsamaya, a magazine devoted to vast heritage of the Pragya Paramita Buddhist tradition of Indian thinking in philosophy and spirituality is also brought out by the centre.[64]
Thubten Lekshey Ling Buddhist Meditation & Study Center, Bangalore , India is a
Zoroastrians (Parsis) and Agiari
Baháʼí Faith
The
Jews and the Chabad
The Jewish presence in Bangalore has been traced to a house dating to at least the early 20th century, called the Ruben House, on the main Old Guard road near Safina Plaza, where a mezuzah is displayed (a small case containing the Shema, a passage from the Bible handwritten on a piece of parchment, that expresses the basic precept of Jewish faith). It belongs to the Rubin Moses family, the only family out of the five families traced to pre–independence time who still live in Bangalore; the other four families have migrated. Ezer Weizman, the former president of Israel (from 1993–2000) visited this family in Bangalore in 1997 and reminisced of the old times when he had served in Bangalore during World War II in the British Royal Air Force. Apart from the Ruben house, two other Jewish homes traced in Bangalore are the Hazelmore house on the Palace road and the Eastern Lodge in the Cavalry road. Another piece of interesting information reported is that M. Benjamin author of the book The Mysteries of Israel's Ten Lost Tribes and the Legend of Jews in India is residing in Bangalore since 2001.[70]
A cemetery on Mysore Road, also established at the beginning of the 20th century, by Subedar Major Samuel Moses Nagavkar, a Bene Israel Jew, at a site donated to him by the Maharaja of Mysore, is also a witness to the Jewish history in Bangalore.[70]
In another part of the city in the European cemetery located on Hosur Road, two Jewish graves have been identified in the European Cemetery, one is of T M. Horvitz, (b. Australia in Runoleff, d. Bangalore on 20 June 1898 with a headstone of granite stone, engraved in Hebrew language and the other is of Rose Hickey (d. on 9 February 1917, aged 48 years).[71]
As of 2012, the Jewish community (mostly belonging to the
Gallery
-
Frontage and towers of Gavigangadreshwara temple
-
Trident outside the Gavigangadreshwara temple
-
The bull and the Dwajasthamaba at the entrance to the Gavigangadreshwara temple
-
The tower and entrance of Shri Nimishamba Temple located at Rajarajeshwari Nagar
-
Suryapanka Outside Gavi Gangadareshwar Temple
-
Temple interior withNandiidol
-
The Bull temple entrance
-
Doddaganesha temple entrance nearBull Temple
-
View of the Hanuman temple, popular as Ragigudda temple, in a suburb in Bangalore
-
TheVihara tower, a replica of the tower at Bodh Gaya
-
Thigala devotees celebrateMuslimstake part in this festival with fervour
-
Inside the Tavakkal Mosque
References
- ^ a b c d "Home to all faiths". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 October 2002. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Finance Budget for 2007-08, the total area of Greater Bangalore has been mentioned in the Karnataka budget of 2007-08 as 741 km²" (PDF). Government of India. p. 77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2009.
- ^ "Jews in Bangalore". Retrieved 11 March 2009.
- ^ ""Census GIS Household". censusindiamaps.net". 2006. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
- ^ "Total Population, Slum Population". Retrieved 14 March 2009.
- ^ "Census of India,2006, Government of India". 6 August 2007. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
- ^ "India's 10 fastest growing cities". Rediff.com. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
- ^ Dynamics of Language Maintenance Among Linguistic Minorities: A Sociolinguistic Study of the Tamil Communities in Bangalore. Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1986. 1986. p. 7.
- ^ Achari, S.N (10 April 2012). "Bangalore's beautiful Someshwara temple". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
- ^ Michell (1995), p. 69
- ^ "The online gallery of the British Library". Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "About Bangalore". Tour Travel:World.com. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Temple inside an age-old cave". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
- ^ "Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple at Bangalore(Karnataka)". The Templenet Encyclopedia: Temples of Karnataka. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Nandi Temple". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Nandi Temple". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Tower". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Basavanagudi Nandi Temple". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Home". ISKCON Bangalore.
- ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9.
- ^ Kaushik, Gk. "Sri Vyasaraja pradeshta Hanuman - Sri Gali Anjaneya Swami Temple, Mysore Road, Bangalore". The intention of this site is to propagate the glory of Lord Anjaneya [Hanuman] | VAYUSUTHA. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f "Hindu Places of Worship". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Places of Worship". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Jumma Masjid in Bangalore". Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Hindu Places of Worship". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Places of Worship". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Hajee Sir Ismail Sait Masjid · Mosque Rd, Pulikeshi Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560005, India". Hajee Sir Ismail Sait Masjid · Mosque Rd, Pulikeshi Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka 560005, India. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ Nadwi, Khursid Alam (2 September 2012). "Sir Ismail Sait Masjid, a Memon community's contribution". Karnataka Muslims. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ Iyer, Meera (14 May 2013). "A cut above the rest". No. Bangalore. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ Shiriyannar, Pravin D (17 May 2014). "Taking modernity in its stride". No. Bangalore. Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ Patrao, Michael (20 September 2007). "A road for shopping and leisure". No. Bangalore. Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ Ramani, Chitra V (20 April 2012). "The key to a family's history too". The Hindu. No. Bangalore. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- ^ Crossette, Barbara (20 January 1990). "Bangalore Journal; Christians Revel in Conversion Back to Indianness". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
- ^ a b c St. Mary's Basilica. "St. Mary's Basilica - History". St. Mary's Basilica. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
- ^ Aruni, S K (29 February 2012). "Tracing the architect of the Cantonment". The Hindu. No. Bangalore. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ Chandramouli, K (29 August 2002). "Home to all faiths". The Hindu. No. Bangalore. Archived from the original on 9 March 2003. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
- ISBN 978-81-904055-2-2. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
- ^ "Annual St. Mary's Feast begins". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 30 August 2006. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
- ^ a b c "Photo feature Churches of Bangalore". Bengalorebest.com. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ "Infant Jesus Shrine". Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
- ^ "Infant Jesus Church Bangalore". Archived from the original on 15 November 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Indian Philately Digest : News : April 2014". www.indianphilately.net. India Post.
- ^ "200 years of Bangalore's oldest Christian landmark". India Today.
- ISBN 978-3-643-90911-4.
- ^ Rao, Priyanka S (3 December 2013). "Green oasis in the heart of the city". No. Bangalore. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "History of St.Marks Cathedral". St. Marks Cathedral. 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ^ "St. Marks Cathedral Bangalore". Bangalore: The Garden City. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ^ "Marking past in the present". The Hindu. No. Bangalore. 19 April 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ^ Achanta, Pushpa (29 January 2013). "Testimony to a rich past". No. Bangalore. Deccan Herald. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ^ "St. Paul's church to celebrate 175 years". The Hindu. No. Bangalore. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ^ a b "Janism". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Jains: From business to peace, from education to service". Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Jainism in India, Bangalore". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Jain Temple, Jayanagar, Bangalore". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Bangalore - Karnataka - Temples, Churches, Mosques". Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ "Parshwanath Sushil Dham". www.electronic-city.in.
- ^ "Bangalore: Parshva Sushil Dham".
- ^ Aditi De (2008). "Multiple City:Writings On Bangalore". The Cities Within - New Shoes and Old Roots: The Cultural Backdrop of Bangalore, Part III, Article 9 by Chiranjeevi Singh. Penguin Books India, New Delhi. pp. 49–59. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ "The Buddhist Legacy – Buddhism in Karnataka". India Profile. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ "Temples in Bangalore, Karnataka". Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Maha Bodhi Society Temple". Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ "Maha Bodhi Society Bangalore". Mahabodhi Website. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "Choe Khor Sum Ling Center, Bangalore". Retrieved 17 March 2009.
- ^ "Ahimsamaya" (PDF). Retrieved 17 March 2009.
- ^ "Keeping the fire burning". The Hindu. 26 August 2002. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ "Zoroastrainism". Religions in Bangalore, Karnataka. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ "The Baháʼí Faith". The web site of the Baháʼí international community. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "Baha'i Bhavan". Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "About Bangalore Baháʼí Center". Retrieved 14 March 2009.
- ^ a b Aditi De (2008). "Multiple City: Writings On Bangalore". In Search of the Star of David by Nemichandra, Part V, Article 31, pages 174-183. Penguin Books India, New Delhi. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ "India: The Jewish Community". International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
- ^ Gn, Prashanth (5 December 2008). "Chabad Jewish house to be ready in two weeks". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
- ^ "Rabbi students are here to network Jews". The Times of India. 4 August 2005. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2009.