Pnictogen hydride
Pnictogen trihydrides
The simplest series has the chemical formula XH3 (less commonly H3X), with X representing any of the pnictogens. They take on the
Compound names | Chemical formula | Geometry | Space-filling model |
---|---|---|---|
nitrogen hydride hydrogen nitride ammonia (azane) |
NH3 | ||
phosphorus hydride hydrogen phosphide phosphine (phosphane) |
PH3 | ||
arsenic hydride hydrogen arsenide arsine (arsane) |
AsH3 | ||
antimony hydride hydrogen antimonide stibine (stibane) |
SbH3 | ||
bismuth hydride hydrogen bismuthide bismuthine (bismuthane) |
BiH3 | ||
moscovium hydride hydrogen moscovide moscovine (moscovane) |
McH3 |
Some properties of the pnictogen trihydrides follow:[1]
Property | NH3 | PH3 | AsH3 | SbH3 | BiH3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Melting point (°C) | −77.8 | −133.5 | −116.3 | −88 | ? |
Boiling point (°C) | −34.5 | −87.5 | −62.4 | −18.4 | 16.8 (extrapolated) |
Liquid density (g/cm3) | 0.683 (−34 °C) | 0.746 (−90 °C) | 1.640 (−64 °C) | 2.204 (−18 °C) | ? |
ΔH° f/kJ mol−1 |
−46.1 | +5[2] | +66.4 | +145.1 | +277.8 |
Distance (X–H)/pm | 101.7 | 141.9 | 151.9 | 170.7 | 177.59 |
Angle H–X–H | 107.8° | 93.6° | 91.8° | 91.3° | 90.48° |
These gases have no smell in pure form, instead gaining it when in contact with air. Ammonia has an infamous, intense odour resembling urine and/or fish, commonly the result of the decomposition of urea. Phosphine smells like fish or garlic, and stibine like rotten eggs, similar to hydrogen sulfide and selenide.
Dipnictogen tetrahydrides
Dipnictogen tetrahydrides have the chemical formula X2H4. These are generally less stable than the trihydrides, commonly decomposing to the trihydride and the pnictogen involved.
Compound names | Chemical formula | Geometry | Space-filling model |
---|---|---|---|
dinitrogen hydride hydrazine (diazane) |
N2H4 | ||
diphosphorus hydride diphosphine (diphosphane) |
P2H4 | ||
diarsenic hydride diarsine (diarsane) |
As2H4 |
Higher derivatives
Polyphosphanes exist with the formula PnHn+2 (n = 1–9). Linear and branch isomers of P4H6 have been detected. Other cyclic and condensed polyphosphane series are known, from PnHn to PnHn−18, amounting to 85 known phosphanes in 1997.[3]
Properties
Noncyclic hydrogen pnictides follow the formula XnHn+2.
Insoluble in water but soluble in organic liquids (as well as carbon disulfide and trichloroacetic acid), phosphine is a reducing agent.[3]
Ammonia is produced industrially on the largest scale among all compounds. Like water,
Phosphine, a toxic, colourless gas, is the most stable phosphorus hydride
Arsine, stibine, and bismuthine are highly toxic, thermally unstable, and colourless gases. No appreciable hydrogen bonding is found in phosphine, arsine, stibine or bismuthine, and there is no appreciable tendency to dissociate like ammonia to MH+
4 and MH−
2 (M = P, As, Sb, Bi). The pnictogen hydrides become denser down the group and the M–H bond lengths increase, while the H–M–H bond angle decreases slightly. The standard enthalpies of formation reflect the increasing thermal instability going down the group. Arsine decomposes to arsenic and hydrogen at 250–300 °C, stibine to antimony and hydrogen at room temperature, and bismuthine to bismuth and hydrogen above −45 °C. Arsine and stibine are very easily oxidised to arsenic or antimony trioxide and water; a similar reaction happens with sulfur or selenium. Reaction with metals at elevated temperatures leads to arsenides and antimonides. A few lower hydrides are known, such as As2H4, but they are even more unstable and their properties are unknown.[1]
Imidogen, a radical composed of one hydrogen atom and one nitrogen atom (NH), can be classed as a pnictogen hydride.
See also
References
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.