Plains bison

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Plains bison

Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bison
Species:
B. bison
Subspecies:
B. b. bison
Trinomial name
Bison bison bison
Map
IUCN range of the two American bison subspecies.
  Plains bison (Bison bison subsp. bison)
  Wood bison (Bison bison subsp. athabascae)
Synonyms

Bison bison montanae

The Plains bison (Bison bison bison) is one of two

Yellowstone Park bison herd consisting of an estimated 4,800 bison) and multiple smaller reintroduced herds of bison in many places in the United States as well as southern portions of the Canadian Prairies
.

Near extinction and reintroduction

Further information: Conservation of American bison

At least 25 million American bison were once spread across the United States and Canada, but by the late 1880s the

zoos took steps to protect them. Some people saved bison with the express purpose of ranching or hunting them (see Antelope Island bison herd). Others, such as the American Bison Society, were also formed with the idea of saving the species and reintroducing them to natural range. Plains bison have since been reintroduced into a number of locations in North America. Five main foundation herds of American bison supplied animals intended to save them from extinction.[9] The northernmost introduction occurred in 1928 when the Alaska Game Commission brought bison to the area of present-day Delta Junction. Bison taken from this transplant were also introduced to other Alaskan locations, including Farewell and Chitina.[10] The Delta Junction herd prospered the most, with a population of several hundred throughout the late 20th century. This herd is popular with hunters interested in hundreds of pounds of high-quality meat, but has been a problem for farming operations in the area. Though American bison generally prefer grasslands and plains habitats, they are quite adaptable and live in conditions ranging from desert, as in the case of the Henry Mountains bison herd, to forested areas, such as those of the Yellowstone Park bison herd; yet, they are all of the same subspecies Bison bison bison. Currently, over 500,000 bison are spread over the United States and Canada, but most of these are on private ranches, and some of them have small amounts of hybridized cattle genes.[11] Significant public bison herds that do not appear to have hybridized domestic cattle genes are the Yellowstone Park, the Henry Mountains, the Custer State Park, the Wind Cave, and the Wood Buffalo National Park
bison herds and subsidiary herds descended from it in Canada.

Park officials transferred Plains bison from Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge to Theodore Roosevelt National Park's South Unit in 1956 and its North Unit in 1962 for population increase.

Herd of Plains bison of various ages resting in Elk Island Park, Alberta

In 1969, Plains bison from Elk Island National Park were released into Prince Albert National Park in Saskatchewan, creating the Sturgeon River bison herd. At a population around 300 animals, they form a free herd able to wander where they please. The bison are spread throughout Prince Albert National Park's southwestern corner, as well as some crown and private land in the area.[12] In 2006, Plains bison from Elk Island National Park in Alberta were released into Saskatchewan's Grasslands National Park. This marks the first time they have wandered the shortgrass prairies of Canada since their near extinction at the turn of the 20th century. According to the national agency Parks Canada, the entire breeding population of these wild and "semiwild" bison is descended from just eight individuals that survived the period of near extinction, due to overhunting and tuberculosis infecting the herd.[13]

A herd of about 650 of these animals lives in, and can be seen at, the

Caprock Canyons State Park near Quitaque, Texas, located about 50 miles northeast of Plainview, Texas.[9]

Ted Turner owns America's largest secured bison herd in Cimarron, New Mexico's Vermejo Park Ranch. Boy Scouts of America own a private bison herd in Cimarron's Philmont Scout Ranch.[16]

In 2013, bison were reintroduced to Fort Belknap Indian Reservation from Yellowstone National Park.[17]

In 2019 a herd was established in Pleistocene Park in Northern Siberia. https://pleistocenepark.ru/animals/bison/

A herd of plains bison were successfully reintroduced to Banff National Park in Alberta in early 2017. The bison were kept under observation in an enclosed pasture of the park until the summer of 2018, after which they have been allowed to roam free. Observation is to be continued until 2022 according to Parks Canada.[18]

Uses

Besides using the meat, fat, and organs for food,

calendars, and artwork.[20][21]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ It has been suggested that the Plains bison consists of a northern (B. b. montanae) and a southern subspecies, bringing the total to three.[7][8] However, this is generally not supported.

References

  1. ^ Gates, C. & Aune, K. 2008. Bison bison. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. Downloaded September 6, 2012.
  2. doi:10.14430/arctic1552
    .
  3. ^ Kay, Charles E.; Clifford A. White (2001). "Reintroduction of bison into the Rocky Mountain parks of Canada: historical and archaeological evidence" (PDF). Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands. Hancock, Michigan: The George Wright Society, Inc. pp. 143–151. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  4. doi:10.1139/z91-007.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  5. PMID 10382295. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  6. doi:10.11575/PRISM/22701. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  7. doi:10.1644/BER-029.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  8. ^ Wildlife, State of Texas, Parks and. "State Bison Herd Released Into New Territory -November 2011- TPW magazine". www.tpwmagazine.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b "Texas State Bison Herd to Once Again Freely Roam the Caprock" (Press release). Texas Parks and Wildlife. September 6, 2011.
  10. ^ "Alaska Hunting and Trapping Information, Alaska Department of Fish and Game". Wc.adfg.state.ak.us. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  11. ^ Remove Threats to Irreplaceable Bison Herd at Wind Cave National Park. FY 2006 Challenge Cost Share Program. Final Project Report. September 30, 2007. Retrieved on September 16, 2011.
  12. ^ "Sturgeon River plains bison population stabilizing - Local - the Prince Albert Daily Herald". Archived from the original on 2015-04-06. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  13. ^ Parks Canada pamphlet titled Parks Canada and Plains Bison, no date, no stated author, available online
  14. ^ "History of the Bison Herd - Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge". 2012-04-13. Archived from the original on 2012-04-13. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  15. ^ John Cornyn, The Winkler Post, Molly Goodnight Archived June 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ "Wildlife". Archived from the original on 2019-12-15. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  17. ^ "Indian Country today 23 August 2013". Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  18. ^ Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2020-03-20). "Plains Bison Reintroduction - Banff National Park". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  19. ISBN 1-56523-008-6
    .
  20. ^ "What Can You Make from a Buffalo?". Smithsonian Natural Museum of American History. Archived from the original on May 9, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
  21. ^ "American Bison and American Indian Nations". Smithsonian National Zoological Park Conservation Biology Institute. April 25, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2017.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bison bison bison.
Wikispecies has information related to Bison bison bison.
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