Poles in the United Kingdom
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British Poles, alternatively known as Polish British people or Polish Britons, are ethnic Poles who are citizens of the United Kingdom. The term includes people born in the UK who are of Polish descent and Polish-born people who reside in the UK. There are approximately 682,000[1] people born in Poland residing in the UK. Since the late 20th century, they have become one of the largest ethnic minorities in the country alongside Irish, Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Germans, and Chinese. The Polish language is the second-most spoken language in England and the third-most spoken in the UK after English and Welsh. About 1% of the UK population speaks Polish.[2][3] The Polish population in the UK has increased more than tenfold since 2001.[4]
Exchanges between the two countries date to the middle ages, when the
The number of Poles in Britain increased during the
The
History
A Polish cleric named
In the 16th century, when most
After Poland's King John III, at the head of a coalition of European armies, defeated the invading Ottoman forces at the 1683 Ottoman siege of Vienna, a pub in London's Soho district was named "The King of Poland" in his honour, and soon afterward the street on which it stands was named Poland Street (and continues to be so to this day). In the 18th century, Polish Protestants settled around Poland Street as religious refugees fleeing the Catholic Reformation in Poland.
18th century
As a young man of the
In 1788, during the closing years of
In 1790, King Stanislaus Augustus sent
Stanislaus Augustus also commissioned the London art dealership of Bourgeois and Desenfans to assemble a collection of
19th century
In the 19th century, Polish-British relations took on a cultural dimension, with musical tours in the United Kingdom by virtuosos and composers including
During the
The
The next Polish uprising, the
Perhaps the most famous Polish person to settle in Britain at the end of the 19th century, having gained British citizenship in 1886, was the seafarer turned early
At the end of the 19th-century, along with
Both before and after the First World War, a few Poles settled in London – following the
The resurgence of an
Second World War
It was the
As the invasion of Poland progressed throughout September 1939, the Polish government evacuated into
On 4 July 1943 the Polish Prime Minister-in-Exile, General
One of the most important Polish contributions to Allied victory had actually begun in late 1932, nearly seven years before the outbreak of war when the mathematician-
The first Polish military branch to transfer substantial personnel and equipment to the United Kingdom was the
Polish Navy personnel to come under Royal Navy command comprised 1,400 officers and 4,750 sailors.
In May 1941, the Polish
The Poles formed the fourth-largest Allied armed force after the Soviets, the Americans, and the combined troops of the British Empire. They were the largest group of
The Polish troops who contributed to the
Churchill explained the government's actions in a three-day
During the debate, 25 MPs and Peers risked their future political careers to draft an amendment protesting against the UK's acceptance of a geographically reconfigured Poland's integration into the Soviet sphere of influence, thereby shifting it westwards into the heart of Europe. These members included
The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum in London are the repository for archival material relating to this period.[54]
Private Wojtek
During their 1942 evacuation from the Soviet Union to the
In order to bring him to Italy, as regimental mascots and pets were not allowed onboard transport ships, the bear was formally enrolled as Private Wojciech Perski (his surname being the Polish adjective meaning "Persian"; Wojtek is the diminutive for Wojciech).
After the war, mustered out of the Polish Army, Wojtek was billeted, and lived out his retirement, at the Edinburgh Zoo, where he was visited by fellow exiles and former Polish comrades-in-arms and won the affection of the public. Posthumously he has inspired books, films, plaques, and statues in the UK and Poland.[55]
Post World War II
Polish Resettlement Corps 1946–49
Following the invasion of Poland in September 1939, many thousands of Polish servicemen and women made their way via Hungary and Romania (which then had common borders with Poland) to France, where they again fought against the invading Germans; and in 1942 the newly formed Polish Second Corps evacuated from the Soviet Union, via Iran, to the Near East, subsequently fighting in campaigns there and in North Africa, Italy, and northwest Europe. Some Second Corps personnel transferred from the Near East into Polish Armed Services units in the UK.
At war's end, many of the Poles were transported to, and stayed in, camps in the United Kingdom. In order to ease their transition from a Polish-British military environment to British civilian life, a satisfactory means of demobilisation was sought by British authorities. This took the form of a Polish Resettlement Corps (PRC), as an integral corps of the British Army, into which the Poles who wished to stay in the UK could enlist for the transitional period of their demobilisation.
The PRC was formed in 1946 (Army Order 96 of 1946) and was disbanded after fulfilling its purpose in 1949 (Army Order 2 of 1950).[56]
Polish Resettlement Act 1947
When the Second World War ended, a communist government was installed in Poland. Most Poles
After occupying Polish Resettlement Corps camps, many Poles settled in London and other conurbations, many of them recruited as European Volunteer Workers.
Post-war dispersal and settlement
In the 1951 UK Census, some 162,339 residents had listed Poland as their birthplace, up from 44,642 in 1931.
Another British woman, Dame
Britain's Polish immigrants tended to settle in areas near Polish churches and food outlets. In West London, they settled in Earl's Court, known in the 1950s as the "Polish Corridor", in reference to the interwar Central European political entity and, as house prices rose, they moved to Hammersmith, then Ealing, and in South London, to Lewisham and Balham. As these communities grew, even if many Poles had integrated with local British educational and religious institutions, the Polish Catholic Mission in England and Wales, in agreement with the English and Scottish hierarchies, considered that Polish priests should minister to Polish parishioners.[61] The original Polish church in London in Devonia Road, Islington was bought in 1928 with much delay, following the First World War. However canonically, subsequent Polish "parishes" are actually branches of the Polish Catholic Mission and not parishes in the conventional sense and are accountable to the episcopate in Poland, through a vicar delegate, although each is located in a British Catholic diocese, to whom it owes the courtesy of being connected. The first post-war Polish "parish" in London was attached to Brompton Oratory in South Kensington, followed by a chapel in Willesden staffed by Polish Jesuits. Brockley-Lewisham was founded in 1951, followed by Clapham, while St Andrew Bobola church in Shepherd's Bush (1962) was regarded as the "Polish garrison" church. Among its many commemorative plaques is one to a clairvoyant and healer housewife and Soviet deportee, Waleria Sikorzyna: she had had a detailed premonitory dream two years before the 1939 invasion of Poland, but was politely dismissed by the Polish military authorities.[62][63] Currently the Polish Catholic Mission operates around 219 parishes and pastoral centres with 114 priests throughout England and Wales.[64] In 2007 Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, primate of England, expressed concern "that Poles are creating a separate Church in Britain", but Polish rector, Mgr Kukla, responded that the Polish Catholic Mission continued to have a "good relationship" with the hierarchy in England and Wales and said that integration was a long process.[65]
Cultural and educational ties with Poland
The social make-up of successive waves of Polish migration to the UK is comparable to 19th- and early-20th-century Polish migrations to France.
Since the Second World War, Poland has lost much of its earlier ethnic diversity, with the exception of Polska Roma, a distinct ethnolinguistic group and other Polish Roma communities, and this has been reflected in recent Polish migrations to the UK.[67][68] A recent study of comparative literature by Mieczysŀaw Dąbrowski, of Warsaw University, appears to bear this out.[69]
A key military and latterly, news and cultural role was played by broadcasts in Polish, beamed to Poland, from London by the
Across the mainland UK, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the original Polish communities chiefly comprised former members of the Polish Resettlement Corps. They set up Polish clubs, cultural centres, and adult and youth organisations, e.g., the Polish Youth Group (KSMP). They contributed to, and in turn were supported by, veterans' welfare charities such as veterans' SPK (Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów), airmen's and naval clubs. These organisations' original aims were to provide venues for socialising and exposure to Polish culture and heritage for children of former Polish Resettlement Corps members. Many of these groups remain active, and steps are being taken to cater to more recent Polish migrants.
The post-war phase saw a continuation of Polish intellectual and political life in microcosm in the UK, with the publication of newspapers and journals such as
Concern for the maintenance of Polish language and culture in the UK was entrusted to the "Polska Macierz Szkolna" – Polish Educational Society, a voluntary organization that operated a network of Saturday schools. Parishes also organized an active Polish scout movement (
As a result of the 1939 invasion of Poland, the entirety of Polish universities and academic research fell into disarray. Although very reduced tertiary teaching continued underground, many academics perished in
Symbolism of political governance
In December 1990, when
Economic activity
For the duration of the
The relaxation of travel restrictions to and from Poland after October 1956 saw a steady increase in Polish exchanges with the United Kingdom in the 1950s. In the 1960s a purge of communist party members and intellectuals of Jewish descent led to a further influx of Poles into the UK. Only with the accession of Edward Gierek in 1970 as First Secretary of the Polish Workers' Party (PZPR), who himself had spent time as a migrant in France and Belgium, did it become possible for Poles to leave their country with relative ease.
The Polish Trustee Association, founded by the Ex-Combatants (SPK), handled legacies left by Polish DPs for their kin in Poland.[94]
Remembrance
Polish servicemen who died in the
The
By contrast, the wish of the British Polish community to honour its 28,000 fellow countrymen, many of them close relatives, who fell victim of the Katyn massacre with a memorial met with sustained obstruction from the British authorities. This, it appears, was owing to the effective diplomatic pressure exerted by the
There are now over a dozen Polish war memorials across the UK, including in the RAF church, St Clement Danes in the City of London and St Andrew Bobola Church, Hammersmith.[99]
21st-century economic immigration
During the twentieth century, world events meant that in Europe, London eclipsed
Poland joined the EU on 1 May 2004 and Poles, as EU citizens, gained the right to freedom of movement and establishment across the European Union. Most member states, though, had negotiated temporary restrictions to their labour markets, up to a maximum of seven years, for citizens from new member states. To the contrary, the UK (as Sweden too) granted immediate full access to its labour market to citizens from the new member states.[101][102] over entrants from these accession states,[103][104]
Seven-year temporary restrictions on benefits that EU citizens including Poles could claim, covered by the
The Home Office publishes quarterly statistics on applications to the Worker Registration Scheme. Figures published in August 2007 indicated that some 656,395 persons were accepted on to the scheme between 1 May 2004 and 30 June 2007, of whom 430,395 were Polish nationals. However, as the scheme is voluntary, offers no financial incentive and is not enforced; immigrants are free to choose whether or not to participate. They may work legally in the UK provided they have a Polish identity card or passport and a UK National Insurance number. This has led to some estimates of Polish nationals in the UK being much higher.[106] Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) publishes quarterly reports containing data on National Insurance number (NINo) allocations to adult overseas nationals entering the UK.[107] The number of Polish nationals’ NINo registrations peaked between 2006 and 2008. In the financial year 2006/07 there were 220,430 Polish nationals receiving NINo registration (31% of all NINo registrations to adult overseas nationals entering the UK) and in 2007/2008- 210,660 (29% of all registrations to adult overseas nationals).[108] The number of NINo registrations granted to Polish citizens has been in significant decline since 2016 referendum. In the year to June 2016 Polish born adults received 105 thousand NINo's, 18% less than in the year before a 13% share of all NINo registrations to adult overseas nationals entering the UK.[109] The latest statistical data covering the year to the end of March 2020 shows a further decrease in Polish NINo registrations. During this period 38 thousand Polish citizens received NINos - 13% less than in the previous year and a significantly smaller share of all adult overseas registrations compared with previous years - 5%.[110]
The Polish magazine Polityka launched a 'Stay With Us' scheme offering young academics a £5,000 bonus to encourage them to live and work at home in Poland. Additionally on 20 October 2007, a campaign was launched by the British Polish Chamber of Commerce called "Wracaj do Polski" ('Come Back to Poland') which encouraged Poles living and working in the UK to return home.
By the end of 2007, stronger economic growth in Poland than in the UK, falling unemployment and the rising strength of the Polish
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
2001 | 66,000 | — |
2002 | 68,000 | +3.0% |
2003 | 75,000 | +10.3% |
2004 | 94,000 | +25.3% |
2005 | 162,000 | +72.3% |
2006 | 265,000 | +63.6% |
2007 | 411,000 | +55.1% |
2008 | 504,000 | +22.6% |
2009 | 529,000 | +5.0% |
2010 | 540,000 | +2.1% |
2011 | 654,000 | +21.1% |
2012 | 658,000 | +0.6% |
2013 | 688,000 | +4.6% |
2014 | 790,000 | +14.8% |
2015 | 831,000 | +5.2% |
2016 | 911,000 | +9.6% |
2017 | 922,000 | +1.2% |
2018 | 832,000 | −9.8% |
2019 | 695,000 | −16.5% |
2020 | 691,000 | −0.6% |
2021 | 682,000 | −1.3% |
Note: Apart from the actual |
Population size
The
The
The Office for National Statistics estimates that the Polish-born population of the UK was 691,000 in 2020.[123] The 2021 census recorded 743,083 Polish-born residents in England and Wales[124] and 22,335 in Northern Ireland.[125] The census in Scotland was delayed for a year and took place in 2022 and country of birth statistics are yet to be released.[126]
Geographic distribution
According to the
Scotland has seen a significant influx of Polish immigrants. Estimates of the number of Poles living in Scotland in 2007 ranged from 40,000 (General Register Office for Scotland) to 50,000 (the Polish Council).[128] The 2011 UK Census recorded 11,651 people in Edinburgh born in Poland, which is 2.4% of the city's population – a higher proportion than anywhere else in Scotland apart from Aberdeen, where 2.7% were born in Poland.[129]
In Northern Ireland, the number of people reporting in the 2011 census that they were born in Poland was 19,658,[122] and the number stating that they spoke Polish as a first language was 17,700.[130] Despite a Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) recruitment drive in November 2006 that attracted 968 applications from Poles, with language exams being held both in Northern Ireland and in Warsaw, as of 2008[update], none had entered the PSNI's ranks.[131][132] The first Polish national to join the PSNI started working in August 2010.[133]
Employment and social activities
In London and various other major cities, Poles are employed across virtually all sectors from care work, construction, hospitality sector to education, NHS, banking and financial services. There is a significant group of people involved in the arts, in writing, journalism and photography. In rural areas of low-population density, such as East Anglia and the East Midlands; Polish workers tend to be employed in agriculture[134] and light industry.[135]
The Polish Social and Cultural Centre in
Since Poland's accession to the European Union in 2004, Polish delicatessens, with regular deliveries of fresh produce from Poland, are an increasingly familiar feature along British streets and foodstuffs from Poland are supplied to most of the supermarket chains.[101] New publications in Polish have joined the pre-existing titles, including several free magazines carrying news and features and filled with advertising are booming. A local newspaper in Blackpool is one of a handful of British newspapers to have its own online edition in Polish called Witryna Polska.[136]
Social questions
Education
Many Poles who have migrated to the UK since the enlargement of the EU have brought children with them. The young families have created some pressure on schools and English-language support services.
Integration and intermarriage
Polish newcomers to the United Kingdom follow previous patterns of ethnic integration, depending on where they can afford to live, on their educational and employment status, and on the presence of other ethnicities. In 2012 most of the 21,000 children born to Polish mothers had Polish fathers; the remainder had fathers of other backgrounds.[140] In 2014 there were 16,656 children born with Polish mothers and fathers from European backgrounds (Other white and white British). Some 702 children were recorded as born to Polish mothers and fathers from African backgrounds, and 749 children born to Polish mothers and fathers from Asian and Middle Eastern backgrounds.[1]
Polonophobia in Britain
As noted, there was an increase in Polish workers in Britain in the early twenty-first century. There were incidents of resistance or ethnic discrimination. In 2007, Polish people living in Britain reported 42 "racially motivated violent attacks" against them, compared with 28 in 2004.[141] On 11 July 2012, the Polish Association of Northern Ireland called for action after Polish flags were burned on Eleventh Night bonfires in several locations across Belfast.[142]
On 26 July 2008, The Times published a comment piece by restaurant reviewer Giles Coren, who expressed negative sentiments towards Poles, in part due to his belief that Christian Poles had forced his Jewish ancestors to flee Poland because of anti-Semitic attacks on them after the Holocaust and the Second World War. Coren used the term "Polack" to refer to the Polish diaspora in Britain, arguing that "if England is not the land of milk and honey it appeared to them three or four years ago, then, frankly, they can clear off out of it".[143]
The far-right British National Party (BNP) have expressed anti-Polish sentiments in their political campaigns,[144] and campaigned for a ban on all Polish migrant workers to Britain. The party used an image of a Second World War Spitfire fighter plane, under the slogan "Battle for Britain", during the party's 2009 European Elections campaign. But the photograph was of a Spitfire belonging to the Polish No.303 Squadron of the Royal Air Force. John Hemming, Liberal Democrat MP for Yardley, Birmingham, ridiculed the BNP for accidentally using an image of Polish aeroplanes in their campaign: "[t]hey have a policy to send Polish people back to Poland – yet they are fronting their latest campaign using this plane."[145]
In January 2014, a Polish man, whose helmet was emblazoned with the flag of Poland,[146] claimed he was attacked by a group of fifteen men outside a pub in Dagenham, London.[147] The victim blamed speeches of then-Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron for causing the attack.[148] During the same month in Belfast, there were seven attacks on Polish homes within ten days; stones and bricks were thrown at the windows.[149]
Notable persons
The following persons are notable Poles who have lived in the United Kingdom, or notable Britons of Polish descent.
Science and technology
- Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz– Polish-British developmental biologist. Professor of Mammalian Development and Stem Cell Biology at Cambridge University.
- Zygmunt Bauman (1925–2017) – sociologist[150]
- Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.[151]
- Jacob Bronowski (1908–1974) – Polish-Jewish British mathematician, biologist, historian of science, theatre author, poet and inventor. Presenter and writer of the 1973 BBC television documentary series, The Ascent of Man
- Stefan Buczacki (born 1945) – botanist, horticulturalist, broadcaster and writer[152]
- Maria Czaplicka (1884–1921) – cultural anthropologist who is best known for her ethnography of Siberian shamanism.
- Helen Czerski, (born 1978) – physicist and oceanographer
- Eva Frommer (1927–2004) – pioneering child psychiatrist[153]
- Waclaw Korabiewicz(1903–1994) – physician, ethnographer, prolific writer and administrator
- Józef Kosacki (1909–1990) – inventor of the Polish mine detector, first used in Second Battle of El Alamein
- Jerzy Kulczycki (1931-2013) - civil engineer and activist publisher and bookseller in London
- Margaret Lowenfeld (1890–1973) – physician and pioneer of Play therapy[154]
- Bronisław Malinowski (1884–1942) – one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists
- Mark Miodownik (born 1969) – materials scientist, engineer and populariser of science[155]
- Sir Joseph Rotblat (1908–2005) – physicist, participant in the Manhattan Project and Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Nobel Peace Prize 1995[156][157]
- Tomasz Schafernaker – meteorologist and broadcaster[158]
- Hanna Segal – Kleinian psychoanalyst[159]
- Karol Sikora (born 1948) – oncologist[160]
- Krystyna Skarbek (1908–1952) – SOE agent[161]
- Władysław Świątecki (1895–1944) – invented a bomb-release system, the most successful to be used in the Second World War.
- Paweł Strzelecki (1797–1873) – explorer and geologist who in 1845 also became a British subject.
- alchemy[162]
- Stefan Tyszkiewicz (1894–1976) – automotive pioneer, engineer and inventor[163]
- Interbellum Poland
- Contraception[164]
- John Zarnecki (born 1949) - astronomer, past President of the Royal Astronomical Society[165]
Written word
- Sebastian Baczkiewicz (born 1962) - playwright[166]
- Janina Bauman (1926–2009) – journalist and writer[167]
- Sophie Brzeska (1873–1925) – writer and muse of Henri Gaudier-Brzeska[168]
- Joseph Conrad (1857–1924) – novelist[169]
- Socialistauthor and pro-Palestinian activist.
- Marian Hemar – songwriter, poet and comedy sketch writer
- Eva Hoffman (born 1945) – writer and psychotherapist[170]
- Józef Jarzębowski (1897–1964) – educationalist, antiquarian and priest, founder of Divine Mercy College, Fawley Court[171]
- Nobel Prize nominee[172]
- Leszek Kołakowski (1927–2009) – philosopher and historian of ideas, senior research fellow at All Souls College, Oxford, the first winner of the John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Humanities[173]
- Stefania Kossowska (1909-2003) - Polish-born journalist, writer, editor and broadcaster.[174]
- venerable of the Catholic Church)[175]
- Jozef Mackiewicz (1902–1985) – novelist, younger brother of Stanisław Mackiewicz
- Chris Maslanka (born 1954) – writer, broadcaster specialising in puzzles and problem-solving
- Orwell's 1984into Polish
- Zdzisław Najder (born 1930) – Conrad scholar[176]
- Beata Obertyńska (1898–1980) – poet and writer[177]
- Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska (1891–1945) – poet and dramatist[178]
- Zbigniew Pelczynski (1925-2021) – political scientist, fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, founder of School for Leaders in Poland[179]
- Jerzy Peterkiewicz (1916–2007) – writer and academic[180]
- Adam Pragier (1886-1976) - jurist, author, Minister of Information Polish government-in-exile[181]
- Sir Leon Radzinowicz (1906–1999) – academic and criminologist[182]
- Bilderberg Group, friend of Conrad, political adviser, spy[183]
- Martian[184]
- Adam Zamoyski (born 1949) – historian, ecology campaigner[187]
Visual arts
- Iwona Blazwick (born 1955) – gallery director and art critic
- antiquary, Jermyn Street gallery owner and philanthropist[188]
- Stanisław Frenkiel (1918-2001) - expressionist painter, art historian and academic teacher[189]
- Henryk Gotlib (1890–1966) – painter[169]
- Mateusz Grabowski (1904-1976) - pharmacist, owner of Grabowski Gallery, patron and philanthropist who fostered and donated art to public collections
- Waldemar Januszczak (born 1954) – architecture and art critic
- Stanislawa de Karlowska (1876–1952) – painter and member of the Camden Town Group
- Adam Kossowski (1905–1986) – painter
- Stefan Knapp (1921-1996) - painter, sculptor and multi-media artist[190]
- Andrzej Krauze (born 1947) – cartoonist, illustrator, painter and poster designer[191]
- Polish War Memorial, RAF Northolt
- Photographer to the Queen. (He and his son, below, were both known as Walery.) Sitters included Victor Hugo and Queen Victoria.[192][193][194]
- Stanisław Julian Ignacy Ostroróg (1863–1935) – son of the above, also a portrait photographer. Sitters included Oscar Wilde.
- Aniela Pawlikowska (1901-1980) - artist, book illustrator and society painter in Britain[195]
- Jan Pieńkowski (born 1936) – children's book illustrator[196]
- Janina Ramirez (born 1980) – art and cultural historian and TV presenter
- Jasia Reichardt (born 1933) - art curator, critic, gallery director and historian[197]
- Franciszka Themerson (1907-1988) - painter, film maker, book illustrator and stage designer[198]
- Feliks Topolski (1907–1989) – draughtsman, cartoonist, illustrator and designer, expressionist painter
- Jerzy Zarnecki CBE, FBA, FSA(1915-2008) - Professor of the History of Art[199]
- Marek Zulawski (1908–1985) – painter and art theorist[200]
Music
- General Anders
- Mark Brzezicki - drummer, longstanding member of Big Country
- Katy Carr – musician, songwriter and aviator
- Frédéric Chopin – virtuoso pianist and composer a year before his death, toured England and Scotland in 1848, inspired by his Scottish pupil, Jane Stirling
- Simon Cowell - English television personality, entrepreneur, music producer and record executive
- Chris Dreja – guitarist with The Yardbirds
- Janick Gers – guitarist in Iron Maiden
- CBE
- Josef Hassid – violin prodigy who came to study in England
- J. J. Jeczalik – musician
- Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra
- Alfred Orda – operatic baritone
- Andrzej Panufnik – orchestral conductor and composer
- Roxanna Panufnik – composer daughter of Andrzej
- Marjan Rawicz – virtuoso pianist, half of the popular Piano duo, Rawicz and Landauer
- KBE[201]
- Janek Schaefer – sound artist
- Halina Czerny-Stefańska – pianist, juror of the Leeds International Piano Competition, emerged as the real pianist of the EMI Dinu Lipatti recording mix-up
- Leopold Stokowski – orchestral conductor
- Maria Szymanowska – virtuoso pianist and composer, gave concerts in England in 1818[202]
- André Tchaikowsky (1935–1982) – pianist, composer. He left his skull to the Royal Shakespeare Company[203]
- Chris Urbanowicz– guitar player in Editors
- Tracey Ullman – comedian, actor and singer
- Henryk Wieniawski – violinist and composer played with the Beethoven Quartet Society in London
Performing arts
- Kathryn Apanowicz – actor
- Jan Herman Cukiertort (1842–1888) – chess grandmaster
- Daniela Denby-Ashe (born Pszkit) – actor
- Robert Donat – actor
- Anulka Dziubinska – actor, model
- Coky Giedroyc – director
- Mel Giedroyc – actor, comedian, one half of 'Mel and Sue'[204]
- Sir John Gielgud – actor, director
- Maina Gielgud – ballet dancer
- Val Gielgud – pioneer of radio drama
- Stefan Golaszewski – comedian
- Paul Heiney (born Wisniewski) – son of a Polish serviceman) journalist, TV personality and farmer
- Stanislas Idzikowski (1894-1977) – Ballet dancer, with Anna Pavlova and the Ballets Russes and esteemed ballet master
- Marek Kanievska – director
- Mark Kielesz-Levine - Television Journalist and Presenter
- Richard Kwietniowski – director, screenwriter
- Rula Lenska – actor
- Kasia Madera – newsreader
- Paweł Pawlikowski - Polish filmmaker
- Anna Ptaszynski – comedian, host of No Such Thing as a Fish education/comedy podcast
- Ida Schuster – actor
- Vladek Sheybal (1923–1992) – film and TV actor and director
- Peter Serafinowicz – comedian
- Michael Winner (1935–2013) – son of a Polish mother, film director, producer, food critic
Politics
- Cnut - also known as Cnut the Great and Canute, was King of England from 1016, King of Denmark from 1018, and King of Norway from 1028 until his death in 1035
- Simon Danczuk - Ex Labour MP for Rochdale
- Tomasz Arciszewski – third Prime Minister of Polish government-in-exile and the last to have international recognition
- Adam Ciołkosz – with wife, Lidia, leading light of the Polish Socialist Party for several decades in Poland and in UK exile
- Daniel Kawczynski – Conservative MP for Shrewsbury and Atcham, came to the UK in 1978[205]
- Jozef Mackiewicz) – foremost political journalist who served as exiled Prime Minister (1955–56) before returning to Poland
- Stanislaw Mikolajczyk– second Prime Minister of Polish government-in-exile
- Foreign Secretary, whose mother was born in Poland[206]
- Ed Miliband – former leader of the Labour Party, whose mother was born in Poland[206]
- Rosena Allin-Khan (born 1977) – medical practitioner and Labour Party MP for Tooting in London
- Walery Mroczkowski (1840–1889) – anarchist follower of Mikhail Bakunin
- Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz – political theorist, diplomat, prolific writer
- Paris Peace Conference, 1919
- Józef Piłsudski – statesman and marshal of Polish Armed Forces stayed in London as an independence activist early in his career
- Adam Pragier – leading socialist and political writer, Information minister in the Polish government-in-exile
- Wladyslaw Raczkiewicz– Polish Head of State-in-exile (President) 1939–1947
- Edward Bernard Raczyński – aristocrat, diplomat, writer, politician and President of Poland in exile (between 1979 and 1986)[169]
- Bilderberg Group and of the European Movement[207]
- Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland
- Wladyslaw Sikorski – first Prime Minister of Polish government-in-exile who died in mysterious circumstances in an air crash off Gibraltar
- Radosław Sikorski (born 1963) – temporary UK citizen, Polish minister of Foreign Affairs[208]
- Second Republic of Poland
- Edward Szczepanik (1915–2005) – economist and final prime minister of the Polish government-in-exile[209]
- Stefan Terlezki (1927 - 2006) - former Cardiff City Councillor, and Conservative MP for Cardiff West from 1983 to 1987 (born in Oleshiw:[210] then in Poland; after 1945 in Western Ukraine)[211]
- Walery Antoni Wróblewski (1836–1908) – politician, January Uprising commander and Communard
- Władysław Zamoyski (1803–1868) – Czartoryski's diplomat in London and general in the Crimean War
- Allied governments in the face of the Holocaust.[169]
Business
- Jack Cohen (1898–1979) – founder of Tesco, was the son of Polish Jewish immigrants.[212]
- Mateusz Bronisław Grabowski (1904–1976) – pharmacist from Wilno, who became a philanthropist to the arts and academic research[74]
- Nicola Horlick (born 1960) – investment fund manager dubbed 'Superwoman', is half Polish.
- Henry Lowenfeld (1859–1931) – entrepreneur and theatrical impresario who introduced non-alcoholic beer to Fulham[213]
- Marks & Spencer
- Peter Rachman (1919–1962) – notorious landlord whose malpractice gained an entry in the Oxford English Dictionary[214]
- John J. Studzinski (born 1956) – American-British banker and philanthropist of Polish descent[215][216]
Sport
- Paweł Abbott – former Poland under-21 international footballer, born and raised in York
- Alpine ski racer
- Michael Bisping – mixed martial artist
- Matty Cash – Poland international footballer
- Andy Drzewiecki – former weightlifter
- Carl Froch – professional boxer and two-time former WBC Super Middleweight Champion
- middle distanceathlete
- Mickey Duff – Polish-born boxer and promoter[217]
- Robert Grabarz– high-jumper
- Phil Jagielka – England international footballer
- Andrew Johnson – former England international footballer
- Lukas Jutkiewicz – footballer
- Paul Konchesky – former England international footballer
- Craig Kopczak – rugby league player
- Dick Krzywicki – former Wales international footballer
- Anthony Malarczyk – former cyclist
- Eddie Niedzwiecki – former Wales international footballer
- Mikołaj Olędzki – England international rugby league player
- Anton Otulakowski – former footballer
- Maxi Oyedele - professional footballer
- Kris Radlinski – former Wigan Warriors and Great Britain rugby league player
- Kevin Rutkiewicz – footballer
- Kevin Spiolek – former darts player
- Alex Szostak – rugby league player
- James Tarkowski – footballer
- Daniel Topolski – Oxford University rowing coach and TV pundit
- Wojciech Szczęsny – former goal-keeper for Arsenal F.C.
Scottish connection
- Catherine Czerkawska (born 1950) – poet, novelist, playwright[218]
- Anna Dominiczak DBE FRCP FRSE FAHA FMedSci - professor of Medicine[219]
- UCLA[220]
- Janusz Jankowski – physician, scientist and academic administrator
- Christopher Kasparek – linguist and translator of Polish literature into English; to him is owed access to the remarkable Polish 1791 Constitution
- Labour and Co-operative MP for Edinburgh North and Leith, whose father was Polish[221]
- Gerald Lepkowski – actor, his father was Polish.
- Minister for Europe, whose father was Polish[222]
- Stanisław Maczek (1892–1994) – tank commander, much-decorated lieutenant-general[223]
- Marianna Palka – screenwriter
- Witold Rybczynski (born 1943) – Canadian architect
- Jacobite pretender to thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland (half-Polish great-grandson of Polish King John III Sobieski)
- Richard Wawro – landscape painter
See also
- Poland–United Kingdom relations
- Great Polish Map of Scotland
- Polish diaspora
- Scottish migration to Poland, 15th–18th centuries
- Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum
- World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West
- Czechs in the United Kingdom
- Hungarians in the United Kingdom
- Lithuanians in the United Kingdom
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- ^ Fjellestad, Danuta Zadworna. "The Insertion of the Self into the Space of Borderless Possibility: Eva Hoffman's Exiled Body". Varieties of Ethnic Criticism. 20 (2): 133–147.
- ^ "Polish priest Father Jozef Jarzebowski's body to be moved". BBC News. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "Michal Kalecki". www.hetwebsite.net. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ "Leszek Kolakowski: Polish-born philosopher and writer who produced". The Independent. 23 October 2011.
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- ^ Sadowski, Maciej. CSSR. (2013) "An Aristocrat among Missionaries", SHCR, pp.385-409. http://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/Spicilegium/61/SH-61-2013(II)385-406.pdf accessed 1-15-2018
- ^ Langford, Barry (19 June 1998). "Ancient Views on the Mariner". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
- ^ Wolska, Maryla and Obertyńska, Beata. (1974) Wspomnienia, Quodlibet, (Memories, authored with her mother, Maryla Wolska)
- ^ Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska: Biography and A Woman of Wonder Archived 26 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine, University of Toronto.
- ^ "BBC World Service - Witness History, The Warsaw Uprising". BBC. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
- ^ Moskalowa, Alicja, H. "Obituary of Professor Jerzy Peterkiewicz" The Guardian, 12 December 2007 https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/dec/12/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries
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- ^ Hood, Roger (2001). "Leon Radzinowicz 1906–1999" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. The British Academy. 111: 637–55. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
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- ^ Mark Forsyth (16 September 2010). "Wladyslaw Lach-Szyrma and the First Martian". The Inky Fool. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- ^ Pełczyński, Zbigniew. (2011) Obituary of Bolesław Taborski in The Guardian, 23 January 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/jan/23/boleslaw-taborski-obituary retrieved 12-29-2017.
- ^ Ligęza, W. & Wolski, J. Ed.(2003)Przez lustra: Pisarstwo Bolesława Taborskiego - szkice pod redakcją Wojciecha Ligęzy i Jana Wolskiego. In Polish.
- ^ Quetteville de, Harry (2009) "Poland by Adam Zamoyski: review" The Telegraph 5 May https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/5291529/Poland-by-Adam-Zamoyski-review.html
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- ^ The NPG has 197 portraits, including of Queen Victoria and members of her family http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp14017/walery
- ^ This Swiss photographic website gives the most extensive biography of the "3" persons who worked as the photographer Walery; Zygmunt Wielowiejski, however, believes that the latter 2 of the 3 Walery photographers are both Ostroróg, the son. See: Meyer, Jűrg. H. (2010) "Wer war 'Walery'?" https://www.fotointern.ch/archiv/2010/01/31/wer-war-«walery»/ in German, retrieved 12-31-2017
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- ^ Fierro,Nancy. (1993). Riches and Rags: A Wealth of Piano Music by Women. Ars Musica Poloniae. (Disc).
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- ^ Stretton, Penny. "Mel Giedroyc: Dad's tragic childhood has made me a better person". Daily Express. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
- ^ Andy McSmith (14 October 2015). "Daniel Kawczynski: 'Honorable member for Saudi Arabia' up in arms over prison training reversal". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
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- ^ "Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Radosław Sikorski – Biography". Archived from the original on 19 April 2014.
- ^ "Premier - Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów - Portal Gov.pl". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008.
- ^ "Stefan Terlezki". The Telegraph. 27 February 2006. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ "Long walk to freedom of former MP". BBC News. 28 July 2005. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30949. Retrieved 7 September 2015. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Cathy Urwin, 'Lowenfeld, Margaret Frances Jane (1890–1973)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 4 Sept 2015
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- ^ Dalley, Jan (21 January 2011). "Lunch with the FT: John Studzinski". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ^ Wakefield, Mary (24 September 2011). "Private Passions". The Spectator.
- ^ Press Association. "Boxing world pays tribute to promoter Mickey Duff who has died aged 84 | Sport | The Observer". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
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- ^ "Members | The Scottish Science Advisory Council". www.scottishscience.org.uk.
- ^ James K. Gimzewski (2014) "Building a Brain", a video lecture, Youtube, Vimeo
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- ^ Helm, Toby (1 May 2004). "MacShane's passion for Europe driven by memories of war". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
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Further reading
- Keith Sword Collection: Polish Migration Project at UCL, http://www.ssees.ucl.ac.uk/archives/swo.html
- A Remarkable School in Exile 1941–1951, Veritas Foundation Publication, ISBN 0-9545100-0-3
- S.Barnes, A Long Way From Home, Staffordshire University 2003
- Brin Best & Maria Helena Zukowska, Poles in the UK: A Story of Friendship and Cooperation, The British Polonia Foundation, 2016 ISBN 978-0-9954956-1-6 [Free eBook PDF download from www.polesintheuk.net
- Kathy Burrell, Polish Migration to the UK in the 'New' European Union, Ashgate 2009, ISBN 978-0-7546-7387-3
- Dr Diana M Henderson(Editor), The Lion and The Eagle, Cualann Press ISBN 0-9535036-4-X.
- Robert Gretzyngier Poles in Defence of Britain, Grub 2001, ISBN 1-902304-54-3
- Michael Hope, The Abandoned Legion, Veritas Foundation Publication ISBN 1-904639-09-7.
- Michael Hope, Polish deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas Foundation Publication, ISBN 0-948202-76-9
- W. Jedrzejewicz, Poland in the British Parliament 1939–1945, White Eagle Printing
- G. Kay & R.Negus, Polish Exile Mail in Great Britain 1939–1949, J. Barefoot, ISBN 0-906845-52-1
- Ignacy Matuszewski, Did Britain Guarantee Poland's frontiers?, Polish Bookshop
- Ignacy Matuszewski, Great Britain's Obligations Towards Poland, National Committee of Americans, 1945
- Wiktor Moszczynski, Hello, I'm Your Polish Neighbour: All about Poles in West London, AuthorHouse, 2010, ISBN 1-4490-9779-0,
- Robert Ostrycharz,Polish War Graves in Scotland A Testament to the Past, ISBN 1-872286-48-8.
- Prazmowska, Anita, Britain and Poland 1939–1943, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-48385-9
- Tim Smith & Michelle Winslow, Keeping the Faith The Polish Community in Britain, Bradford Heritage, ISBN 0-907734-57-X
- Peter Stachura (Editor), The Poles in Britain 1940–2000, Frank Cass ISBN 0-7146-8444-9.
- R. Umiastowski, Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941–1945, Hollis & Carter 1946
- Ian Valentine, Station 43 Audley End House and SOE's Polish section, Sutton 2004, ISBN 0-7509-4255-X
- Various, Intelligence co-operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II, Vallentine Mitchell 2005, ISBN 0-85303-656-X
- Jonathan Walker, Poland Alone, History Press 2008, ISBN 978-1-86227-474-7
Memoirs and fiction
- Waydenfeld, Stefan. (1999) The Ice Road – An Epic Journey from Stalinist Labour Camps to Freedom. London: Mainstream Publishing ISBN 1607720027.
- Michał Giedroyć, Crater's Edge: A Family's Epic Journey Through Wartime Russia, Bene Factum Publishing Ltd (1 May 2010)
- Matthew Kelly, Finding Poland, Jonathan Cape Ltd (4 Mar 2010)
- Michael Moran, A Country in the Moon: Travels in Search of the Heart of Poland, Granta Books; Reprint edition (2 Mar 2009)
- Joanna Czechowska, The Black Madonna of Derby, Silkmill Press 2008
- Andrew Tarnowski, The Last Mazurka: A Tale of War, Passion and Loss, Aurum Press Ltd (9 May 2006)
- Kasimir Czerniak, Gabi Czerniak, William Czerniak-Jones, The Wisdom of Uncle Kasimir, Bloomsbuy 2006
- Annette Kobak, Joe's War – My Father Decoded: A Daughter's Search for Her Father's War, 2004
- Dr John Geller, Through Darkness To Dawn, Veritas (1 Jan 1989)
- Denis Hills, Return to Poland, The Bodley Head Ltd; First Edition (28 Jan 1988)
- Slavomir Rawicz, The Long Walk: The True Story of a Trek to Freedom, Robinson Publishing (26 April 2007)
Academic papers
- Małgorzata Irek, New Wave, Old Ways? Post-accession Migration from Poland Seen from the Perspective of the Social Sciences, Studia Sociologica IV (2012), vol. 2, pp. 21–30
- Michał P. Garapich, Between Cooperation and Hostility – Constructions of Ethnicity and Social Class among Polish Migrants in London, Studia Sociologica IV (2012), vol. 2, pp. 31–45
- (in Polish) Małgorzata Krywult-Albańska, Profil demograficzny polskich imigrantów poakcesyjnych w Wielkiej Brytanii, Studia Sociologica IV (2012), vol. 2, pp. 72–80
External links
This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (December 2017) |
- British Library Polish collections
- British Polish Chamber of Commerce
- Federation of Poles in Great Britain
- Polish Heritage Society in the United Kingdom
- Jagiellonian University Polish Research Centre in London
- Polish Embassy in the UK, London
- POSK Polish Social and Cultural Association
- Information about researching Polish ancestry issued by Suffolk County Council, updated September 2011