Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
Plaquemines Parish | |
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Parish | |
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Congressional district | 1st |
Website | plaqueminesparish |
Plaquemines Parish (
Plaquemines Parish is part of the New Orleans–Metairie metropolitan statistical area. It was severely damaged in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, and in hurricane events in 2011 and 2021.
History
The name "Plaquemines," in French Creole, was derived from the Atakapa word piakimin, meaning the local fruit persimmon. The French used it to name a military post they built on the banks of the Mississippi River, as the site was surrounded by numerous persimmon trees. Eventually the name was applied to the entire parish and to a nearby bayou.
The oldest European settlement in the parish was La Balize, where the French built and inhabited a crude fort by 1699 near the mouth of the Mississippi River. The name in French meant "seamark", a tall structure of wood built as a guide for ships. By 1721 the French built one 62 feet (19 m) high.[4] A surviving map from about 1720 shows the island and fort, and the mouth of the river.[5]
As traffic and trade on the river increased, so did the importance of river pilots who were knowledgeable about the complicated, ever-changing currents and sandbars in the river. They lived at La Balize with their families. The village was destroyed and rebuilt numerous times, but it was abandoned for good after being destroyed by a September 1860 hurricane. The pilots moved upriver and built the settlement they named
An important historical site is Fort Jackson, built in 1822 as recommended by General Andrew Jackson, hero of the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812. In 1861, Fort Jackson served as an important Confederate defense for the city of New Orleans during the Civil War because it was at the mouth of the Mississippi River. The US Army used it as a training base during World War I, 1917–1918.
Plaquemines is one of only two parishes that have kept their same boundaries from the beginning of Louisiana's parishes in 1807 to today, the other being St. Bernard Parish.
20th century to present
Because Plaquemines Parish encompasses the last 70 miles (110 km) of the Mississippi River before it reaches the Gulf of Mexico, it is the site of several oil refineries, which rely on the shipping lanes for moving their product. The Mississippi River Delta of Plaquemines is also a base for assistance to offshore oil rigs. Plaquemines Parish was the first place in the United States where shippers used a container for cargo in foreign trade. The area is also known for having the southernmost point in Louisiana, at just under 29 degrees north.
The August 1901 Hurricane caused damage, including 4 feet of water in Buras.[7]
The
In the early 1900s, Plaquemines was an exporter of citrus. Farmers used the railroads and the Mississippi to ship the large annual harvest to markets. Commercial fisheries, especially for oysters, have been important in the parish economy.
From 1924 to 1969, Plaquemines and St. Bernard parishes were effectively the domain of the Democratic political boss Leander Perez, who established a strong hold over the area.[9] He was notorious for fixing elections and enforcing strict racial segregation. Upon his death, his sons Leander Perez Jr., and Chalin O. Perez were elected as the dominant political figures of the parish as district attorney and parish president, respectively. Interpersonal feuding weakened the family's hold on power. After another decade, by 1980 political opponents had begun to win local elections.[9]
In 1969, Hurricane Camille devastated portions of Plaquemines Parish. Storm surge over 10 feet, winds over 100 miles per hour, and peak pressure at 941 hPa devastated Buras, Louisiana, Venice, Louisiana, and many more towns and cities.
During the
The Civil Rights struggle for African-Americans to become registered voters in Plaquemines Parish began in October 1946, under the guidance of Dr. Rev. Percy Murphy Griffin. With the aid of Attorneys Earl Amedee and
In 1965, Hurricane Betsy flooded many buildings, including the parish courthouse, and caused nine deaths. Leander Perez sealed off the parish to control the distribution of state assistance.[12]
It is estimated that without significant human intervention, Plaquemines Parish will lose 55% of its current land to rising sea levels over the next 50 years.[13]
Hurricane Katrina
suffered catastrophic damage.Amid heavy rains accompanied by hurricane-force winds in excess of 120 mph (190 km/h) at initial landfall (with a Category 5 storm surge), the levees failed and broke. The storm surge which flowed in was more than 20 feet (6.1 m) high. Although a majority of the populace had complied with mandatory state evacuation orders, some did not, possibly because they were not able to. At least three people died.[citation needed]
Geography
According to the
Major highways
Adjacent parishes and features
- Orleans Parish (north)
- St. Bernard Parish (northeast)
- Jefferson Parish (west)
National protected areas
Historic sites
The parish includes three United States
The parish has five other sites listed on the
Communities
There are no incorporated areas within Plaquemines Parish. Communities not listed below include Happy Jack, Myrtle Grove, Nairn, Naomi, Oakville, and Scarsdale.
Census-designated places
- Belle Chasse
- Boothville
- Buras
- Empire
- New Orleans Station
- Pointe à la Hache (parish seat)
- Port Sulphur
- Triumph
- Venice
Unincorporated communities
Outdated designations
Ghost towns
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1820 | 2,354 | — | |
1830 | 4,489 | 90.7% | |
1840 | 5,060 | 12.7% | |
1850 | 7,390 | 46.0% | |
1860 | 8,494 | 14.9% | |
1870 | 10,552 | 24.2% | |
1880 | 11,575 | 9.7% | |
1890 | 12,541 | 8.3% | |
1900 | 13,039 | 4.0% | |
1910 | 12,524 | −3.9% | |
1920 | 10,194 | −18.6% | |
1930 | 9,608 | −5.7% | |
1940 | 12,318 | 28.2% | |
1950 | 14,239 | 15.6% | |
1960 | 22,545 | 58.3% | |
1970 | 25,225 | 11.9% | |
1980 | 26,049 | 3.3% | |
1990 | 25,575 | −1.8% | |
2000 | 26,757 | 4.6% | |
2010 | 23,042 | −13.9% | |
2020 | 23,515 | 2.1% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[16] 1790–1960[17] 1900–1990[18] 1990–2000[19] 2010–2013[20] |
Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2000[21] | Pop 2010[22] | Pop 2020[23] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
18,412 | 15,617 | 13,764 | 68.81% | 67.78% | 58.53% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
6,227 | 4,675 | 4,863 | 23.27% | 20.29% | 20.68% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
549 | 340 | 255 | 2.05% | 1.48% | 1.08% |
Asian alone (NH) | 696 | 726 | 1,042 | 2.60% | 3.15% | 4.43% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 3 | 19 | 40 | 0.01% | 0.08% | 0.17% |
Other race alone (NH) | 91 | 96 | 191 | 0.34% | 0.42% | 0.81% |
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 346 | 502 | 1,124 | 1.29% | 2.18% | 4.78% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 433 | 1,068 | 2,236 | 1.62% | 4.63% | 9.51% |
Total | 26,757 | 23,042 | 23,515 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
At the 2000 U.S. census,[24] there were 26,757 people, 9,021 households, and 7,000 families residing in the parish; in 2010, its population declined to 23,042. The 2019 American Community Survey estimated 23,338 people resided in the parish.[25] At the 2020 U.S. census, the population was 23,515.[1]
At the 2019 census estimates, the racial and ethnic makeup of the parish was 67.9% non-Hispanic white, 20.3% Black and African American, 1.1% American Indian and Alaska Native, 3.9% Asian, 1.8% some other race, and 5.0% from two or more races; an estimated 7.3% of the population were Hispanic and Latino American of any race.[25] In 2000, the racial makeup of the parish was 69.77% White, 23.39% Black or African American, 2.07% Native American, 2.62% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.73% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races; 1.62% of the population were Hispanic or Latino American of any race. Of the population in 2000, 2.22% reported speaking French or Creole French at home; in 2019, 10.4% of the population spoke another language other than English at home. Reflecting nationwide demographic trends of non-Hispanic white decline,[26] the 2020 census determined 58.53% of the population was non-Hispanic white, 20.68% Black or African American, 1.08% Native American, 4.40% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 5.59% two or more races, and 9.51% Hispanic and Latino American of any race.[27][28]
In 2000, were 9,021 households, out of which 39.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.50% were married couples living together, 14.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.40% were non-families. 18.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.30. At the 2019 census estimates, there were 8,919 households living in 10,174 housing units.[25]
The median income for a household in the parish was $38,173, and the median income for a family was $42,610 in 2000. Males had a median income of $37,245 versus $21,691 for females. The
Religiously,
Economy
Plaquemines has a significant seafood industry. The parish exports millions of pounds of shrimp, crab, oysters, and fish annually. Plaquemines also has a vibrant citrus and horticulture nursery stock industry, but saltwater intrusion is becoming a hurdle to these producers.[30] The seafood and citrus industries have suffered somewhat in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. About half the shrimping and shellfish fleet were lost. In January 2007, thousands of citrus trees went unpicked.[citation needed]
As of 2012, Plaquemines parish is the largest crude-oil producing parish in Louisiana. It produced over 14 million barrels in 2012.[31]
Plaquemines Port is one of the largest ports in the United States, handling mostly domestic traffic. The Plaquemines Port, Harbor & Terminal District is coextensive with the parish. It was created in 1954 by the legislature of Louisiana as a state agency. It is governed by a committee of the Plaquemines Parish Council, acting as the Port Board.[32]
Alternative energy
Oil and gas continue to play a dominant role in the Plaquemines economy; however, there is a growing policy and resource trend in favor of
The potential installation of wind turbines at the mouth of the Mississippi River is also being considered.[35] The capacity of a wind source to produce energy is generally measured by Wind Power Density. Wind Power Densities are divided into seven Wind Power Classes. According to the American Wind Energy Association, Plaquemines has winds in specified areas that fall into a Wind Power Class of seven, which makes the Parish a particularly attractive location for wind turbine investment. Wind turbines would likely be placed at the mouth of the Mississippi, where winds are the strongest. Wind Energy Systems Technology has proposed to build a 12.5 MV wind farm in Barataria Bay off the coast of Plaquemines Parish. The energy would be sent to Myrtle Gove through an underground cable. The wind farm would be supplemented with natural gas turbines when wind speeds are either not sufficient or too robust to supply power. A similar proposal is being considered for the southern portion of the Parish.
Education
Plaquemines Parish School Board operates the public schools of the parish.[36]
The parish is in the service area of Nunez Community College.[37]
Politics
Plaquemines Parish was for a long time controlled by the notorious Democratic political boss Leander Perez, who turned the parish's voters away from the National Democratic Party with his support of the Dixiecrat ticket in 1948.[38] The parish has been solidly anti-Democratic and at times overwhelmingly so at a Presidential level since 1948, with the only Democratic nominee subsequently to carry the parish being Bill Clinton in 1996. In 1952 it was the most Republican county-equivalent in the nation,[39] and until the decay of the Perez machine no Democrat was to pass thirty percent of the parish's vote.
Plaquemines Parish is the home of former Parish President and current Lt. Governor of Louisiana Billy Nungesser.
Former Parish President, Republican Amos Cormier III, who additionally secured the endorsement of the parish Libertarians, defeated his Republican rival Kirk Lepine in the 2016 special election runoff by a margin of some 20 percent. On December 8, 2018, however, Lepine in a runoff rematch unseated Cormier, 3,625 votes (52 percent) to 3,289 (48 percent).[40]
Keith Hinkley was elected Parish President in 2022.[41]
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 7,412 | 67.30% | 3,414 | 31.00% | 188 | 1.71% |
2016 | 6,900 | 65.26% | 3,347 | 31.66% | 326 | 3.08% |
2012 | 6,471 | 63.20% | 3,599 | 35.15% | 169 | 1.65% |
2008 | 6,894 | 65.98% | 3,380 | 32.35% | 175 | 1.67% |
2004 | 7,866 | 64.72% | 4,181 | 34.40% | 106 | 0.87% |
2000 | 6,302 | 57.65% | 4,425 | 40.48% | 204 | 1.87% |
1996 | 4,493 | 41.61% | 5,348 | 49.53% | 956 | 8.85% |
1992 | 5,018 | 44.58% | 4,467 | 39.68% | 1,772 | 15.74% |
1988 | 6,084 | 59.11% | 3,997 | 38.83% | 212 | 2.06% |
1984 | 7,655 | 69.74% | 3,261 | 29.71% | 61 | 0.56% |
1980 | 5,489 | 54.46% | 4,318 | 42.84% | 272 | 2.70% |
1976 | 6,052 | 68.35% | 2,614 | 29.52% | 189 | 2.13% |
1972 | 6,595 | 83.05% | 990 | 12.47% | 356 | 4.48% |
1968 | 968 | 11.33% | 1,144 | 13.39% | 6,430 | 75.28% |
1964 | 4,904 | 86.35% | 775 | 13.65% | 0 | 0.00% |
1960 | 712 | 13.84% | 1,087 | 21.12% | 3,347 | 65.04% |
1956 | 2,998 | 81.20% | 534 | 14.46% | 160 | 4.33% |
1952 | 3,370 | 92.97% | 255 | 7.03% | 0 | 0.00% |
1948 | 90 | 3.24% | 77 | 2.78% | 2,607 | 93.98% |
1944 | 335 | 16.03% | 1,755 | 83.97% | 0 | 0.00% |
1940 | 204 | 9.34% | 1,979 | 90.66% | 0 | 0.00% |
1936 | 94 | 4.08% | 2,209 | 95.92% | 0 | 0.00% |
1932 | 38 | 1.94% | 1,918 | 98.06% | 0 | 0.00% |
1928 | 98 | 8.49% | 1,056 | 91.51% | 0 | 0.00% |
1924 | 119 | 20.84% | 432 | 75.66% | 20 | 3.50% |
1920 | 124 | 26.44% | 329 | 70.15% | 16 | 3.41% |
1916 | 43 | 8.41% | 461 | 90.22% | 7 | 1.37% |
1912 | 41 | 9.40% | 361 | 82.80% | 34 | 7.80% |
Notable people
See also
- Barataria Bay
- Louisiana Highway 23, on the west bank
- Louisiana Highway 39, on the east bank
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
References
- ^ a b "QuickFacts: Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ "Plaquemines Parish". Center for Cultural and Eco-Tourism. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
- ^ David Roth, "Louisiana Hurricane History: 18th Century (1722-1800)", Tropical Weather - National Weather Service - Lake Charles, LA; 24 Jun 2003, accessed May 7, 2008
- ^ "Carte du Fleuve Saint Louis ou Mississippy dix lieues au dessous de la Novelle Orleans jusqu'a son Embouchoure", Louisiana State Museum Map Database, originally accessed May 6, 2008, only catalog entry available online April 4, 2016
- ^ David Roth, "Louisiana Hurricane History: Late 19th Century (1851-1900)", Tropical Weather - National Weather Service - Lake Charles, LA; Jun 2003, accessed May 6, 2008
- ^ "Louisiana Hurricanes", The Cajuns
- ^ "Hurricane of 1915: Plaquemines Parish History"
- ^ ISBN 1604736372
- ^ "Irene Griffin, first black woman to register to vote in Plaquemines Parish, dies at 84". New Orleans Times-Picayune. March 29, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
Mrs. Griffin was an ardent supporter of her husband's efforts to take on segregationist Judge Leander Perez Sr. When the Rev. Griffin returned home in 1946 after serving in World War II, he started a voter registration campaign for black residents. Mrs. Griffin became the first black woman to register to vote in 1954.
- ^ Louisiana Diary Archived August 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, March 16, 1964, Written, directed and narrated by Richard O. Moore, aired on PBS
- ^ Jeansonne; Leander Perez, p. 354
- ^ Sack, Kevin; Schwartz, John (October 8, 2018). "As Storms Keep Coming, FEMA Spends Billions in 'Cycle' of Damage and Repair". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
- ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
- ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
- ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
- ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
- ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
- ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
- ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
- ^ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Geography Profile: Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana". data.census.gov. Retrieved August 2, 2021.
- ^ "Census shows US is diversifying, white population shrinking". AP NEWS. August 12, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
- ^ "2020 Race and Population Totals". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 5, 2022.
- ^ "Maps and data files for 2020 | U.S. Religion Census | Religious Statistics & Demographics". www.usreligioncensus.org. Retrieved January 17, 2023.
- ^ Sara Cline. (September 29, 2023). "Louisiana citrus farmers are seeing a mass influx of salt water that could threaten seedlings". AP website Retrieved October 11, 2023.
- ^ [1][permanent dead link]
- ^ "History" Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Plaquemines Port Harbor & Terminal District website
- ^ "The Mississippi River Delta Basin". lacoast.gov. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
- ^ "Funding, paperwork slow ambitious plans to produce power using underwater turbines in Mississippi River". NOLA.com. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
- ^ "Economic Development Assessment" Archived June 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- Louisiana's Technical and Community Colleges. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
- ^ Jeansonne; Leander Perez, p. 194
- ^ Dave Leip's U.S. Election Atlas; 1952 Presidential Election Statistics
- ^ "Election Returns (Plaquemines Parish)". Louisiana Secretary of State. December 8, 2018.
- ^ "Hinkley defeats Rousselle in race for Plaquemines Parish President". December 10, 2022.
- ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 6, 2018.