Pokhara

Coordinates: 28°12′30″N 83°59′20″E / 28.20833°N 83.98889°E / 28.20833; 83.98889
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Pokhara
पोखरा
Pokhara Shanti Stupa
UTC+5:45 (NST)
Postal Codes
33700 (WRPD), 33702, 33704, 33706, 33708, 33713
Area code061
Websitepokharamun.gov.np

Pokhara (Nepali: पोखरा [ˈpokʰʌɾa]) is a metropolitan city in central Nepal, which serves as the capital of Gandaki Province and tourism capital of Nepal.[4] It is the second most populous city of Nepal after Kathmandu, with 599,504 inhabitants living in 120,594 households in 2021.[3] It is the country's largest metropolitan city in terms of area. The city also serves as the headquarters of Kaski District.[5] Pokhara is located 200 kilometres (120 miles) west of the capital, Kathmandu. The city is on the shore of Phewa Lake, and sits at an elevation of approximately 822 m.[6] The Annapurna Range, with three out of the ten highest peaks in the world—Dhaulagiri, Annapurna I and Manaslu—is within 15–35 mi (24–56 km) of the valley.[7][8] The current mayor of Pokhara is Dhana Raj Acharya from CPN (Unified Socialist).[9][10]

In 2024, Pokhara was declared tourism capital of Nepal,

Nepalese Army, Indian Army, Gurkha Contingent Singapore, Gurkha Reserve Unit Brunei, UN peacekeeping forces and in war zones around the world.[15]

Etymology

The Nepali word "Pokhari " (Nepali: पोखरी, pronounced [ˈpokʰʌɾi]) means "pond". pokhara is a variant of Pokhari as the city has numerous ponds.

History

By radiocarbon dating and investigating the alluvial deposits of Pokhara Valley, researchers have found that there were at least three large medieval earthquakes in 1000, 1255, and 1344 AD. Up to 9 cubic kilometres of conglomerates, massive mud and silt show indications of one or several megafloods that emanated from the Sabche Cirque in the Annapurna range.[16]

Pokhara lies on an important old trading route between China and

Chaubisi rajya (24 Kingdoms of Nepal, चौबिसे राज्य) ruled by a branch of the Shah dynasty. Many of the hills around Pokhara have medieval ruins from that time. In 1786, Prithvi Narayan Shah, the last ruler of the Gorkha Kingdom and first monarch of the Kingdom of Nepal, added Pokhara to his kingdom. It had by then become an important trading place on the routes from Kathmandu to Jumla and from India to Tibet.[17]

The first settlement of the valley is theorized to have taken place when the first King of

Newars from Kathmandu (Bhaktapur) to develop the present-day market (i.e., old market) in the 1770s. Prior to that people were settled in the peripheral hills.[18]

Pokhara was envisioned as a commercial center by the King of Kaski in the mid 18th century A.D.

Phewa lake
in 1982

The nearby hills around Pokhara are covered by

Khas community.[25] Small Magar communities are also present mostly in the southern outlying hills. A Newar
community is almost non-existent in the villages of outlying hills outside the Pokhara city limits.

From 1959 to 1962, approximately 300,000 exiles entered Nepal from neighboring

chorten and its particular architecture, and Tibetans have become a visible minority in the city.[27]

Until the end of the 1960s, the town was only accessible by foot and it was considered even more a mystical place than Kathmandu. The first road was completed in 1968 (Siddhartha Highway)[28] after which tourism set in and the city grew rapidly.[29] The area along the Phewa lake, called Lakeside, has developed into one of the major tourism hubs of Nepal.[30]

Geography

Middle Hills

Due to the high population density and the frequency of natural disasters, western Nepal is considered one of the most disaster-prone regions in the world. Pokhara is considered particularly vulnerable to earthquakes and floods because the Seti Gandaki River flows through the city.[31] For example, the strongest earthquakes in the region include those of 2015 in Nepal.

Pokhara is in the northwestern corner of the Pokhara Valley,[32] which is a widening of the Seti Gandaki valley that lies in the region (Pahad) of the Himalayas. In this region, the mountains rise very quickly,[33] and within 30 kilometres (19 miles), the elevation rises from 1,000 to 7,500 metres (3,300 to 24,600 feet). As a result of this sharp rise in altitude the area of Pokhara has one of the highest precipitation rates in the country (3,350 mm/year or 131 inches/year in the valley to 5600 mm/year or 222 inches/year in Lumle).[34] Even within the city, there is a noticeable difference in rainfall between the south and the north: The northern part at the foothills of the mountains experiences a proportionally higher amount of precipitation. The Seti Gandaki is the main river flowing through the city.[35] The Seti Gandaki (White Gandaki) and its tributaries have created several gorges and canyons in and around Pokhara that give intriguingly long sections of terrace features to the city and surrounding areas. These long sections of terraces are interrupted by gorges that are hundreds of metres deep.[36] The Seti gorge runs through Pokhara from north to south and then west to east; at places, these gorges are only a few metres wide. In the north and south, the canyons are wider.[37]

In the south, the city borders

above sea level, while north of Pokhara, the village of Lumle at 1,740 metres (5,710 feet) touches the base of the Annapurna mountain range. Pokhara, the city of lakes, is the second-largest city of Nepal after Kathmandu. Three 8,000-metre (26,000-foot) peaks (Dhaulagiri, Annapurna, Manaslu) can be seen from the city.[38] The Machhapuchchhre (Fishtail) with an elevation of 6,993 metres (22,943 feet) is the closest to the city.[39]

The porous underground of the Pokhara valley favors the formation of caves and several caves can be found within city limits and neighboring cities as well. In the south of the city, a tributary of the Seti Gandaki River flowing out of the Phewa Lake disappears at Patale Chhango (पाताले छाँगो, Nepali for Hell's Falls, also called Davis Falls, after someone who supposedly fell in) into an underground gorge, to reappear 500 metres (1,600 feet) further south.[40][41]

Climate

The city has a humid subtropical climate; however, the elevation keeps temperatures moderate. Temperatures in summer average between 25 and 35 °C; in winter around −2 to 15 °C. Pokhara and nearby areas receive a high amount of precipitation. Lumle, 25 miles from Pokhara city center, receives the highest amount of rainfall (> 5600 mm/year or 222 inches/year) in the country.[42] Snowfall is not observed in the valley, but surrounding hills experience occasional snowfall in the winter. Summers are humid and mild; most precipitation occurs during the monsoon season (June–September). Winter and spring skies are generally clear and sunny.[43] The highest temperature ever recorded in Pokhara was 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) on 4 May 2013, while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 0.5 °C (32.9 °F) on 13 January 2012.[44]

Climate data for Pokhara (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1969–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.5
(85.1)
31.7
(89.1)
35.0
(95.0)
37.4
(99.3)
38.5
(101.3)
37.0
(98.6)
36.8
(98.2)
35.6
(96.1)
34.0
(93.2)
32.0
(89.6)
30.8
(87.4)
25.5
(77.9)
38.5
(101.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 19.9
(67.8)
22.7
(72.9)
27.1
(80.8)
30.0
(86.0)
30.4
(86.7)
30.8
(87.4)
30.4
(86.7)
30.5
(86.9)
29.9
(85.8)
27.9
(82.2)
24.4
(75.9)
21.0
(69.8)
27.1
(80.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.5
(56.3)
16.2
(61.2)
20.1
(68.2)
23.1
(73.6)
24.6
(76.3)
26.0
(78.8)
26.4
(79.5)
26.4
(79.5)
25.5
(77.9)
22.6
(72.7)
18.4
(65.1)
14.7
(58.5)
21.5
(70.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.1
(44.8)
9.7
(49.5)
13.1
(55.6)
16.1
(61.0)
18.7
(65.7)
21.2
(70.2)
22.4
(72.3)
22.3
(72.1)
21.1
(70.0)
17.2
(63.0)
12.3
(54.1)
8.3
(46.9)
15.8
(60.4)
Record low °C (°F) 0.5
(32.9)
2.2
(36.0)
4.8
(40.6)
6.0
(42.8)
7.9
(46.2)
12.0
(53.6)
13.0
(55.4)
13.8
(56.8)
15.9
(60.6)
10.0
(50.0)
4.0
(39.2)
0.8
(33.4)
0.5
(32.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.6
(0.85)
35.1
(1.38)
63.7
(2.51)
141.7
(5.58)
353.0
(13.90)
648.2
(25.52)
940.8
(37.04)
839.4
(33.05)
635.0
(25.00)
159.2
(6.27)
17.2
(0.68)
11.6
(0.46)
3,866.5
(152.22)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 2.4 3.8 6.4 10.5 18.3 22.2 25.6 24.3 19.4 8.0 1.3 1.0 143.2
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[45]
Source 2: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology[46]

Demographics

At the time of the 2021 Nepal census, Pokhara Metropolitan City had a population of 599,504. Of these, 78.8% spoke Nepali, 11% Gurung, 2.4% Magar, 2.4% Newar, 1.4% Tamang, 0.8% Bhojpuri, 0.6% Hindi, 0.6% Maithili, 0.3% Tharu, 0.3% Urdu, 0.2% Kham, 0.2% Rai, 0.2% Thakali, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Bhujel, 0.1% Chantyal, 0.1% Limbu and 0.1% other languages as their first language.[47]

In terms of ethnicity/caste, 28.0% were Hill Brahmin, 16.1% Gurung, 15.4% Chhetri, 9.1% Magar, 6.8% Kami, 5.4% Newar, 3.3% Damai/Dholi, 2.8% Tamang, 2.0% Sarki, 1.4% Gharti/Bhujel, 1.4% Thakuri, 0.9% Badi, 0.9% Musalman, 0.9% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.8% Rai, 0.6% Tharu, 0.5% Kumal, 0.5% Thakali, 0.2% Chhantyal, 0.2% other Dalit, 0.2% Kalwar, 0.2% Kathabaniyan, 0.2% Sonar, 0.2% Teli, 0.1% Bengali, 0.1% Dura, 0.1% foreigners, 0.1% Gaine, 0.1% Ghale, 0.1% Hajjam/Thakur, 0.1% Halwai, 0.1% Koiri/Kushwaha, 0.1% Limbu, 0.1% Majhi, 0.1% Sherpa, 0.1% Sunuwar, 0.1% other Terai and 0.1% Yadav.[48]

In terms of religion, 82.4% were Hindu, 13.2% Buddhist, 2.4% Christian, 0.9% Muslim, 0.6% Bon, 0.2% Prakriti, 0.1% Kirati and 0.2% others.[49]

In terms of literacy, 84.3% could read and write, 1.4% could only read and 14.3% could neither read nor write.[50]

Religion in Pokhara (2021)
Religion Percent
Hinduism
82%
Buddhism
13%
Christianity
2%
Others
2%

[51]

Caste and Ethnic groups in Pokhara

  
Newar
(5%)
  others (20%)

[51]

language in Pokhara

  Nepali (79%)
  Gurung (11%)
  Magar (2%)
  Newari (2%)
  Others (6%)
Broad Caste and Ethnicity category (2011 Census)
Broad Ethnic Category Sub Category[52] Linguistic Family Population Percentage
Khas (Hill/Pahari Caste Groups) Khas Brahmin, Chhetri, Kami, Thakuri, Damai Sarki, Sanyasi/Dasnami Indo-Aryan 58.1%
Janajati
(Hill Tribal Groups)
etc
Sino-Tibetan
33.5%
Newar
(Kathmandu Valley Caste Groups)
Newari Brahmin, Shrestha, Tamrakar, Newar Buddhist, Maharjan, Rajkarnikar etc
Sino-Tibetan
5.4%
Madeshi
(Terai Caste Groups)
Maithil Brahmins, Chamar, Kushwaha, Musahar, Kurmi, Dhanuk
etc
Indo-Aryan 1.1%
Muslim Indo-Aryan 1%
Adibasi (Terai Indigenous Groups) Tharu, Rajbanshi, Tajpuriya etc
Sino-Tibetan
0.6%
Others 0.3%

Economy

Since the 1990s, Pokhara has experienced rapid urbanization. As a result, service-sector industries have increasingly contributed to the local economy[53] overtaking the traditional agriculture. An effect of urbanization is seen in high real estate prices, among the highest in the country.[54][55] The major contributors to the economy of Pokhara are manufacturing and service sector including tourism; agriculture and the foreign and domestic remittances. Tourism, service sector and manufacturing contributes approximately 58% to the economy, remittances about 20% and agriculture nearly 16%.[56]

Hydroelectric power plants

Pokhara has a number of hydroelectric power plants.

Temples, gumbas and churches

There are numerous temples, gumbas (Buddhist monasteries) and churches in and around Pokhara valley. Many temples serve as combined places of worship for Hindus and Buddhists.[58][59] Some of the popular temples, gumbas and churches are:

Location

Wards of Pokhara
Ward No Administrative Ward Population (2011 Census)
1 Bagar 15,513
2 Miruwa 8,729
3 Nadipur 9,462
4 Gairapatan 9,119
5 Malepatan 14,803
6 Baidam 14,729
7 Masbar 12,875
8
Shrijana Chowk
26,080
9 Naya Bazar 16,626
10 Amarsingh 18,470
11 Ranipauwa 12,338
12 Sital Devi 11,613
13 Miya Patan 17,077
14 Majheripatan 6,427
15 Rambazar 17,027
16 Batulechaur 14,950
17 Birauta 26,752
18
Sarangkot
8,354
19
Lamachaur, Puranchaur
10,624
20 Bhalam 4,022
21 Nirmal Pokhari 9,090
22 Pumdi Bhumdi 7,391
23 Chapakot 4,917
24 Kaskikot 5,892
25 Hemja 12,262
26 Budhi Bazar 11,394
27 Tal Chowk 9,583
28 Kalika 4,727
29 Bhandardhik 8,961
30 Khudi 10,823
31 Begnas 7,378
32 Gagangauda 10,677
33 Bharat Pokhari 9806
TOTAL 414,141

The municipality of Pokhara spans 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) from north to south and 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from east to west but, unlike the capital Kathmandu, it is quite loosely built up and still has much green space.[61] Nepal[62] The gorge through which the river flows is crossed at five places: K.I. Singh Pool, Mahendrapul and Prithvi Highway Pool from north to south of the city. The floor of the valley is plain, resembles Terai due to its gravel-like surface, and has slanted orientation from northwest to southeast. The city is surrounded by the hills overlooking the entire valley.

water hyacinth (जलकुम्भी झार).[66]

In 2017, Pokhara Lekhnath Metropolitan City became Nepal's largest metropolitan city by area, occupying 464.24 km2 (179.24 sq mi)—which means the city is nine times larger than Kathmandu, 18 times larger than Lalitpur and 2.5 times larger than Bharatpur.[4]

Pokhara is known to be a popular tourist destination for visitors from all over the world. Every year, many people visit the location in order to travel to the Annapurna range and famous religious place muktinath.

Mustang. To the east of the Pokhara valley, there are seven smaller lakes such as Begnas Lake, Rupa Lake, Khaste lake, Maidi lake, Neureni lake, Dipang lake. Begnas Lake is known for its fishery projects.[69]

Tourism

View of Phewa lake and Pokhara from Shanti Stupa

After the occupation of

Mustang arrive in Bagar.

In recent decades, Pokhara has become a major tourist destination: it is considered the tourism capital of Nepal,[13] mainly for adventure tourism and the base for the famous Annapurna Circuit trek. Thus, a major contribution to the local economy is made by the tourism and hospitalities industry. Tourism is the primary source of income for local people and the city.[70] There are two 5-star hotels and approximately 305 other hotels that includes one 4-star, five 3-star, fifteen 2-star and non-star hotels in the city.[71]

International Mountain Museum at Ratopahiro, Pokhara

The city promotes two major hilltops as viewpoints to see the city and surrounding panorama:

Western and Annapurna Conservation Area region of Nepal; and Gurkha Museum featuring the history of the Gurkha soldiers.[74]

Hotels

There are around 375 tourist standard hotels, and many more are in the pipeline.[75]

Cable cars

Annapurna Cable Car takes tourists from Lakeside to Sarangkot and back.[76] Another one being built will connect Phewa Lake with World Peace Stupa.[77][78][79][80]

Military

The Pokhara region has a very strong military tradition with a significant number of its men being employed by the Nepali army.

Western Development Region of Nepal. The AOR of this division is 29,398 km2 and a total of 16 districts are under the division. The population of the AOR of Western Division is 4,571,013. Both the British Army and the Indian Army have regional recruitment and pensioners facilitation camps in Pokhara. The British Gurkha Camp[83] is located at Deep Heights in the northeast of the Pokhara city and the Indian Gorkha Pension Camp[84]
is on the south-western side of the city, Rambazar.

Electricity and water supply

Electricity in Pokhara is regulated and distributed by the NEA Nepal Electricity Authority. Water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Nepal Water Supply Corporation ( NWSC ).

Education

Pokhara has more than eight hundred private and public high educational institutions. There are several institutions of higher learning up to the doctorate level in social sciences, business, and science and technology.

Transportation

Public transit

Pokhara has extensive privately operated public transportation system running throughout the city, adjoining townships and nearby villages. Pokhara Mahanagar Bus Bebasaya Samiti (green, brown and blue buses), Mama Bhanja Transport (blue buses), Bindabashini Samiti(blue buses), Phewa Bus Bebasaya Samiti(mini micros) and Lekhnath Bus Bebasaya Samiti (green and white buses) are the private companies that provide public bus transportation facility in and around Pokhara Valley. The public transport mainly consists of local and city buses, micros, micro-buses and metered-taxis.

Intercity connections

Pokhara is well connected to the rest of the country through permanent road and air links. The main mode of transportation are Cars, Motorbikes, Public Buses, Taxis and the Purano Bus Park is the main hub for buses plying countrywide. The all-season Pokhara Airport with regular flights to Kathmandu and Mustang are operated by various domestic and a few international airlines. A new Pokhara International Airport is also present in the southeast of the city which has begun facilitating intercity and international travels.[85] Flight duration from Kathmandu to Pokhara is approximately 30 minutes.

Rivers and lakes

Begnas lake lies in the east of Pokhara valley

Pokhara valley is rich in water sources. The major bodies of water in and around Pokhara are:[86][87]

Lakes

  • Khaste lake
    , Maidi Tal, Niureni Tal, Gude Tal, Kamal Pokhari Tal, Kashyap Tal (Thuli Pokhari)

Rivers

Sports and recreation

The sporting activities are mainly centered in the multipurpose stadium

skydiving.[94] The Pokhara city marathon, high altitude marathon are some activities attracting mass participation.[95] Adventure sports such as base jumping, paragliding, canyoning, rock climbing, bungee jumping, etc. are targeted towards tourists.[96][97][98] Pokhara Rhinos represents the city in Everest Premier League
.

Music

The universal instruments used in Nepalese music include the madal (small leather drum), bansuri (bamboo flute), and saarangi. These instruments are prominent features of the traditional folk music (lok gít or lok geet) in Pokhara, which is actually the western (Gandaki, Dhaulagiri and Lumbini) branch of Nepali lok geet. Some examples of music of this region are Resham Firiri (रेशम फिरिरी)[99] and Khyalee Tune (ख्याली धुन).[100]

The lok geet started airing in Radio Nepal during the 1950s and artists such as Jhalakman Gandharva, Dharma Raj Thapa are considered pioneers in bringing the lok git into mass media. During early and late 1990s, bands from Pokhara like Nepathya started their very successful fusion of western rock and pop with traditional folk music.[101] Since then several other musical groups in Nepal have adopted the lok-pop/rock style producing dozens of albums every year.

Another important part of cultural music of western Nepal, and hence Pokhara, is the

Panché Baaja (पञ्चे बाजा), a traditional musical band performed generally during marriage ceremonies by the damaai musicians.[102]

The musical culture in Pokhara is quite dynamic and in recent years, Western rock and roll, pop, rap and hip-hop are becoming increasingly popular with frequently held musical concerts; however, the traditional lok and modern (semi-classical) Nepali music are predominantly favored by the general population. More musical concerts are held in Pokhara than in any other city in the country.[103][104]

Media and communications

Media and communication were quite limited until the 1990s.[105] However, in the following decade there has been a proliferation of private media in print, radio and television. There are 19 privately owned local FM stations in the Pokhara valley. An additional 4 FM stations from Kathmandu have their relay broadcast stations in Pokhara.[106] There are six community radio stations and five television stations.

Approximately 14 national daily newspapers in Nepali are published in the city,[107][108][109] along with several other weekly and monthly news magazines. All major national newspapers published in Kathmandu have distributions in Pokhara. A number of online news portals are also updated from Pokhara, as well as some entertainment-based websites.[110][111] Popular technology based web-magazine TechSansar also started in Pokhara.[112]

Pokhara has got 4G network of Nepal Telecom, Smart Cell and Ncell. The majority of the people in the city access internet through mobiles, numerous cyber cafes, and local wireless ISPs. Most tourist restaurants and hotels also provide WiFi services. Wi-Fi hotspots by Nepal Telecom using Wi-MAX technology[113] were launched in Feb. 2014, and are accessible in most parts of the city for a fee.[114][115] Subscriber based internet is provided by several private ISP providers.

Notable people from Pokhara

People who live or have lived in Pokhara City are known as Pokhareli. In demographic terms, the

Gurung and Magar ethnic groups, who were categorized as martial race by the British Army.[15]

See also

Twin towns – sister cities

References

  1. ^ "Dhanraj Acharya elected mayor of Pokhara". Kathmandu Post. 25 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  2. ^ "Dhanraj Acharya elected mayor of Pokhara". Kathmandu Post. 25 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). cbs.gov.np. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ a b "Pokhara Lekhnath becomes largest metropolitan city". The Kathmandu Post. 13 March 2017. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  5. ^ "कास्की जिल्ला : एक सम्पूर्ण परिचय". Lokpati.com. 24 November 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  6. ^ "VNPK—Pokhara Airport | SkyVector". skyvector.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  7. ^ United Nations Field Coordination Office (UNFCO) (7 June 2011). "An Overview of the Western Development Region of Nepal" (PDF). Bharatpur, Nepal: United Nations: Nepal Information Platform. pp. 1–9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  8. ^ Pradhan, Pushkar Kumar (1982). "A Study of Traffic Flow on Siddartha and Prithvi Highway". The Himalayan Review. 14: 38–51. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013.
  9. ^ "पोखराका करोडपति मेयर". Online Khabar. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  10. ^ "Dhanraj Acharya elected mayor of Pokhara". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  11. ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/pokhara-officially-nepals-tourism-capital-now-to-remain-accessible-24-hours/articleshow/108578871.cms
  12. ^ https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/nepal-declares-pokhara-as-its-tourism-capital/
  13. ^ .
  14. .
  15. ^ a b Gray, Denis (7 July 2016). "Nepal's legendary Gurkhas face an uncertain future". Nikkei. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  16. S2CID 206641303
    .
  17. .
  18. ^ Adhikari, Jagannath (2017). Pokhara—Urbanization, Environment and Development. Amazon.com. pp. Location 42—Kindle Ed.
  19. .
  20. from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
  21. .
  22. .
  23. .
  24. .
  25. ^ Ragsdale, Tod A. (January 1990). "Gurung, Gorkhalis, Gurkhas: Speculations on a Nepalese Ethno-History" (PDF). CNAS Journal. 17 (1): 1–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2013.
  26. .
  27. . No. 2542.
  28. ^ Regmi Research Project (1979). Nepal Press Digest (Vol. 20, Issue 20 ed.). Regmi Research (Private) Ltd. p. 13.
  29. .
  30. .
  31. ^ "Pokhara, Nepal; Secondary Cities". Secondarycities.state.gov. Humanitarian Information Unit (HIU), U.S. Department of State, 2025 E St. NW, Washington, DC 20006; U.S. State Department, Humanitarian Information Unit, MapGive. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022. Due to its exposure to natural hazards and high population density, Western Nepal is considered one of the most disaster-prone regions in the world, and the city of Pokhara is particularly vulnerable to earthquakes and floods, with the Seti Gandaki River running through the city.
  32. ^ Gurung, Harka B. (2001). Pokhara Valley: A Geographical Survey. pokhara, Nepal: Nepal Geographical Society.
  33. ^ Joshi, S. C.; Haigh, M. J.; Pangtey, Y. P. S.; Joshi, D. R.; Dani, D. D. (1986). Joshi, S. C (ed.). Nepal Himalaya: geo-ecological perspectives. Naini Tal, India: Himalayan Research Group. pp. 78–80.
  34. .
  35. .
  36. .
  37. .
  38. .
  39. .
  40. .
  41. ^ Thapa, Netra Bahadur; Thapa, D. P. (1969). Geography of Nepal: physical, economic, cultural & regional. Bombay, India: Orient Longmans. p. 186.
  42. S2CID 130409186
    .
  43. .
  44. ^ "Extreme Temperatures of Month November" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016..
  45. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  46. ^ "ANNUAL EXTREME TEMPERATURES" (PDF). Department of Hydrology and Meteorology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  47. ^ NepalMap Language [1]
  48. ^ NepalMap Caste [2]
  49. ^ NepalMap Religion [3]
  50. ^ NepalMap Literacy [4]
  51. ^ a b "NepalMap profile: Pokhara Metropolitan". NepalMap. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  52. ^ "NepalMap profile: Kathmandu Metropolitan". Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  53. .
  54. ^ Piipuu, Merilin (10 September 2014). "Pokhara tries to save its famous paddy". Nepali Times. No. 723. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  55. ^ Himalayan News Service (17 May 2013). "Project Pokhara". The Himalayan Times. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  56. .
  57. ^ "Bijaypur Khola-2 Hydropower Project". Nepal Water Resource Portal. 2 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  58. ^ Boke, Charis (2008). "Faithful Leisure, Faithful Work: Religious Practice as an Act of Consumption in Nepal". Himalayan Research Papers Archive: 1–21.
  59. ^ Adhikari, Jagannath (2004). "A socio-ecological analysis of 'the loss of public properties in an urban environivient: a case study of Pokhara, Nepal" (PDF). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. 31 (1): 85–114. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  60. from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  61. (PDF) from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  62. .
  63. .
  64. .
  65. ^ Pokharel, Shailendra (2008). "Conservation of Phewa Lake of Pokhara, Nepal". The Research Center for Sustainability and Environment, Shiga University. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  66. from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  67. from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  68. ^ Kantipur News Service (1 January 2014). "Pokhara tourism expects 2014 to herald new era of growth". Kantipur. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  69. S2CID 23782376
    .
  70. .
  71. .
  72. ^ Himalayan News Service (18 December 2011). "Pokhara gets another key attraction". The Himalayan Times. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  73. .
  74. ^ Official Website. "The Gurkha Memorial Museum". Gurkha Memorial Museum Nepal. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  75. ^ "2018 brought more visitors and more money to Pokhara". kathmandupost.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  76. ^ "Annapurna Cable Car brings hope amid tourism gloom". 23 October 2022. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  77. ^ "2 new cable car lines to be built in Pokhara". www.nepaltibetnow.com. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  78. ^ "Chitawon Co-E Group". chitawoncoe.com.np. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  79. ^ Sapkota, Shreya (27 November 2017). "Sarangkot Cable Car Line to be Built in Pokhara". TechLekh: Latest Tech News, Reviews, Startups and Apps in Nepal. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  80. ^ "Sikles-Annapurna Cable Car". Issuu. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  81. .
  82. ^ Official Website, Nepalese Army. "Western Division". Kathmandu: Nepalese Army (नेपाली सेना). Archived from the original on 16 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  83. ^ Official Website, Brigade of Gurkhas. "British Gurkhas Recruiting". UK: British Army. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012.
  84. ^ Official Website. "Pension Paying Office at Pokhara". India: Indian Embassy, Nepal. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011.
  85. ^ Himalayan News Service (15 October 2011). "Pokhara to have international airport". The Himalayan Times. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  86. .
  87. .
  88. ^ Himalayan News Service (29 January 2012). "Sahara set for Aaha Gold Cup". The Himalayan Times. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  89. ^ Himalayan News Service (24 October 2011). "Safal Pokhara Cup in November". The Himalayan Times. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  90. ^ Republica Sports (26 December 2009). "Pokhara Valley win football tournament". Republica. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  91. ^ "A Golfing High at Pokhara's Himalayan Golf Course". Himalayan Golf Course Pokhara. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  92. ^ Brown, Thomas (24 August 2022). "This exotic course might have the world's best par-5s. The challenge is getting there". Golf Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  93. .
  94. ^ Himalayan News Service (1 November 2010). "Pokhara skies offer divers a swell time". The Himalayan Times. Kathmandu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  95. ^ "Annapurna marathon begins Thursday". Republica. Kathmandu, Nepal. 27 April 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  96. ^ Neupane, Kul Chandra (11 January 2004). "Paragliding lures more tourists to Pokhara". The Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  97. ^ Sharma, Lal Prasad (8 March 2012). "Pokhara entrepreneurs trying to lure more domestic tourists". e-Kantipur (Kantipur Publications). Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  98. ^ Sharma, Shiva (22 September 2014). "High Ground introduces bungy jumping in Pokhara". The Kathmandu Post. No. XXII (216), pp. 13–14. Kantipur News Service. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  99. ^ Gandharva, Tirtha Bd. "Resham Firiri". MetaLab & MusicNepal. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  100. ^ Nepali, Ram Sharan. "Khyalee Tune". MetaLab & MusicNepal. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
  101. JSTOR 834421
    .
  102. .
  103. .
  104. .
  105. .
  106. ^ Lin, Kong Yen; Dixit, Kunda (1–7 May 2009). "Women on air". Nepali Times. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  107. ^ "Samacharpati – Nepal's Trusted Digital Newspaper". Samacharpati. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  108. ^ "आदर्श समाज राष्ट्रिय दैनिक". Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  109. ^ "समाधान राष्ट्रिय दैनिक". Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  110. ^ "ganthan". ganthan. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  111. ISSN 2091-0479
    .
  112. ^ "About TechSansar". About TechSansar. 17 October 2014. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  113. ^ "List & Location of available NT WiFi Hotspots". TechSansar.com. 15 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  114. ^ Bhuju, Kriti (9 February 2014). "NT offers free Wi-Fi for a month". My Republica. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  115. ^ Nepal Telecom. "WiMAX : Wireless Broadband Internet Service: List of NT WiFi Hotspots". ntc.net.np. Nepal Telecom. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.

External links