Polícia de Segurança Pública

Since October 2023, the PSP is now in charge of controlling the Portuguese borders (alongside the GNR), with the dissolution of the SEF force.[1]

History

Like most of Europe, until the Middle Ages the defence of public order was the responsibility of local communities, under the authority of feudal lords and courts.^[2]

In Portugal, there are few references to the administration of justice until the second half of the 15th century. With the reign of King

However, criminals were provided shelters by which to flee justice: the churches, monasteries and "privileged" lands.

The first corps of police agents, the Quadrilheiros, was created by Fernando I, on 12 September 1383, consisting of 20 members, who were recruited by force from the strongest physical men, to serve Lisbon.^[2] These men were subject to the town council for three years, and required to swear fealty and carry a weapon (a staff), which they would display at their homes, representing a symbol of their authority to arrest and direct criminals to the Corregedores (magistrates).^[2] Since these men never received payment for their services, and since these activities were dangerous, most chose to escape the responsibility. For most, these services were intolerable, with little prestige, at various times resulting in bruises and wounds in the execution of their tasks.^[2] Owing to this, by 1418, these constables were not required to circle the town. Later, Afonso V provided the Quadrilheiros, on 10 June 1460, with several social and economic privileges. However, these would disappear over time.^[2]

Even as Afonso V put into action other laws, regulations, advisories and ordinances, many were ineffective. King

Between 1760 and 1780, chaos persisted. By decree, on 18 January 1780, Queen Maria I of Portugal named the old Criminal Judge for the Bairro do Castelo de S. Jorge, Diogo Inácio de Pina Manique, Intendente-Geral.^[2] Instructed in laws at the University of Coimbra, he became a powerful chief: he began by expunging the police services of criminal elements, and took advantage of all laws to arrest all criminals or suspects in the Alfama, Mouraria, Bairro Alto and Madragoa, reorganizing the services and bringing a level of respectability to the department.^[2]

Around the same time, the Guarda Real de Polcia (Police Royal Guar') was founded on 25 December 1801, a militarized cavalry corps.^[2] While correctional "houses" were established, the Polícia Sanitária (Sanitary Police) was established to curb prostitution. The Casa Pia de Lisboa was founded to collect abandoned children.^[2] As the Police Royal Guard was overwhelmed with customs supervision, the Guarda das Barreiras was created, later to be replaced by the Guarda das Alfândegas (Customs Guard). In 1808 the General Loison, at the behest of the Quartermaster-General of the Royal Guard Police, established a Polícia Secreta (Secret Police).^[2] In 1823, the Liberal government established the Guarda Nacional (National Guard) and on 23 June 1824, a new secret police was reestablished, the Polícia Preventiva (Preventative Police force).^[2] On 21 August 1826 the Guarda Real de Polícia was discontinued.^[2]

On 8 November 1833, the position of Intendente-Geral was discontinued with José António Maria de Sousa e Azevedo. All the services of the police, from this period, were transferred to the prefects (later civil governors), of which the Prefect of the Province of Estremadura, Bento Pereira do Carmo, stands out.^[2] The police prerogatives of this position remained temporary and territorial, influenced by prefects, general administrators and later civil governors.^[2] On 18 April 1835, the kingdom was divided into 17 administrative districts, with a civil governor for each district, and divided into municipalities, civil parishes and ecclesiastical parishes. The civil governors were responsible for public security.^[2]

During a period of political confusion caused by the

The PSP has the following police roles and responsibilities:

• Preventive Police: includes the prevention of general or organised crime and protection from terrorism guaranteeing the security of people and goods (to the level of petty crime), in areas that are not specifically reserved for the Polícia Judiciária (PJ)
• Public Order: this includes the responsibility for intervention and special operations
• Administrative Police: this is the administrative arm of the security forces, including the responsibility for acts emanating from the competent authority and some matters of licensing
• Immigration law, refuge and asylum, extradition and expulsion, as well as border control: since October 2023.
• Exclusive powers: responsible for weapons control, ammunition and explosives, outside the authority of the armed and security forces, as well as guaranteeing the security for personnel of domestic and foreign entities, and other citizens subject to threat of person
• Special powers: responsible for airport security and the protection of diplomatic missions both locally and internationally
• Special Programs: responsible for educational programs, such as the Safe School, security of the elderly, trade insurance, spring insurance, domestic violence and the Integrated Policing of Proximity Program (PIPP)

Organisation

The Public Security Police is headed by a National Director, who is under the dependency of the Minister of Internal Administration. Its internal organization includes the following components:

• National Directorate, including:

1. National Director
2. Inspector General
3. Deputy National Director for operations and security
4. Deputy National Director for human resources
5. Deputy National Director for logistics and finance

• Educational police establishments, including:

1. Higher Institute of Police Science and Internal Security (ISCPSI, Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna) - university level police officer academy
2. Practical School of Police (EPP, Escola Prática de Polícia) - constable training school

• Special Police Unit, which includes as its sub-units:

1. Intervention Corps (CI, Corpo de Intervenção) - riot sub-unit
2. Personal Security Corps (CSP, Corpo de Segurança Pessoal) - bodyguard sub-unit
3. Special Operations Group (
   GOE, Grupo de Operações Especiais
   ) - special operations and anti-terrorist sub-unit
4. Centre for Inactivation of Explosives and Underground Security (CIEXSS, Centro de Inativação de Explosivos e Segurança em Subsolo) - bomb disposal and underground security sub-unit
5. Canine Technical Operational Group (GOC, Grupo Operacional Cinotécnico) - police dog sub-unit

• Police territorial commands, including

1. Metropolitan commands (CoMet, comandos metropolitanos): Lisbon and Porto
2. Regional commands (CR, comandos regionais): Azores and Madeira
3. District commands (CD, comandos distritais): Faro, Beja, Évora, Portalegre, Setúbal, Santarém, Leiria, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Aveiro, Viseu, Guarda, Braga, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real and Bragança.

The regional and district commands have territorial jurisdiction over, respectively, the corresponding

The squad (esquadra in Portuguese) is the traditional basic police sub-unit of the PSP, each being usually headed by a Sub-Commissioner. Most of the squads are responsible for the generic territorial preventive policing of a given area of responsibility, which can be a neighbourhood of a large city or an entire small city. Each of these squads occupies a police station and because of that, by metonymy, the police stations are usually referred to as esquadras in Portugal. Besides the previous, there are also specialized squads (transit, criminal investigation, intervention, airport security, tourism support, etc.).

The minor territorial commands (district commands of Beja, Bragança, Castelo Branco, Évora, Guarda, Portalegre and Viana do Castelo) are directly sub-divided in squads. They usually include two or more territorial generic squads, a transit squad, a criminal investigation squad and an intervention and inspection squad.

In the major territorial commands (metropolitan commands, regional commands and district commands of Aveiro, Braga Coimbra, Faro, Leiria, Santarém, Setúbal, Vila Real and Viseu) there is, however, an intermediate level of sub-unit between them and the squad, this being the division. These commands are thus organized in two or more divisions, each including several squads. The divisions can be generic (named "police divisions" and being responsible for a given area of responsibility) or specialized (transit, criminal investigation, airport security, installations security or public transportation security).

The municipal police of Lisbon and Porto are also manned by PSP members, who retain all their police powers. However, they are not under the operational command of the PSP, but are instead under the direct control of the municipal governments of Lisbon and Porto. These two police forces are thus different from the rest of the municipal police forces of the country, which are made of municipal employees with very limited police powers.

Personnel

As of 2019, the entry level salary for a police officer in the PSP is 789 euros a month.^[3]

PSP police personnel is divided into three categories: officers, chiefs and agents. The access to the agent category requires the conclusion of a technical course in the Practical School of Police (EPP) at Torres Novas. The access to the category of chief is made through the promotion from the category of agent, after the conclusion of a specific course also at the EPP. The access to the officer category requires a previous graduation from the Higher Institute of Police Sciences and Internal Security (ISCPSI), a university-level police academy.

The various categories, ranks, insignia and respective main functions are:

• Police Officers

• Chief Superintendent
  : National Director of the PSP
• Chief Superintendent: Deputy National Director or Inspector General of the PSP
• Chief Superintendent: commanding officer of a metropolitan / regional command
• Superintendent: commanding officer of a district command or second-in-command of a metropolitan / regional command
• Intendent
  : division commander in a metropolitan / regional command or second-in-command of a district command
• Sub-Intendent: division commander in a district command or second-in-command of a division commanded by an intendent
• Commissioner: second-in-command of a division commanded by a sub-intendent
• Sub-Commissioner: commanding officer of a police squad (police station)

• Police Chiefs

• Principal Chief: auxiliary of a unit commanding officer
• Chief: supervisor of staff and leader of police teams

• Police Agents

• Principal Agent: a senior principal agent may perform the same functions as a chief, others perform the same functions as an agent
• Agent: functions of police constable

• ISCPSI Students:

• Officer Candidate: student of the 5th year of the Training Course for Police Officers (CFOP)
• Cadet: student of the 4th year of the CFOP
• Cadet: student of the 3rd year of the CFOP
• Cadet: student of the 2nd year of the CFOP
• Cadet: student of the 1st year of the CFOP

Vehicles

Models

Since 2004, the

The most recent livery for the PSP vehicles was introduced in 2014. The basic version of this livery consists in a white body with diagonal blue stripes, the wording "POLÍCIA" (police) in blue sans-serif lettering in the sides, rear and bonnet and a logo with the national colors on the front side panels. For the traffic patrol vehicles there is a variant, which intermediates red stripes with the blue ones and has the wording "TRÂNSITO" (transit) on the rear side panels. Another variant of the livery is its negative version (blue, with the stripes and wording in white) to be applied in vans and special vehicles. The three variants have been applied to most of the vehicles acquired after 2014. However, other vehicles carry older or not standard liveries, namely the 2004 livery (similar to the 2014 livery, but with the wording "POLICIA" in serif letters - which are inclined in the sides - and the PSP coat of arms instead of the national colors logo), the 1991 livery (blue body with doors, trunk and bonnet in white and crossed by red stripes), the 1979 livery (blue body with white front doors), the all blue body (used by most of the vans and special vehicles) and several special police programs (Safe School, Tourism support, etc.) liveries.

A restored Volkswagen Beetle historical patrol car - kept for use in ceremonies and exhibitions - is anachronistically painted with the 1979-1991 livery, instead of the original livery used by the PSP in the 1960s and 1970s, which consisted in a blue body and grey mudguards, with the word "POLÍCIA" on the doors.

Vehicles photos

• 
  PSP's Audi R8 is one of its special vehicles.
• 
  Skoda Octavia III patrol car and Toyota Hilux

  pickup truck.
• 
  Nissan Leaf electrical vehicle, for tourism support.
• 
  Historical 1960s Volkswagen Beetle patrol car, with 1979 livery.
• 
  Mercedes-Benz Sprinter van is normally used to transport Rapid Intervention Teams (EIR).
• 
  The PSP has received hundreds of Škoda Octavias in various versions since the beginning of the 21st century.
• 
  Toyota Avensis from the PSP traffic police department.
• 
  The PSP uses a wide range of motorcycles, here a Yamaha.

Equipment

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Handguns

•  
  Glock 17
•  
  Glock 19
  - Standard issue sidearm
•  Germany: Heckler and Koch USP Compact
•  Germany: SIG Sauer GSR - chambered in the .45 ACP
•  
  SIG Sauer SP 2022
•  Germany: Walther P99
•  United States: Desert Eagle in .357 Magnum

Shotguns

•  Italy: Fabarm SDASS Tactical
•  Italy: Benelli M3
•  Italy: Benelli M4

Submachine guns

•  Italy: Beretta M12
•  Belgium: FN P90
•  
  HK MP5
•  
  HK UMP45

Less Lethal

•  Belgium: FN 303

Rifles

•  
  H&K 416A5
•  
  H&K G36
•  
  H&K G36C
•  
  SIG Sauer MCX
•  United Kingdom: Accuracy International Arctic Warfare
•  United Kingdom: Accuracy International AXMC

See also

• Polícia Judiciária - Portuguese criminal investigation police
• Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR)
  - Portuguese gendarmerie force
• Foreigners and Borders Service - Portuguese border and immigration police
• Serviço de Informações de Segurança - Portuguese internal security intelligence agency
• Autoridade de Segurança Alimentar e Económica - Portuguese food and economical police
• Guarda Fiscal - Former Portuguese customs guard
• Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado (PIDE) - Former Portuguese border, migration, political and state security police

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polícia de Segurança Pública.

• Official website