Polavaram Project

Coordinates: 17°17′21″N 81°39′05″E / 17.28917°N 81.65139°E / 17.28917; 81.65139
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Polavaram (disambiguation).

Polavaram Project
Annual generation
2.29 billion kWh
Website
apgenco.gov.in/Main/polavaram_project

The Polavaram Project is an under construction multi-purpose

Rajamahendravaram City and 25 km from Rajahmundry Airport
.

History

In July 1941, the first conceptual proposal for the project was mooted by the erstwhile Madras Presidency. Diwan Bahadur L. Venkatakrishna Iyer, then Chief Engineer in the Presidency's irrigation department, made the first survey of the project site and made a definitive proposal for a reservoir at Polavaram. Sri Iyer not only envisaged cultivation of 350,000 acres (140,000 ha) over two crop seasons through this project, but also planned for a 40 MW hydroelectric plant within the project.[9] The project, when it was conceived in 1946–47, was estimated to cost Rs 129 crore.

In 1980, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh

Tanguturi Anjaiah laid the foundation stone for the prestigious Polavaram irrigation project. In the year 2004 Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy
performs bhoomi pooja with the estimation cost of 8,261 cr and the administrative sanction was accorded for construction of right and left canals at a cost of Rs 1,320 crore and Rs 1,353 crore.

After decades of delay, the main Polavaram Dam construction began under the next successive government of N. Chandrababu Naidu. After 2014 elections, then Chief Minister-elect N. Chandrababu Naidu has refused to be sworn in unless an ordinance is issued merging seven mandals of Khammam district with divided Andhra Pradesh, stating only then can the Polavaram Project be completed without further delay in future.[10] The Polavaram Project Authority was constituted by the Union Cabinet in May 2014 and the construction of project head works were taken up earnestly.[11] The Naidu government has acquired the complete lands that required across the right canal by solving court petition issues of farmers who lost their agricultural lands from both districts of West Godavari and Krishna and the Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Project has been launched in order to pump the Godavari river water and sent to Krishna river.[12][13] In June, the state was bifurcated under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act. In December 2017, it was reported that the project contractor, Transstroy was seeking a deadline extension and a budget escalation.[14] Transstroy was reported to have its ₹4,300 crore loan turn NPA in July 2015.[15] In January 2018, the state government signed a new contract for the project spillway, spill channel and stilling basin concrete work with Navayuga Engineering[16] By June 2018, 1,10,355 acres of the required 1,68,213 acres had been acquired.[17] On June 11, 2018, the Polavaram diaphragm wall was completed marking a significant milestone in the project construction.[18] On January 7, 2019, The Polavaram project in Andhra Pradesh entered the Guinness Book of World Records by pouring 32,100 cubic meters of concrete in 24 hours by Navayuga Engineering. The project beat the existing record of 21,580 cubic meters which was achieved by Abdul Wahid Bin Shabib, RALS Contracting LLC and Alfa Eng. Consultant (all UAE), in Dubai between May 18 and 20 in 2017.[19] The Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu unveiled the first crest gate of Polavaram project on 24 December 2018.[20]

Progress

Milestone Start Date Completion Date
Spill way concreting work 30 December 2016[21] mostly completed as of May 2021
Diaphragm Wall of earth cum rock fill (ECRF) dam 1 February 2017[22] 11 June 2018[23]
Jet Grouting January 8, 2018[24] October 29, 2018[25]
Upper coffer dam grouting June 8, 2017[26] Jan 8, 2018[27]
Lower coffer dam grouting June 8, 2017[26] Under construction
Spill channel concreting work Apr 23, 2018[28] Under construction
Right bank canal head works Under construction
Left bank canal head works Under construction
Navigation tunnel Under construction
Right bank canal works 2016 (90% completed)
Left bank canal works Under construction
Hydroelectric power plant Under construction
Blocking the natural course of the Godavari by raising the upper coffer dam level above the crest level (17.3 m MSL) of river sluice vertical gates (10 nos) provided in the spillway to divert the Godavari water through these gates.[29] 27 May 2021
Godavari water flows diverted fully through the river sluice gates of the spillway via the approach channel[30] 11 June 2021[31]
Upper coffer dam works completed. 31 January 2022
All the 48 barrage gates are fully erected and water can be stored in the reservoir to the extent permitted by the upper coffer dam design. 30 June 2022
Lower coffer dam works completed 17 February 2023[32]
Completion of inspection and field investigation of damaged diaphragm wall during the 2020 Godavari floods and the decision was given to rectify the damage that took place. 5 March 2023[33]
Repair works of damaged diaphragm wall 8 March 2023
ECRF dam yet to start

Purpose

National

Godavari river basin[37] is considered as a surplus one, while the Krishna River basin is considered to be a deficit one.[38] As of 2008, 644 tmcft of underutilised water from Godavari River flowed into the Bay of Bengal.[39] But as of 2017 over 3000 tmcft are drained unutilised into Bay of Bengal.[40] Based on the estimated water requirements in 2025, the Study recommended that sizeable surplus water was to be transferred from the Godavari River basin to the Krishna River basin.[38]

Polavaram project Canal view near Talupulamma Lova
Polavaram project Canal view near Talupulamma Lova

The capacity of right and left canals are 17,500

Sileru river
basin is used as usual for the full water requirements of the Godavari Delta.

The hydropower plant (960 MW) will generate 2.29 billion kWh green or renewable electricity annually.[2] Polavaram reservoir will also create the potential to install nearly 1,58,000 MW high head pumped-storage hydroelectric plants in the future.

Alternate site

The dam could not be taken up for construction during the last century on techno-economical grounds. The proposed dam site at Polavaram is located where the river emerges from the last range of the Eastern Ghats into plains covered with deep alluvial sandy strata.[42] At Polavaram, the river width is about 1500 m. In view of large depth of excavation which is more than 30 m deep, to reach hard rock at this dam site, the dam project was not found economical to take up. However, a lucrative alternate site is feasible located in upstream of Polavaram site where the river passes through deep gorges of Papi hill range.[43] The width of river is about 300 m only in the rocky gorge stretch. Thirty years back, this alternative was found technologically challenging task to connect the reservoir with the irrigation canals via tunnels across the ghat area. Also, costly underground hydro electric station is mandated compared to river bed based hydro electric station. When the project was actually taken up in the year 2004, the old finalised designs at Polavaram site are adopted without re-examining the latest cost of upstream alternate site in view of state of the art construction technology of tunnels and underground hydroelectric station. The progress up to the year 2012 in construction of dam structures and the hydro electric station is almost nil.[44] The alternate site located in the gorge stretch is still worth of re-examination to reduce the ever-increasing cost of Polavaram dam.

The spillway and non-overflow dam are founded on Khondalite bedrock in Polavaram Project.[43] Khondalites, which are feldspar-rich, often contain soft graphite, hard garnet, etc. in addition to other minerals. Khondalites are highly weathered and hence unsuitable at dam site.[45]

Technical details

Aqueduct across Tammileru near Eluru

The project reservoir has live storage 75.2 tmcft at canal's full supply level of 41.15 metres (135 ft) MSL and gross storage 194 tmcft thereby enabling irrigation of 23,20,000 acres (including stabilisation of existing irrigated lands) in

Sileru river basin can also augment the water availability additionally to the Polavaram project during the dry season.[55]

The dam construction involves the building of a 1.5-m-thick concrete

water turbines, each having 80 Megawatt capacity, were to be installed. Without removing the upper and lower coffer dams after the construction of the ECRF dam, the 960 MW hydropower plant can not be commissioned as they are blocking the water passages of the powerhouse. The right canal connecting to Krishna River in upstream of Prakasam Barrage (173 kilometres (107 mi) long) discharges 17,500 cu ft/s (500 m3/s) at head works and left canal (182 kilometres (113 mi) long) discharges 17,500 cu ft/s (500 m3/s) of water.[46]

Indira Dummugudem lift irrigation scheme starting at 17°33′49″N 81°14′49″E / 17.56361°N 81.24694°E / 17.56361; 81.24694 (Rudrammakota) is under construction to supply irrigation water for 200,000 acres in Khammam, Krishna, Eluru and West Godavari districts drawing Godavari River water from the backwaters of Polavaram reservoir.[59] This is a joint project between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
states. This project was shelved and merged with another project by the Telangana state.

Financing

The revised cost of the total project including the 960 MW power station is 47,726 crores at 2017-18 prices.[60]

In December 2016, NABARD handed over ₹1,981 crores, as part of its loan from the Long Term Irrigation Fund (LTIF) under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY).[61] NABARD provided a loan of ₹2,981.54 crores during 2016-17 and ₹979.36 crores during 2017-18 under the LTIF to the National Water Development Authority (NWDA) for the project.[62]

Polavaram canal near Eluru (May 2019)
Polavaram canal near Eluru.

In its 2018 budget, Andhra Pradesh allocated ₹9000 crores to the project.[63] In June 2018, the Central Government approved ₹1,400 crores which had been sanctioned in January, but not released, through Extra Budgetary Resources raised by NABARD. These funds were from outside the LTIF.[64]

In January 2018, it was reported that the project cost had escalated to ₹58,319 crore.[65] In June 2018, The Water Ministry sanctioned ₹417.44 crore as grant-in-aid under the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana (PMKSY) towards the project.[66] By June 2018, ₹13,000 crore had been spent on the project.[17]

An expenditure of ₹16,035.88 crores has been incurred on the project from April 2014 to December 2022. A sum of ₹13,226.04 crores has been released by the centre for the execution of the project since April 2014. Bills amounting to ₹2,390.27 crores were rejected for reimbursement by the Polavaram Project Authority (PPA). Bills amounting to ₹548 crores have been received by the PPA for examination.[67]

Interstate water sharing

As per the inter state agreements dated 4 August 1978 (page 89) and 29 January 1979 (page 101) with Andhra Pradesh, the states of Karnataka and Maharashtra are entitled to use 21 tmcft and 14 tmcft respectively out of the unallocated waters of Krishna river when Godavari water transferred in a year by Polavaram right bank canal from Polavaram reservoir to Prakasam barrage across Krishna river is not exceeding 80 tmcft at 75% dependability.[68][69] When additional Godavari water exceeding 80 tmcft is transferred from Polavaram reservoir, Karnataka and Maharashtra are entitled with additional water from the unallocated Krishna river waters in the same proportion (i.e. 21:14:45) provided all the following conditions are satisfied.[citation needed]

  • The additional Godavari water from Polavaram project should be transferred to the Krishna river in the upstream of Prakasam barrage. Such additional Godavari water quantity to be shared is decided based on 75% dependability.
  • The transferred water shall also displace the water discharges from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam for the Krishna delta requirements. Krishna delta is the area located down stream of Prakasam barrage which is part of Krishna basin.[70] It does not include adjacent coastal river basins which are being irrigated by the Krishna waters from the Prakasam barrage.[citation needed]

Thus Andhra Pradesh is entitled to transfer Godavari water in excess of 80 tmcft in three out of four years (below 75% dependability) reducing the water releases from Nagarjunasagar dam for Krishna delta requirements and need not share water with other states beyond 80 tmcft.[citation needed]

The above interstate water sharing agreement does not cover the Godavari water transferred to Krishna river which is not displacing the water releases from the Nagarjunasagar dam for the requirements of Krishna delta. Thus Andhra Pradesh need not share with other states the water transferred via Krishna river or any reservoir located on Krishna river for the water needs of any of its area (including Krishna basin) other than Krishna delta.[citation needed]

Future potential uses

Godavari Penna River linking

To stabilize the existing irrigated ayacut area under

K.L Rao sagar / Pulichintala Project and later lift stages from K.L Rao Sagar to Nagarjuna sagar right canal.It will shorten the length of this lift project canal, Pressure Main and fewer lift stages and also enables the lifting of water up to Srisailam Project via Existing Reversible Reverse turbine pump houses in Nagarjuna Sagar Dam and Srisailam project. It is even more economical, if we construct a new gravity canal from Ibrahimpatnam to Vykuntapuram Barrage pond to deliver the Polavaram right main canal/ Budameru diversion canal waters directly into the Vykuntapuram barrage pond since canal level is 33 m MSL at Ambapuram hill near Vijayawada. As water supply from Nagarjuna Sagar Left Bank Canal is highly erratic, Muktyala Lift Irrigation scheme is proposed by drawing water from the back waters of Vykuntapuram barrage on left bank of Krishna river.[73]

There is a proposal to link

Indian Rivers Inter-link program specifications.[74] Thus the Godavari River water will travel up to Somasila Dam and then Swarnamukhi in Chittoor district via existing Somasila Swarnamukhi link canal. GoAP can also provide water to Tamil Nadu with this Godavari water and retained water in Krishna River (15 TMC allocation of Krishna water to Telugu Ganga) will be used for other projects in Rayalaseema region.[citation needed
]

In future a new massive dam named Palnadu Sagar

Francis Turbine will take and release water into Nagarjuna Sagar right canal along with Hydroelectricity power generation. Flood water of Krishna River will be pumped to Palnadu Sagar. The water stored in Palnadu Sagar will be used for irrigation and drinking in drought years.[citation needed
]

Godavari Krishna River linking

Vykuntapuram barrage would be constructed on Krishna river located near 16°34′41″N 80°24′43″E / 16.57806°N 80.41194°E / 16.57806; 80.41194 in the upstream of Prakasam barrage with FRL at 25m MSL to receive Godavari water diverted from Polavaram dam.[77][78]

A low level lift canal from the Krishna river located near 16°42′50″N 80°08′24″E / 16.71389°N 80.14000°E / 16.71389; 80.14000 at 20 m MSL in the downstream of

Chittur districts including Chennai drinking water supply. A branch from this lift canal is also extended up to Pulichinthala dam (FRL 53.34 m MSL) to store Godavari water in Pulichintala reservoir during drought years and to irrigate low lands along Krishna river up to Pulichintala dam.[79][80]

Another high level lift canal from above Krishna river location 16°42′50″N 80°08′24″E / 16.71389°N 80.14000°E / 16.71389; 80.14000 up to 90 m MSL would be constructed to join

cusecs by raising its embankments for augmenting water transfer to meet shortages in the Krishna river basin and the needed environmental flows downstream of Prakasam barrage.[81]

A 25 MW hydropower station can be established utilising Polavaram right bank canal water near Vijayawada city by transferring water via

Budameru river and Eluru canal to Prakasam barrage pond.[82]

Godavari delta (top river) and Krishna River delta (bottom river in the image) extending into the Bay of Bengal.

Fresh water coastal reservoir

A fresh water

Kavery river in Tamil Nadu under interstate rivers linking project[83][84] This project is similar to Kalpasar Project to store Narmada River water in Gulf of Khambhat sea.[85][86]

Fresh water coastal reservoirs can be established in the shallow sea area by constructing sea dikes / bunds/ causeway up to the depth of 20 meters from the coast line. Water can be pumped from this artificial freshwater lagoon throughout the year for meeting agriculture, etc. needs. Also top surface of the dike can be used as coastal road & rail rout. The proposed dikes would be similar to the land reclamation of North Sea area called Delta Works in Netherlands or Saemangeum Seawall in South Korea. The earth bunds / dikes located on sea bed at 20 meters below the sea level, is lesser challenging technically when compared to Saemangeum Seawall project which is having 36 meters average water depth.[87][88]

The sea area up to 20 meters depth adjacent to

Antervedi Pallipalem town.[83]
A flood canal (1.5 km long) from this barrage would feed Godavari river water to the coastal reservoir. With 70 tmcft live storage above the full supply level of its canals and another 100 tmcft above the spillway sill level, Polavaram reservoir will assist in moderating the Godavari flood water to make adequate water flow to the coastal reservoir.

The offshore earth dam extending up to 8 m

locks fitted with twin gates for access to the open sea. The top surface of the inner dike would serve as access to the mainland from the mega harbor with rail and road links. The coastal reservoir whose full reservoir water level (FRL) is at 0.0 m msl, would also reduce drastically the cyclone damage and flooding in coastal areas of West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur and Prakasam districts. It would also greatly improve the irrigated coastal land drainage in these districts. The coastal reservoir area can also be used for locating floating solar power plants to generate the needed water pumping power.[90] The dikes are built by dredging
sand and clay from the nearby shallow sea bed to reduce the construction cost. Nearly 1850 tmcft of water of Godavari and Krishna flood waters can be utilized for irrigation, etc. requirements with this freshwater coastal reservoir.

Vast lands in the districts of Prakasam,

South-west monsoon period. The total cost to Andhra Pradesh state would be less than ₹30,000 crores which is nearly ₹1,00,000 per acre of irrigated land.[93]

Controversies

The proposed project would displace 276 villages and 44,574 families spread across Andhra Pradesh state mainly. Tribals constitute 50% of such a displaced population.

wildlife sanctuary in Papikonda National Park, and several hectares of farm land.[96]

Sixty-four years after the initial conception of the project, the

Communist Party of India (M) and Bharat Rashtra Samithi were troubled with the issue of submerging agricultural lands by the project.[99][100]

Meanwhile, work on the project began in April 2006 and was expected to be completed by February 2007.[101] After 30% work of excavation work on the canals and 15% of the spillway works had been completed, the work was halted in May 2006 to seek clearance from the Ministry of Forests and Environment.[102]

The neighbouring state of

Chief Minister of Odisha Naveen Patnaik remained steadfast in his demand for compensation and rehabilitation of tribals of his state who would be displaced due to the submerging of their land.[105]

Odisha and Chhattisgarh have filed a petition in the Supreme Court against the Project which has probability of temporarily submerging large areas of its state and allege that union government are going ahead with the project without the necessary permissions from Environment Ministry. Under section 90 of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, union government has taken the responsibility of taking all clearances and approvals for the project execution and also declared the project as national project.[106] The states also allege that public hearing in the effected areas are not held. Under section 90 (3) of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, Telangana state has already given the approval in all respects to the Polavaram project.[106][107]

In June 2018, it was reported that Naveen Patnaik, Chief Minister of Odisha had written to the Central Government to halt the Polavaram Project.[108]

Interstate river water disputes

Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh entered into an agreement (clause vi of final order, page 80 of original GWDT) which was made part of Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (GWDT) award.[69] The agreement allows Andhra Pradesh to construct the Polavaram reservoir with full reservoir level (FRL) at 150 feet above the mean sea level (MSL). Odisha approached Supreme Court against the design discharge capacity of the Polavaram dam spillway stating that it should be designed for five million cusecs (cubic feet per second) which is the estimated probable maximum flood (PMF) once in 1000 years duration. Odisha argues that otherwise there would be additional submergence above 150  ft MSL in its territory during peak floods. The recorded maximum flood is 3.0 million cusecs in the year 1986 during the last 115 years.[109][41]

The projected back water level build-up at Konta due to PMF in Godavari river after construction of the Polavaram project with the designed maximum water level (measured at dam point) shall be cross-checked with the level that can occur at Konta in Sabari basin from the PMF generated in the upstream of Konta when the downstream main Godavari is not under spate. Then only enhanced submergence during the PMF of the Godavari river in Odisha and Chhattisgarh states can be assessed due to the Polavaram dam construction.[1][110]

The location of Polavaram dam is in the plain area at approximately 10 km downstream from the 50 km long narrow gorge in the Papi Hills. It is also to be ascertained whether the higher backwater level during the PMF in Godavari river is solely due to the presence of long narrow gorge which is acting as a natural dam/barrier or further enhanced by the presence of the downstream Polavaram barrage.[111][1]

It is purely an academic interest showing concern for the few thousand hectares of farm/forest land submerged by the backwater level build-up once in five hundred or thousand years (against the permitted norm of once in 25 years) without showing concern for the thousands of square kilometers land submerged in the area downstream of the dam with a river flood of magnitude five million cusecs.[1]

Thirty-two years have passed after the GWDT award in 1980, Maharashtra, Odisha and Chhattisgarh have not made serious efforts to harness the major Godavari tributaries such as Sabari River, Indravati River and Pranahita River to utilize the allocated share of Godavari waters. This underutilization of water is the main reason for the very high flood flows at the Polavaram dam site. The vast area in excess of 10,000 square km up to sea are frequently flooded (at least once in a decade) by Godavari floods in Andhra Pradesh by the flood waters originating in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Chhattisgarh states. The land submergence due to the Polavaram dam in Odisha and Chhattisgarh states is a fraction of the Andhra Pradesh area which is affected by the floods in the Godavari River. During the years from 1953 to 2011, Andhra Pradesh suffered nearly ₹55,800 crore which is 26% of total flood damage in India.[112] It is justified to raise the FRL of Polavaram dam further on this ground alone. One single criterion shall be applied by the tribunals/courts for all the submerged lands whether they are related to reservoir projects construction or due to river floods (i.e. non-utilization of river water). Upstream states shall not take granted that downstream state areas are permitted to be flooded /inundated by the river flood water without offering agreeable relief/comforts.[1]

Odisha and Chhattisgarh entered into an agreement (clause 3e, Annexure F, Page 159 of original GWDT) to construct a Hydro electricity project at Konta / Motu just upstream of the confluence point of

Sileru tributary with Sabari River (tri-junction point of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Chhattisgarh borders).[113] When this project is constructed, the land submergence would be more than that of Polavaram backwaters. It would be better for Odisha and Chhattisgarh to enter into an agreement with Andhra Pradesh to shift the location of this Hydro electricity project further downstream in Andhra Pradesh territory to harness Sileru river water also for hydroelectricity generation. This joint project of the three states would eliminate the backwaters issue of the Polavaram dam.[citation needed
]

The 200  km long stretch of the Sabari river forming boundary between Chhattisgarh and Odisha drops by 2.25 meters per km length on average. This stretch of the river has substantial hydroelectricity generation potential by building medium head (< 20 m) barrages in series to minimize land submergence.[114] The surplus water of Indravati River in Odisha can also be diverted to Sabari river via Jouranala through which Indravati River flood waters naturally overflow into Sabari basin for power generation.[115]

Dispute with Odisha and Telangana

In July 2018, a two-member bench of the Supreme Court asked Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha and Chhattisgarh governments to frame the issues for arguments. Telangana said to the court it is in-principle agree for the project but the center should take up study by neutral central institute like CWPRS, Pune to study the impact of Backwater due to increase of 36 lakh cusecs to 50 lakh cusecs of spillway design discharge, it is to ascertain the safety of important temple town like Bhadrachalam, Mining areas and heavy water Plant. Orissa also insisted on backwater studies.[1] The matter is before Supreme court. Proceedings are going on. Supreme Court identified 13 issues to settle the dispute.[116]

See also

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