Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth
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Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth Rzeczpospolita Trojga Narodów (Polish) Trijų Tautų Respublika (Lithuanian Річ Посполита Трьох Народів (Ukrainian) Res Publica (Latin) | |||||||||||||
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1658–1659 | |||||||||||||
Motto: "Si Deus nobiscum quis contra nos" " Polish, Lithuanian, Ruthenian | |||||||||||||
Government | Constitutional monarchy | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
1658 | |||||||||||||
• Dissolved | 1659 | ||||||||||||
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The Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Trojga Narodów, lit. 'Republic of Three Nations', Lithuanian: Trijų Tautų Respublika, Ukrainian: Річ Посполита Трьох Народів) was a proposed European state in the 17th century that would have replaced the existing Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, but it was never actually formed.
A way to establishment a
The plan meant an annulment of the Pereiaslav Agreement's arrangements and as such renewed hostilities between the Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia.[1]
The idea of a Ruthenian Duchy within the Commonwealth was completely abandoned in 1659 after the
The idea of a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth revived during the
Treaty of Hadiach
The Treaty of Hadiach (
This decision, however, divided the Ukrainian Cossacks into pro-Russian and pro-Polish parties and led to the Ruin (Ukrainian history).
The concept of reconciliation between the Cossack Hetmanate and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was based on the principle of the confederal system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth implemented at the Lublin Sejm in 1569.
According to the conditions proposed by the hetman
All paperwork was to be conducted in the Ruthenian language. In Kyiv or in another city, it was supposed to create a mint for minting one's own coin.
The Ukrainian army was to consist of 30,000 Cossacks and 10,000 troops hired by the hetman. The troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were forbidden to stay on the territory of the principality. In the event of hostilities in Ukraine, the troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which were on its territory, came under the command of the hetman. The rights and privileges of Cossacks were guaranteed. At the request of the hetman, one hundred Cossacks from each regiment were to be admitted to the nobility every year.
Orthodox believers were equal in rights with Catholics. The Greek Catholic Church was preserved, but could not spread to new territories. The Orthodox Metropolitan of Kyiv and five Orthodox bishops were to be given the right to sit in the common senate of the Commonwealth.[6]
The agreement provided for the consolidation of the academic status of the
Generally speaking, the treaty was unsuccessful. From the point of view of the politics of the Cossack Hetmanate, the terms of the treaty drafted by the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were a step back compared to the terms offered to the Cossacks by Moscow four years ago. Instead of a de facto independent state under the protection of a foreign ruler, the Cossack state, now called the Duchy of Ruthenia, became a component of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, integrated into its administrative and territorial system. Its territory was divided into three voivodeships. The hetman had no right to diplomatic relations with foreign rulers. The Ukrainian Cossack army was reduced from 60 to 30 thousand. The Cossacks lost the right to elect the hetman, which now passed to the foreman. Moreover, the granting of nobility to a limited circle of Cossack elders deprived the common Cossacks of their own elite. Such conditions were significantly inferior to the proposed and largely implemented conditions of the Treaty of Pereiaslav in 1654.
After the Russo–Polish War (1654–1667), Ukraine was divided into the Right Bank, which remained part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until its Second Partition in 1793, and the Left Bank, which, together with Kyiv on the Right Bank, became part of the Tsardom of Russia.[7]
See also
- Międzymorze (Intermarium)
- Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth
- Ruthenian Voivodeship
- Lublin Triangle
- British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact
References
- ^ a b c "Unia hadziacka i marzenia o stworzeniu Rzeczpospolitej Trojga Narodów". Polskie Radio (in Polish). 16 September 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ISBN 83-211-0730-3: W izbach dużo było narzekania na to, że nowy układ łamie unię lubelską (...) Ostatecznie nad tymi rozczeniami, jak i nad protestem nuncjusza [Piotra Vidoniego] oraz biskupów, sejm przeszedł do porządku dziennego. 12 maja, w dzień Wniebowstąpienia, król, prymas i senat zaprzysięgli ugodę.
- ISBN 978-0-300-10586-5.
- ^ Т.Г. Таирова-Яковлева, Иван Выговский // Единорогъ. Материалы по военной истории Восточной Европы эпохи Средних веков и Раннего Нового времени, вып.1, М., 2009: Под влиянием польской общественности и сильного диктата Ватикана сейм в мае 1659 г. принял Гадячский договор в более чем урезанном виде. Идея Княжества Руського вообще была уничтожена, равно как и положение о сохранении союза с Москвой. Отменялась и ликвидация унии, равно как и целый ряд других позитивных статей.
- ^
ISBN 0-8020-0830-5
- ^ a b c d The 1658 treaty of Hadiach (Гадяцький договір 1658 року). Ukrayinskyi istoryk.
- ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.