Plant pathology

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Life cycle of the black rot pathogen, the gram negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris

Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).[1] Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.

Plant pathogenicity

Plant pathogens, organisms that cause infectious

In most plant
fruit ripening.[3] Unlike human and animal pathology, plant pathology usually focuses on a single causal organism; however, some plant diseases have been shown to be interactions between multiple pathogens.[4]

To colonize a plant, pathogens have specific

exopolysaccharides
.

Physiological plant disorders

Some abiotic disorders can be confused with pathogen-induced disorders. Abiotic causes include natural processes such as drought, frost, snow and hail; flooding and poor drainage; nutrient deficiency; deposition of mineral salts such as sodium chloride and gypsum; windburn and breakage by storms; and wildfires. [9]

Epidemiology

Plant disease triangle

Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases.[10]

A disease triangle describes the basic factors required for plant diseases. These are the host plant, the pathogen, and the environment. Any one of these can be modified to control a disease.[11]

Disease resistance

Plant disease resistance is the ability of a plant to prevent and terminate infections from plant pathogens. Structures that help plants prevent pathogens from entering are the cuticular layer, cell walls and stomata guard cells. Once pathogens have overcome these barriers, plant receptors initiate signaling pathways to create molecules to compete against the foreign molecules. These pathways are influenced and triggered by genes within the host plant and can manipulated by genetic breeding to create resistant varieties.[12]

Management

Detection

Ancient methods of leaf examination and breaking open plant material by hand are now augmented by newer technologies. These include

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.[14]

Biological

Agrobacterium radiobacter before inserting them in the ground to take root.[15]

History

Plant pathology has developed from antiquity, starting with

Early Modern period with the invention of the microscope, and developed in the 19th century.[16]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Agrios GN (1972). Plant Pathology (3rd ed.). Academic Press.
  2. PMID 33173596
    .
  3. ).
  4. .
  5. .
  6. ^ Davis N (September 9, 2009). "Genome of Irish potato famine pathogen decoded". Haas et al. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  7. ^ "1st large-scale map of a plant's protein network addresses evolution, disease process". Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. July 29, 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  8. ^ Ma, Winbo (March 28, 2011). "How do plants fight disease? Breakthrough research by UC Riverside plant pathologist offers a clue". UC Riverside.
  9. ^ Schutzki, R.E.; Cregg, B. (2007). "Abiotic plant disorders: Symptoms, signs and solutions. A diagnostic guide to problem solving" (PDF). Michigan State University Department of Horticulture. Michigan State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  10. ^ "American Phytopathological Society". American Phytopathological Society. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
  11. ^ "Disease Triangle". Oregon State University. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  12. PMID 29973557
    .
  13. ^ .
  14. ^ Current and emerging trends in techniques for plant pathogen detection Frontiers in Plant Science
  15. .
  16. .

External links