Pneumocystis jirovecii
Pneumocystis jirovecii | |
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P. jirovecii cysts in tissue | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Ascomycota |
Class: | Pneumocystidomycetes |
Order: | Pneumocystidales |
Family: | Pneumocystidaceae |
Genus: | Pneumocystis |
Species: | P. jirovecii
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Binomial name | |
Pneumocystis jirovecii | |
Synonyms | |
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Pneumocystis jirovecii (previously P. carinii) is a yeast-like
Lifecycle
The complete lifecycles of any of the species of Pneumocystis are not known, but presumably all resemble the others in the genus. The terminology follows zoological terms, rather than mycological terms, reflecting the initial misdetermination as a
Homothallism
The lifecycle of P. jirovecii is thought to include both
Medical relevance
Pneumocystis pneumonia is an important disease of immunocompromised humans, particularly patients with
Identified by methenamine silver stain of lung tissue,
Nomenclature
At first, the name Pneumocystis carinii was applied to the organisms found in both rats and humans, as the parasite was not yet known to be
The name was spelled according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, since the organism was believed to be a protozoan. After it became clear that it was a fungus, the name was changed to Pneumocystis jirovecii,[6] according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp), which requires such names be spelled with double i (ii).[7] Both spellings are commonly used, but according to the ICNafp, P. jirovecii is correct.[8] A change in the ICNafp now recognizes the validity of the 1976 publication, making the 1999 proposal redundant, and cites Pneumocystis and P. jiroveci as examples of the change in ICN Article 45, Ex 7. The name P. jiroveci is typified (both lectotypified and epitypified) by samples from human autopsies dating from the 1960s. [9]
The term PCP, which was widely used by practitioners and patients, has been retained for convenience, with the rationale that it now stands for the more general Pneumocystis pneumonia rather than Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
The name P. carinii is incorrect for the human variant, but still describes the species found in rats, and that name is typified by an isolate from rats.[9]
Pneumocystis genome
Pneumocystis species cannot be grown in culture, so the availability of the human disease-causing agent, P. jirovecii, is limited. Hence, investigation of the whole genome of a Pneumocystis is largely based upon true P. carinii available from experimental rats, which can be maintained with infections. Genetic material of other species, such as P. jirovecii, can be compared to the genome of P. carinii.[10]
The genome of P. jirovecii has been sequenced from a bronchoalveolar lavage sample.
History
The earliest report of this genus appears to have been that of Carlos Chagas in 1909,[12] who discovered it in experimental animals, but confused it with part of the lifecycle of Trypanosoma cruzi (causal agent of Chagas disease) and later called both organisms Schizotrypanum cruzi, a form of trypanosome infecting humans.[13] The rediscovery of Pneumocystis cysts was reported by Antonio Carini in 1910, also in Brazil.[14] The genus was again discovered in 1912 by Delanoë and Delanoë, this time at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, who found it in rats and proposed the genus and species name Pneumocystis carinii after Carini.[15]
Pneumocystis was redescribed as a human pathogen in 1942 by two Dutch investigators, van der Meer and Brug, who found it in three new cases: a 3-month-old infant with
Historical and even recent reports of P. carinii from humans are based upon older classifications (still used by many, or those still debating the recognition of distinct species in the genus Pneumocystis) which does not mean that the true P. carinii from rats actually infects humans. In an intermediate classification system, the various
References
- ^ S2CID 4302864.
- ^ "see DPDx life-cycle diagram". Dpd.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ PMID 29463658.
- PMID 20047487.
- PMID 12194762.
- PMID 19239784.
- epithets are formed by adding -i- (stem augmentation) plus the genitive inflection appropriate to the sex and number of the person(s) honoured (e.g. lecardii for Théodore Lecard).
- ^ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants". www.iapt-taxon.org.
- ^ S2CID 38119833.
- ^ "Pneumocystis Genome Project". Pgp.cchmc.org. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- PMID 23269827.
- ^ Chagas C (1909). "Neue Trypanosomen". Vorläufige Mitteilung. Arch. Schiff. Tropenhyg. 13: 120–122.
- .
- ^ Carini A. (1910). "Formas des eschizogonia do Trypanosoma lewisi". Soc Med Cir São Paulo. 38 (8).
- ^ Delanoë P, Delanoë M (1912). "Sur les rapports des kystes de Carini du poumon des rats avec le Trypanosoma lewisi". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. 155: 658–61.
- ^ van der Meer MG, Brug SL (1942). "Infection à Pneumocystis chez l'homme et chez les animaux". Amer Soc Belge Méd Trop. 22: 301–9.
- ^ Vanek J. (1951). "Atypicka (interstitiálni) pneumonie detí vyvolaná Pneumocystis carinii (Atypical interstitial pneumonia of infants produced by Pneumocystis carinii)". Casop Lék Cesk. 90: 1121–4.
- ^ Jírovec O. (1952). "Pneumocystis carinii puvodce t. zv intertitialnich plasmocelularnich pneumonii kojencw (Pneumocystis carinii, the cause of interstitial plasmacellular pneumonia in neonates)". CSL. Hyg. Epid. Mikrob. 1: 141.
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External links
- Media related to Pneumocystis jirovecii at Wikimedia Commons